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Atalis A, Keenum MC, Pandey B, Beach A, Pradhan P, Vantucci C, O'Farrell L, Noel R, Jain R, Hosten J, Smith C, Kramer L, Jimenez A, Ochoa MA, Frey D, Roy K. Nanoparticle-delivered TLR4 and RIG-I agonists enhance immune response to SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. J Control Release 2022; 347:476-488. [PMID: 35577151 PMCID: PMC9121740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite success in vaccinating populations against SARS-CoV-2, concerns about immunity duration, continued efficacy against emerging variants, protection from infection and transmission, and worldwide vaccine availability remain. Molecular adjuvants targeting pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) could improve and broaden the efficacy and durability of vaccine responses. Native SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates various PRRs, including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors. We hypothesized that targeting PRRs using molecular adjuvants on nanoparticles (NPs) along with a stabilized spike protein antigen could stimulate broad and efficient immune responses. Adjuvants targeting TLR4 (MPLA), TLR7/8 (R848), TLR9 (CpG), and RIG-I (PUUC) delivered on degradable polymer NPs were combined with the S1 subunit of spike protein and assessed in vitro with isogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (isoMLRs). For in vivo studies, the adjuvant-NPs were combined with stabilized spike protein or spike-conjugated NPs and assessed using a two-dose intranasal or intramuscular vaccination model in mice. Combination adjuvant-NPs simultaneously targeting TLR and RIG-I receptors (MPLA+PUUC, CpG+PUUC, and R848+PUUC) differentially induced T cell proliferation and increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by APCs in vitro. When delivered intranasally, MPLA+PUUC NPs enhanced CD4+CD44+ activated memory T cell responses against spike protein in the lungs while MPLA NPs increased anti-spike IgA in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid and IgG in the blood. Following intramuscular delivery, PUUC NPs induced strong humoral immune responses, characterized by increases in anti-spike IgG in the blood and germinal center B cell populations (GL7+ and BCL6+ B cells) in the draining lymph nodes (dLNs). MPLA+PUUC NPs further boosted spike protein-neutralizing antibody titers and T follicular helper cell populations in the dLNs. These results suggest that protein subunit vaccines with particle-delivered molecular adjuvants targeting TLR4 and RIG-I could lead to robust and unique route-specific adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark C Keenum
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhawana Pandey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Beach
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Casey Vantucci
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura O'Farrell
- Physiological Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard Noel
- Physiological Research Laboratory, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ritika Jain
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justin Hosten
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clinton Smith
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liana Kramer
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angela Jimenez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miguel Armenta Ochoa
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Frey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Carstensen S, Gress C, Erpenbeck VJ, Kazani SD, Hohlfeld JM, Sandham DA, Müller M. Prostaglandin D 2 metabolites activate asthmatic patient-derived type 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophils via the DP 2 receptor. Respir Res 2021; 22:262. [PMID: 34620168 PMCID: PMC8499518 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) signaling via prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2) contributes to atopic and non-atopic asthma. Inhibiting DP2 has shown therapeutic benefit in certain subsets of asthma patients, improving eosinophilic airway inflammation. PGD2 metabolites prolong the inflammatory response in asthmatic patients via DP2 signaling. The role of PGD2 metabolites on eosinophil and ILC2 activity is not fully understood. METHODS Eosinophils and ILC2s were isolated from peripheral blood of atopic asthmatic patients. Eosinophil shape change, ILC2 migration and IL-5/IL-13 cytokine secretion were measured after stimulation with seven PGD2 metabolites in presence or absence of the selective DP2 antagonist fevipiprant. RESULTS Selected metabolites induced eosinophil shape change with similar nanomolar potencies except for 9α,11β-PGF2. Maximal values in forward scatter of eosinophils were comparable between metabolites. ILC2s migrated dose-dependently in the presence of selected metabolites except for 9α,11β-PGF2 with EC50 values ranging from 17.4 to 91.7 nM. Compared to PGD2, the absolute cell migration was enhanced in the presence of Δ12-PGD2, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGD2, PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. ILC2 cytokine production was dose dependent as well but with an average sixfold reduced potency compared to cell migration (IL-5 range 108.1 to 526.9 nM, IL-13 range: 125.2 to 788.3 nM). Compared to PGD2, the absolute cytokine secretion was reduced in the presence of most metabolites. Fevipiprant dose-dependently inhibited eosinophil shape change, ILC2 migration and ILC2 cytokine secretion with (sub)-nanomolar potencies. CONCLUSION Prostaglandin D2 metabolites initiate ILC2 migration and IL-5 and IL-13 cytokine secretion in a DP2 dependent manner. Our data indicate that metabolites may be important for in vivo eosinophil activation and ILC2 migration and to a lesser extent for ILC2 cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Carstensen
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Gress
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David A Sandham
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meike Müller
- Department of Biomarker Analysis and Development, Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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Jangra S, Landers JJ, Rathnasinghe R, O’Konek JJ, Janczak KW, Cascalho M, Kennedy AA, Tai AW, Baker JR, Schotsaert M, Wong PT. A Combination Adjuvant for the Induction of Potent Antiviral Immune Responses for a Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Protein Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729189. [PMID: 34603303 PMCID: PMC8481386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have received EUAs, but many issues remain unresolved, including duration of conferred immunity and breadth of cross-protection. Adjuvants that enhance and shape adaptive immune responses that confer broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants will be pivotal for long-term protection as drift variants continue to emerge. We developed an intranasal, rationally designed adjuvant integrating a nanoemulsion (NE) that activates TLRs and NLRP3 with an RNA agonist of RIG-I (IVT DI). The combination adjuvant with spike protein antigen elicited robust responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mice, with markedly enhanced TH1-biased cellular responses and high virus-neutralizing antibody titers towards both homologous SARS-CoV-2 and a variant harboring the N501Y mutation shared by B1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1 variants. Furthermore, passive transfer of vaccination-induced antibodies protected naive mice against heterologous viral challenge. NE/IVT DI enables mucosal vaccination, and has the potential to improve the immune profile of a variety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates to provide effective cross-protection against future drift variants.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cross Protection/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunization, Passive
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Landers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jessica J. O’Konek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katarzyna W. Janczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew A. Kennedy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew W. Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James R. Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pamela T. Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Rasheed OK, Buhl C, Evans JT, Ryter KT. Design of Trehalose-Based Amide/Sulfonamide C-type Lectin Receptor Signaling Compounds. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1246-1251. [PMID: 33415819 PMCID: PMC8068603 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mincle agonists have been shown to induce inflammatory cytokine production, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and promote the development of a Th1/Th17 immune response that might be crucial to development of effective vaccination against pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As an expansion of our previous work, a library of 6,6'-amide and sulfonamide α,α-d-trehalose compounds with various substituents on the aromatic ring was synthesized efficiently in good to excellent yields. These compounds were evaluated for their ability to activate the human C-type lectin receptor Mincle by the induction of cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these novel trehalose diamides and sulfonamides revealed that aryl amide-linked trehalose compounds demonstrated improved activity and relatively high potency cytokine production compared to the Mincle ligand trehalose dibehenate adjuvant (TDB) and the natural ligand trehalose dimycolate (TDM) inducing dose-dependent and human-Mincle-specific stimulation in a HEK reporter cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer K Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Inimmune Corp., 1121 E. Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Cassandra Buhl
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, 32 Campus Dr., Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Sato Y, Yoshino H, Kashiwakura I, Tsuruga E. DAP3 Is Involved in Modulation of Cellular Radiation Response by RIG-I-Like Receptor Agonist in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E420. [PMID: 33401559 PMCID: PMC7795940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) mediate anti-viral response through mitochondria. In addition, RLR activation induces anti-tumor effects on various cancers. We previously reported that the RLR agonist Poly(I:C)-HMW/LyoVec™ (Poly(I:C)) enhanced radiosensitivity and that cotreatment with Poly(I:C) and ionizing radiation (IR) more than additively increased cell death in lung adenocarcinoma cells, indicating that Poly(I:C) modulates the cellular radiation response. However, it remains unclear how mitochondria are involved in the modulation of this response. Here, we investigated the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial ribosome protein death-associated protein 3 (DAP3) in the modulation of cellular radiation response by Poly(I:C) in A549 and H1299 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Western blotting revealed that Poly(I:C) decreased the expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins and DAP3. In addition, siRNA experiments showed that DAP3, and not mitochondrial dynamics, is involved in the resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells to IR-induced cell death. Finally, we revealed that a more-than-additive effect of cotreatment with Poly(I:C) and IR on increasing cell death was diluted by DAP3-knockdown because of an increase in cell death induced by IR alone. Together, our findings suggest that RLR agonist Poly(I:C) modulates the cellular radiation response of lung adenocarcinoma cells by downregulating DAP3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; (Y.S.); (I.K.); (E.T.)
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Yeboah M, Papagregoriou C, Jones DC, Chan HC, Hu G, McPartlan JS, Schiött T, Mattson U, Mockridge CI, Tornberg UC, Hambe B, Ljungars A, Mattsson M, Tews I, Glennie MJ, Thirdborough SM, Trowsdale J, Frendeus B, Chen J, Cragg MS, Roghanian A. LILRB3 (ILT5) is a myeloid cell checkpoint that elicits profound immunomodulation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141593. [PMID: 32870822 PMCID: PMC7526549 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in identifying the key immunoregulatory roles of many of the human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) family members, the function of the inhibitory molecule LILRB3 (ILT5, CD85a, LIR3) remains unclear. Studies indicate a predominant myeloid expression; however, high homology within the LILR family and a relative paucity of reagents have hindered progress toward identifying the function of this receptor. To investigate its function and potential immunomodulatory capacity, a panel of LILRB3-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated. LILRB3-specific mAbs bound to discrete epitopes in Ig-like domain 2 or 4. LILRB3 ligation on primary human monocytes by an agonistic mAb resulted in phenotypic and functional changes, leading to potent inhibition of immune responses in vitro, including significant reduction in T cell proliferation. Importantly, agonizing LILRB3 in humanized mice induced tolerance and permitted efficient engraftment of allogeneic cells. Our findings reveal powerful immunosuppressive functions of LILRB3 and identify it as an important myeloid checkpoint receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muchaala Yeboah
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Charys Papagregoriou
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Des C. Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - H.T. Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine S. McPartlan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - C. Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivo Tews
- Institute for Life Sciences and
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Thirdborough
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Bourquin C, Pommier A, Hotz C. Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer with Toll-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor agonists. Pharmacol Res 2020; 154:104192. [PMID: 30836160 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has come of age with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this article we review how agonists for receptors of the innate immune system, the Toll-like receptors and the RIG-I-like receptors, impact anticancer immune responses. Treatment with these agonists enhances the activity of anticancer effector cells, such as cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, and at the same time blocks the activity of immunosuppressive cell types such as regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. These compounds also impact the recruitment of immune cells to the tumor. The phenomena of pattern-recognition receptor tolerance and reprogramming and their implications for immunotherapy are discussed. Finally, novel delivery systems that target the immune-stimulating drugs to the tumor or the tumor-draining lymph nodes to enhance their efficacy and safety are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Pommier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hotz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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8
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Sato Y, Yoshino H, Tsuruga E, Kashiwakura I. Fas Ligand Enhances Apoptosis of Human Lung Cancer Cells Cotreated with RIG-I-like Receptor Agonist and Radiation. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:372-381. [PMID: 31951181 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200115161717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) play key roles in the antiviral response, but recent works show that RLR activation elicits anticancer activity as well, including apoptosis. Previously, we demonstrated that the anticancer activity of the RLR agonist Poly(I:C)-HMW/LyoVec™ [Poly(I:C)-HMW] against human lung cancer cells was enhanced by cotreatment with ionizing radiation (IR). In addition, cotreatment with Poly(I:C)-HMW and IR induced apoptosis in a Fas-independent manner, and increased Fas expression on the cell surface. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the resultant hypothesis that Fas ligand (FasL) may enhance apoptosis in lung cancer cells cotreated with Poly(I:C)-HMW+IR. METHODS FasL was added into culture medium at 24 h following cotreatment with Poly(I:C)- HMW+IR, after upregulation of cell surface Fas expression on human lung cancer cells A549 and H1299 have already been discussed. RESULTS FasL enhanced the apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells treated with Poly(I:C)-HMW+IR. Similarly, IR alone - and not Poly(I:C)-HMW - resulted in the upregulation of cell surface Fas expression followed by a high response to FasL-induced apoptosis, thus suggesting that the high sensitivity of cells treated with Poly(I:C)-HMW+IR to FasL-induced apoptosis resulted from the cellular response to IR. Finally, knockdown of Fas by siRNA confirmed that the high response of treated cells to FasL-induced apoptosis is dependent on Fas expression. CONCLUSION In summary, the present study indicates that upregulated Fas expression following cotreatment with Poly(I:C)-HMW and IR is responsive to FasL-induced apoptosis, and a combination of RLR agonist, IR, and FasL could be a potential promising cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036- 8564, Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshino
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036- 8564, Japan
| | - Eichi Tsuruga
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036- 8564, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036- 8564, Japan
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MacLean Scott E, Solomon LA, Davidson C, Storie J, Palikhe NS, Cameron L. Activation of Th2 cells downregulates CRTh2 through an NFAT1 mediated mechanism. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199156. [PMID: 29969451 PMCID: PMC6029763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRTh2 (encoded by PTGDR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor expressed by Th2 cells as well as eosinophils, basophils and innate lymphoid cells (ILC)2s. Activation of CRTh2, by its ligand prostaglandin (PG)D2, mediates production of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13), chemotaxis and inhibition of apoptosis. As such, the PGD2-CRTh2 pathway is considered important to the development and maintenance of allergic inflammation. Expression of CRTh2 is mediated by the transcription factor GATA3 during Th2 cell differentiation and within ILC2s. Other than this, relatively little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating expression of CRTh2. Here, we show using primary human Th2 cells that activation (24hrs) through TCR crosslinking (αCD3/αCD28) reduced expression of both mRNA and surface levels of CRTh2 assessed by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. This effect took more than 4 hours and expression was recovered following removal of activation. EMSA analysis revealed that GATA3 and NFAT1 can bind independently to overlapping sites within a CRTh2 promoter probe. NFAT1 over-expression resulted in loss of GATA3-mediated CRTh2 promoter activity, while inhibition of NFAT using a peptide inhibitor (VIVIT) coincided with recovery of CRTh2 expression. Collectively these data indicate that expression of CRTh2 is regulated through the competitive action of GATA3 and NFAT1. Though prolonged activation led to NFAT1-mediated downregulation, CRTh2 was re-expressed when stimulus was removed suggesting this is a dynamic mechanism and may play a role in PGD2-CRTh2 mediated allergic inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- CD28 Antigens/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD3 Complex/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics
- NFATC Transcription Factors/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily MacLean Scott
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Lauren A. Solomon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Courtney Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Jessica Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CANADA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, CANADA
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10
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Abstract
One of the most exciting fields in modern medicine is immunotherapy, treatment which looks to harness the power of the immune system to fight disease. A particularly effective strategy uses antibodies designed to influence the activity levels of the immune system. Here we look at two receptors - TIGIT and DNAM-1 - which bind the same ligands but have opposite effects on immune cells, earning them the label `paired receptors'. Importantly, natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells express both of these receptors, and in certain cases their effector functions are dictated by TIGIT or DNAM-1 signaling. Agonist and antagonist antibodies targeting either TIGIT or DNAM-1 present many therapeutic options for diseases spanning from cancer to auto-immunity. In this review we present cases in which the modulation of these receptors holds potential for the development of novel therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Receptor Cross-Talk/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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11
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Kanai K, Okano M, Fujiwara T, Kariya S, Haruna T, Omichi R, Makihara SI, Hirata Y, Nishizaki K. Effect of prostaglandin D2 on VEGF release by nasal polyp fibroblasts. Allergol Int 2016; 65:414-419. [PMID: 27091669 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to be associated with the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). VEGF is produced by a variety of cells including fibroblasts. It was recently reported that prostaglandin (PG) E2 induces VEGF release by nasal polyp fibroblasts. However, little is known regarding possible regulation of VEGF by other PGs. We have reported that molecules that regulate PGD2 metabolism play roles in the pathogenesis of CRS including in local eosinophilia and type 2 cytokine production. In the present study, we sought to determine whether PGD2 regulates VEGF release by nasal polyp fibroblasts. METHODS Nasal polyp fibroblasts were established from nasal polyps. These fibroblasts were stimulated with serial dilutions of PGD2 or PGD2 receptor (DP/CRTH2)-selective agonists in the presence or absence of receptor-selective antagonists. The concentration of VEGF in the culture supernatants was determined using ELISA. RESULTS 5 μM of PGD2 significantly induced VEGF release by nasal polyp fibroblasts. VEGF release was also obtained by stimulation with a DP receptor-selective, but not with a CRTH2 receptor-selective agonist. In addition, PGD2-induced VEGF release was significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with DP receptor-selective antagonists. In contrast, pre-treatment with a CRTH2 receptor-selective antagonist significantly enhanced PGD2-induced VEGF release. CONCLUSIONS PGD2 stimulates VEGF production via DP but not CRTH2 receptors in nasal polyp fibroblasts.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cells, Cultured
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nasal Polyps/diagnosis
- Nasal Polyps/etiology
- Nasal Polyps/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Respiratory Function Tests
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Kanai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan; Department Otorhinolaryngology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tazuko Fujiwara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takenori Haruna
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Omichi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hirata
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
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12
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Lee KJ, Lim D, Yoo YH, Park EJ, Lee SH, Yadav BK, Lee YK, Park JH, Kim D, Park KH, Hahn JH. Paired Ig-Like Type 2 Receptor-Derived Agonist Ligands Ameliorate Inflammatory Reactions by Downregulating β1 Integrin Activity. Mol Cells 2016; 39:557-65. [PMID: 27306643 PMCID: PMC4959021 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILR) family consists of two functionally opposite members, inhibitory PILRα and activating PILRβ receptors. PILRs are widely expressed in various immune cells and interact with their ligands, especially CD99 expressed on activated T cells, to participate in immune responses. Here we investigated whether PILR-derived agonists inhibit β1 integrin activity as ligands for CD99. PILR-derived peptides as well as PILR-Fc fusion proteins prevented cell adhesion to fibronectin through the regulation of β1 integrin activity. Especially, PILRpep3, a representative 3-mer peptide covering the conserved motifs of the PILR extracellular domain, prevented the clustering and activation of β1 integrin by dephosphorylating FAK and vinculin, which are major components of focal adhesion. In addition, PILRpep3 inhibited transendothelial migration of monocytes as well as endothelial cell tube formation. Furthermore, upon intraperitoneal injection of PILRpep3 into mice with collagen-induced arthritis, the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis was strongly suppressed. Taken together, these results suggest that PILR-derived agonist ligands may prevent the inflammatory reactions of rheumatoid arthritis by activating CD99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Dongyoung Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Birendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Daejoong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Kyeong Han Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hahn
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701,
Korea
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13
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Salyer ACD, Caruso G, Khetani KK, Fox LM, Malladi SS, David SA. Identification of Adjuvantic Activity of Amphotericin B in a Novel, Multiplexed, Poly-TLR/NLR High-Throughput Screen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149848. [PMID: 26919709 PMCID: PMC4769227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule agonists have been identified for TLR7, TLR8, TLR4 and TLR2 thus far, and chemotypes other than those of canonical ligands are yet to be explored for a number of innate immune receptors. The discovery of novel immunostimulatory molecules would enhance the repertoire of tools available for interrogating innate immune effector mechanisms, and provide additional venues for vaccine adjuvant development. A multiplexed, reporter gene-based high-throughput assay capable of detecting agonists of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, NOD1 and NOD2 was utilized in screening 123,943 compounds, in which amphotericin B (AmpB) and nystatin were identified as prominent hits. The polyene antifungal agents act as TLR2- and TLR4-agonists. The TLR4-stimulatory activity of AmpB was similar to that of monophosphoryl lipid A, suggestive of TRIF-biased signaling. The adjuvantic activity of AmpB, at a dose of 100 micrograms, was comparable to several other candidate adjuvants in rabbit models of immunization. These results point to its potential applicability as a safe and effective adjuvant for human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. D. Salyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Karishma K. Khetani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Fox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Subbalakshmi S. Malladi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Hu H, Jiang H, Ren H, Hu X, Wang X, Han C. AGEs and chronic subclinical inflammation in diabetes: disorders of immune system. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:127-37. [PMID: 24846076 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic subclinical inflammation represents a risk factor of type 2 diabetes and several diabetes complications, including neuropathy and atherosclerosis including macro-vasculopathy and micro-vasculopathy. However, the inflammatory response in the diabetic wound was shown to be remarkably hypocellular, unregulated and ineffective. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and one of its receptors, RAGE, were involved in inducing chronic immune imbalance in diabetic patients. Such interactions attracts immune cell into diffused glycated tissue and activates these cells to induce inflammatory damage, but disturbs the normal immune rhythm in diabetic wound. Traditional measurements of AGEs are high-performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry staining, but their application faces the limitations including complexity, cost and lack of reproducibility. A new noninvasive method emerged in 2004, using skin autofluorescence as indicator for AGEs accumulation. It had been reported to be informative in evaluating the chronic risk of diabetic patients. Studies have indicated therapeutic potentials of anti-AGE recipes. These recipes can reduce AGE absorption/de novo formation, block AGE-RAGE interaction and arrest downstream signaling after RAGE activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Department of Burns and Wound Center, Second Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, PR China
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15
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Moon TC, Campos-Alberto E, Yoshimura T, Bredo G, Rieger AM, Puttagunta L, Barreda DR, Befus AD, Cameron L. Expression of DP2 (CRTh2), a prostaglandin D₂ receptor, in human mast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108595. [PMID: 25268140 PMCID: PMC4182489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PGD₂ has long been implicated in allergic diseases. Recent cloning of a second PGD₂ receptor, DP2 (also known as CRTh2), led to a greater understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological implications of PGD₂. PGD₂ signaling through DP1 and DP2 mediates different and often opposite effects in many cell types of the immune system. Although mast cells (MC) are the largest source of PGD₂ in the body, there is little information about their potential expression of DP2 and its functional significance. In this study, we show that tissue MC in human nasal polyps express DP2 protein, and that human MC lines and primary cultured human MC express mRNA as well as protein of DP2. By immunohistochemistry, we detected that 34% of MC in human nasal polyps expressed DP2. In addition, flow cytometry showed that 87% of the LAD2 human MC line and 98% of primary cultured human MC contained intracellular DP2. However, we could not detect surface expression of DP2 on human MC by single cell analysis using imaging flow cytometry. Blocking of endogenous PGD2 production with aspirin did not induce surface expression of DP2 in human MC. Two DP2 selective agonists, DK-PGD₂ and 15R-15-methyl PGD₂ induced dose-dependent intracellular calcium mobilization that was abrogated by pertussis toxin, but not by three DP2 selective antagonists. MC mediator release including degranulation was not affected by DP2 selective agonists. Thus, human MC express DP2 intracellularly rather than on their surface, and the function of DP2 in human MC is different than in other immune cells such as Th2 cells, eosinophils and basophils where it is expressed on the cell surface and induces Th2 cytokine and/or granule associated mediator release. Further studies to elucidate the role of intracellular DP2 in human MC may expand our understanding of this molecule and provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
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MESH Headings
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ion Transport
- K562 Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Mast Cells/cytology
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Nasal Polyps/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Prostaglandin D2/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/agonists
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Chul Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo Campos-Alberto
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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16
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Fujiya A, Nagasaki H, Seino Y, Okawa T, Kato J, Fukami A, Himeno T, Uenishi E, Tsunekawa S, Kamiya H, Nakamura J, Oiso Y, Hamada Y. The role of S100B in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:371-9. [PMID: 23804363 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B) implicated in brain inflammation acts via the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and is also secreted from adipocytes. We investigated the role of S100B in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages using a cell-culture model. DESIGN AND METHODS RAW264.7 macrophages (RAW) were stimulated by recombinant S100B to observe alterations in TNF-α and M1 markers; 3T3-L1 adipocytes (L1) were stimulated by TNF-α to examine S100B secretion. RAW and L1 were then mutually stimulated with conditioned media of each other, or co-cultured. The effects of S100B silencing or a RAGE-neutralizing antibody were also investigated. RESULTS S100B upregulated TNF-α and M1 markers in RAW, and TNF-α augmented S100B secretion from L1. L1 conditioned media stimulated TNF-α secretion from RAW, and RAW conditioned media increased S100B secretion from L1. The co-culture of RAW and L1 increased TNF-α, S100B, and the expression of M1 markers and the MCP-1 receptor CCR2. The silencing of S100B or RAGE neutralization significantly ameliorated TNF-α hypersecretion from RAW that were stimulated with L1 conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS Thus, S100B as an adipokine may play a role in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages to establish a vicious paracrine loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fujiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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17
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Janotová T, Jalovecká M, Auerová M, Švecová I, Bruzlová P, Maierová V, Kumžáková Z, Čunátová Š, Vlčková Z, Caisová V, Rozsypalová P, Lukáčová K, Vácová N, Wachtlová M, Salát J, Lieskovská J, Kopecký J, Ženka J. The use of anchored agonists of phagocytic receptors for cancer immunotherapy: B16-F10 murine melanoma model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85222. [PMID: 24454822 PMCID: PMC3890306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of the phagocytic receptor agonists in cancer immunotherapy was studied. Agonists (laminarin, molecules with terminal mannose, N-Formyl-methioninyl-leucyl-phenylalanine) were firmly anchored to the tumor cell surface. When particular agonists of phagocytic receptors were used together with LPS (Toll-like receptor agonist), high synergy causing tumour shrinkage and a temporary or permanent disappearance was observed. Methods of anchoring phagocytic receptor agonists (charge interactions, anchoring based on hydrophobic chains, covalent bonds) and various regimes of phagocytic agonist/LPS mixture applications were tested to achieve maximum therapeutic effect. Combinations of mannan/LPS and f-MLF/LPS (hydrophobic anchors) in appropriate (pulse) regimes resulted in an 80% and 60% recovery for mice, respectively. We propose that substantial synergy between agonists of phagocytic and Toll-like receptors (TLR) is based on two events. The TLR ligand induces early and massive inflammatory infiltration of tumors. The effect of this cell infiltrate is directed towards tumor cells, bearing agonists of phagocytic receptors on their surface. The result of these processes was effective killing of tumor cells. This novel approach represents exploitation of innate immunity mechanisms for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Janotová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Jalovecká
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Auerová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Švecová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Bruzlová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Maierová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kumžáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpánka Čunátová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Vlčková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Caisová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rozsypalová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Lukáčová
- Department of Pathology, Regional Hospital, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Vácová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Wachtlová
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecký
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ženka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Foks AC, Ran IA, Frodermann V, Bot I, van Santbrink PJ, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GHM. Agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment inhibits T cell responses in LDLr deficient mice without affecting atherosclerotic lesion development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83134. [PMID: 24376654 PMCID: PMC3869776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are mainly expressed on T cells and antigen presenting cells and strongly orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Whereas co-stimulatory molecules enhance immune responses, signaling via co-inhibitory molecules dampens the immune system, thereby showing great therapeutic potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Signaling via co-inhibitory T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) directly inhibits T cell activation and proliferation, and therefore represents a novel therapeutic candidate to specifically dampen pro-atherogenic T cell reactivity. In the present study, we used an agonistic anti-TIGIT antibody to determine the effect of excessive TIGIT-signaling on atherosclerosis. Methods and Results TIGIT was upregulated on CD4+ T cells isolated from mice fed a Western-type diet in comparison with mice fed a chow diet. Agonistic anti-TIGIT suppressed T cell activation and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment of LDLr−/− mice fed a Western-type diet for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect atherosclerotic lesion development in comparison with PBS and Armenian Hamster IgG treatment. Furthermore, elevated percentages of dendritic cells were observed in the blood and spleen of agonistic anti-TIGIT-treated mice. Additionally, these cells showed an increased activation status but decreased IL-10 production. Conclusions Despite the inhibition of splenic T cell responses, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment does not affect initial atherosclerosis development, possibly due to increased activity of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. Ran
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Sykes L, Lee Y, Khanjani S, Macintyre DA, Yap XJ, Ponnampalam S, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. Chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2) is not expressed in human amniocytes and myocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50734. [PMID: 23226366 PMCID: PMC3511345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14- Prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) inhibits Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in human myocytes and amniocytes and delays inflammation induced preterm labour in the mouse. 15dPGJ2 is a ligand for the Chemoattractant Receptor Homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2), a G protein-coupled receptor, present on a subset of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, eosinophils and basophils. It is the second receptor for Prostaglandin D2, whose activation leads to chemotaxis and the production of Th2-type interleukins. The cellular distribution of CRTH2 in non-immune cells has not been extensively researched, and its identification at the protein level has been limited by the lack of specific antibodies. In this study we explored the possibility that CRTH2 plays a role in 15dPGJ2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB and would therefore represent a novel small molecule therapeutic target for the prevention of inflammation induced preterm labour. METHODS The effect of a small molecule CRTH2 agonist on NF-κB activity in human cultured amniocytes and myocytes was assessed by detection of p65 and phospho-p65 by immunoblot. Endogenous CRTH2 expression in amniocytes, myocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was examined by PCR, western analysis and flow cytometry, with amniocytes and myocytes transfected with CRTH2 acting as a positive control in flow cytometry studies. RESULTS The CRTH2 agonist had no effect on NF-κB activity in amniocytes and myocytes. Although CRTH2 mRNA was detected in amniocytes and myocytes, CRTH2 was not detectable at the protein level, as demonstrated by western analysis and flow cytometry. 15dPGJ2 inhibited phospho-65 in PBMC'S, however the CRTH2 antagonist was not able to attenuate this effect. In conclusion, CRTH2 is not expressed on human amniocytes or myocytes and plays no role in the mechanism of 15dPGJ2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB.
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MESH Headings
- Amniotic Fluid/cytology
- Amniotic Fluid/drug effects
- Amniotic Fluid/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Muscle Cells/cytology
- Muscle Cells/drug effects
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Pregnancy
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Parturition Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, England.
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20
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Amatngalim GD, Nijnik A, Hiemstra PS, Hancock REW. Cathelicidin peptide LL-37 modulates TREM-1 expression and inflammatory responses to microbial compounds. Inflammation 2012; 34:412-25. [PMID: 20811938 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Cathelicidins are immunomodulatory and antimicrobial peptides with potent anti-endotoxic properties. Although the effects of the human cathelicidin LL-37 on cellular responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have been investigated, its effects on responses to other pro-inflammatory stimuli have not been well studied. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) acts to amplify inflammatory responses and plays important roles in the pathogenesis of endotoxemia. In this work, the effects of LL-37 on responses to TREM-1 stimulation, alone and in the presence of a range of microbial compounds, were analyzed. It was shown that in peripheral blood mononuclear cells LL-37 strongly suppressed synergistic responses to TREM-1 and TLR4 stimulation, partly through the inhibition of TREM-1 expression on monocytes; similar effects were observed using the TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid. In contrast, LL-37 stimulated TREM-1 upregulation by peptidoglycan (PGN, TLR2 ligand that is also recognized via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 after fragmentation and intracellular uptake), as well as the responses to combined TREM-1 and PGN stimulation, possibly via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. LL-37 did not affect TREM-1-induced neutrophil degranulation or the production of reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 by neutrophils. These findings provide further insight into the roles of LL-37 during inflammation and may have implications for its in vivo immunomodulatory properties and for the design of synthetic cathelicidin derivatives as anti-inflammatory and anti-endotoxic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimano D Amatngalim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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21
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Kogut MH, Genovese KJ, Nerren JR, He H. Effects of avian triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-A1) activation on heterophil functional activities. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 36:157-165. [PMID: 21767563 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A class of innate receptors called the triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) has been discovered and shown to be involved in innate inflammatory responses. The TREM family has been found in the chicken genome and consists of one activating gene (TREM-A1) and two inhibitory genes (TREM-B1 and TREM-B2). However, to date, there have been no reports on the effects of activating the TREM molecules on the functional activity of the primary avian polymorphonuclear cell, the heterophil. To characterize the activation of avian heterophils, we evaluated the effect of receptor ligation on heterophil effector functions. A specific agonistic antibody (Ab) was generated against the peptide sequence of chicken TREM-A1 38-51aa (YNPRQQRWREKSWC). To study TREM-A1 mediated activation, purified peripheral blood heterophils were incubated with various concentrations of the anti-TREM-A1 Ab or control Ab against an irrelevant antigen. Activation via TREM-A1 induces a significant increase in phagocytosis of Salmonella enteritidis, a rapid degranulation, and a dramatic up-regulation in gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, and the inflammatory chemokine, CXCLi2. However, we found no direct TREM-A1 stimulation of the heterophil oxidative burst. Like mammalian TREM, avian TREM-A1 ligation synergizes with the activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) ligand, LPS. In addition, the synergistic activity of LPS and TREM-A1 resulted in a significantly (p⩽0.05) increased production of an oxidative burst. Taken together, these results suggest, unlike in mammalian neutrophils, TREM-A1 engagement activates a differential functional activation of avian heterophils, but like mammalian neutrophils, acts in synergy with TLR agonists. These results provide evidence of the function of TREM-A1 in heterophil biology and avian innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kogut
- Developmental and Comparative Immunology, SPARC, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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22
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Besednova NN, Zaporozhets TS. [New innate immunity receptor agonists from sea hydrobionts]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2011:98-106. [PMID: 22145361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scientific data and data obtained by us regarding new innate immunity receptor agonists from sea hydrobionts are presented. Highly efficient and low toxic biologically active substances isolated from sea organisms are inductors of dendritic cells maturation, activate neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and NK-cells, have an anticomplementary (fucoidans) and pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Protective properties of biologically active substances are exhibited when various pathogens entering the organism--bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi. These substances may become a basis for the creation of new pharmaceutical preparations.
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23
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Mesquita-Santos FP, Bakker-Abreu I, Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Diaz BL, Bandeira-Melo C. Co-operative signalling through DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors is required to enhance leukotriene C(4) synthesis induced by prostaglandin D(2) in eosinophils. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1674-85. [PMID: 20973774 PMCID: PMC3081113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) has emerged as a key mediator of allergic inflammatory pathologies and, particularly, PGD(2) induces leukotriene (LT) C(4) secretion from eosinophils. Here, we have characterized how PGD(2) signals to induce LTC(4) synthesis in eosinophils. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonists and agonists of DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors were used in a model of PGD(2) -induced eosinophilic inflammation in vivo and with PGD(2) -stimulated human eosinophils in vitro, to identify PGD(2) receptor(s) mediating LTC(4) secretion. The signalling pathways involved were also investigated. KEY RESULTS In vivo and in vitro assays with receptor antagonists showed that PGD(2) -triggered cysteinyl-LT (cysLT) secretion depends on the activation of both DP(1) and DP(2) receptors. DP(1) and DP(2) receptor agonists elicited cysLTs production only after simultaneous activation of both receptors. In eosinophils, LTC(4) synthesis, but not LTC(4) transport/export, was activated by PGD(2) receptor stimulation, and lipid bodies (lipid droplets) were the intracellular compartments of DP(1) /DP(2) receptor-driven LTC(4) synthesis. Although not sufficient to trigger LTC(4) synthesis by itself, DP(1) receptor activation, signalling through protein kinase A, did activate the biogenesis of eosinophil lipid bodies, a process crucial for PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. Similarly, concurrent DP(2) receptor activation used Pertussis toxin-sensitive and calcium-dependent signalling pathways to achieve effective PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on pivotal roles of cysLTs in allergic inflammatory pathogenesis and the collaborative interaction between PGD(2) receptors described here, our data suggest that both DP(1) and DP(2) receptor antagonists might be attractive candidates for anti-allergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Mesquita-Santos
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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25
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Dhiman R, Indramohan M, Barnes PF, Nayak RC, Paidipally P, Rao LVM, Vankayalapati R. IL-22 produced by human NK cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing phagolysosomal fusion. J Immunol 2009; 183:6639-45. [PMID: 19864591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether human NK cells could contribute to immune defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis through production of IL-22. CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells produced IL-22 when exposed to autologous monocytes and gamma-irradiated M. tuberculosis, and this depended on the presence of IL-15 and IL-23, but not IL-12 or IL-18. IL-15-stimulated NK cells expressed 10.6 times more DAP10 mRNA compared with control NK cells, and DAP10 siRNA inhibited IL-15-mediated IL-22 production by NK cells. Soluble factors produced by IL-15-activated NK cells inhibited growth of M. tuberculosis in macrophages, and this effect was reversed by anti-IL-22. Addition of rIL-22 to infected macrophages enhanced phagolysosomal fusion and reduced growth of M. tuberculosis. We conclude that NK cells can contribute to immune defenses against M. tuberculosis through production of IL-22, which inhibits intracellular mycobacterial growth by enhancing phagolysosomal fusion. IL-15 and DAP-10 elicit IL-22 production by NK cells in response to M. tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-18/pharmacology
- Interleukin-23/pharmacology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Phagosomes/drug effects
- Phagosomes/immunology
- Phagosomes/metabolism
- Phagosomes/microbiology
- RNA, Messenger/agonists
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Dhiman
- Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA
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26
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Schmidt AM, Sahagan B, Nelson RB, Selmer J, Rothlein R, Bell JM. The role of RAGE in amyloid-beta peptide-mediated pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 10:672-680. [PMID: 19579173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses current knowledge of the complex interactions between amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide, the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), and inflammatory mediators, focusing on the roles of such interactions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. As a ubiquitous cell-surface receptor, RAGE demonstrates enhanced expression in an A beta-rich environment; the effects of RAGE on microglia, the blood-brain barrier and neurons are mediated through various signaling pathways. Relevant preclinical models illustrate that the A beta-RAGE interaction amplifies neuronal stress and the accumulation of A beta, impairs memory and learning, and exaggerates neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that RAGE may mediate a common proinflammatory pathway in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Schmidt
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Surgery, 630 West 168th Street, P&S 17-401, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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27
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Østergaard AE, Martin SAM, Wang T, Stet RJM, Secombes CJ. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) possess multiple novel immunoglobulin-like transcripts containing either an ITAM or ITIMs. Dev Comp Immunol 2009; 33:525-532. [PMID: 19013192 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system relies on a wide range of inhibitory and activating receptors. Some of these non-rearranging receptors belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and in teleost fish the novel immune-type receptor (NITR) and the novel immunoglobulin-like transcript (NILT) have been reported. Here we describe the identification and characterisation of three new NILTs from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with one NILT alternatively spliced into a long isoform containing two Ig domains and a short isoform containing one Ig domain. The cytoplasmic regions contain either immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM) for downstream signalling. Alignment of the various NILT Ig domains revealed a high similarity, especially between Ig domains from NILTs found in this study. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree showed that NILTs are more closely related to the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (TREM) cells and NKp44 than to NITRs. The expression of NILTs was studied in six different tissues and two different cell lines, with expression apparent in immunologically important tissues. Expression of NILTs was also shown to be an early event in development, with both eyed eggs and embryos expressing all four genes. The results obtained in this study and future experiments will contribute to our knowledge of the immune system in fish and provide useful information for the control of inflammatory processes in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Østergaard
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in allergic inflammation and to know the value of PGs, as a target molecule for an anti-allergic drug. PGD(2) is the major PG produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells. Our and others findings indicate that PGD(2) is one of the potent allergic inflammatory mediators and must be a target molecule of anti-allergic agent. From our data, one of PGD(2) receptor antagonists show clear inhibition of airway hypersensitivity caused by allergic reaction. Concerning the role of PGE(2) in allergic inflammation, conflicting results have been reported. Many experimental data suggest an individual role of each PGE(2) receptor, EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4) in allergic reaction. Our results indicate the protective action of PGE(2) on allergic reaction via EP(3). In addition, one of EP(3) agonists clearly inhibits the allergic airway inflammation. These findings indicate the value of EP(3) agonists as an anti-allergic agent. In addition, some investigators including us reported that PGI(2) plays an important role for the protection of the onset of allergic reaction. However, the efficacy of PGI(2) analogue as an anti-allergic agent is not yet fully investigated. Finally, the role of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) in allergic reaction is discussed. Our experimental results suggest a different participation of TxA(2) in allergic reaction of airway and skin. In this review, the role of PGs in allergic inflammation is summarized and the value of PGs as a target molecule for developing a new anti-allergic agent will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroichi Nagai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Telleria-Diaz A, Ebersberger A, Vasquez E, Schache F, Kahlenbach J, Schaible HG. Different effects of spinally applied prostaglandin D2 on responses of dorsal horn neurons with knee input in normal rats and in rats with acute knee inflammation. Neuroscience 2008; 156:184-92. [PMID: 18678231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2(PGD2) is the most produced prostanoid in the CNS of mammals, and in behavioral experiments it has been implicated in the modulation of spinal nociception. In the present study we addressed the effects of spinal PGD2 on the discharge properties of nociceptive spinal cord neurons with input from the knee joint using extracellular recordings in vivo, both in normal rats and in rats with acute inflammation in the knee joint. Topical application of PGD2 to the spinal cord of normal rats did not influence responses to mechanical stimulation of the knee and ankle joint except at a high dose. Specific agonists at either the prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1) or the prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2) receptor had no effect on responses to mechanical stimulation of the normal knee. By contrast, in rats with inflamed knee joints either PGD2 or a DP1 receptor agonist decreased responses to mechanical stimulation of the inflamed knee and the non-inflamed ankle thus reducing established inflammation-evoked spinal hyperexcitability. Vice versa, spinal application of an antagonist at DP1 receptors increased responses to mechanical stimulation of the inflamed knee joint and the non-inflamed ankle joint suggesting that endogenous PGD2 attenuated central sensitization under inflammatory conditions, through activation of DP1 receptors. Spinal application of a DP2 receptor antagonist had no effect. The conclusion that spinal PGD2 attenuates spinal hyperexcitability under inflammatory conditions is further supported by the finding that spinal coapplication of PGD2 with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) attenuated the PGE2-induced facilitation of responses to mechanical stimulation of the normal joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telleria-Diaz
- Department of Physiology I, Neurophysiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Teichgraben 8, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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Unni AM, Bondar T, Medzhitov R. Intrinsic sensor of oncogenic transformation induces a signal for innate immunosurveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1686-91. [PMID: 18223157 PMCID: PMC2234205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701675105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cell-autonomous mechanisms exist in complex metazoans to resist oncogenic transformation, including a variety of tumor- suppressor pathways that control cell proliferation and apoptosis. In vertebrates, additional mechanisms of tumor resistance could potentially rely on cancer cell elimination by specialized cytotoxic leukocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells. Such mechanisms would require that cancer cells be reliably distinguished from normal cells. The ligands for NKG2D, an activating NK cell receptor, are expressed on many tumor cell lines and at least some primary human tumors. However, it is unknown whether their expression is induced as a direct result of oncogenic transformation in vivo. We provide evidence that NKG2D ligands are induced on spontaneously arising tumors in a murine model of lymphomagenesis and that c-Myc is involved in their regulation. Expression of NKG2D ligands is induced at an early, distinct stage of tumorigenesis upon acquisition of genetic lesions unique to cancer cells, potentially defining a critical step in carcinogenesis. This finding suggests that the regulation of NKG2D ligands depends on a mechanism for intrinsic sensing of oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun M. Unni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Tanya Bondar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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31
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Ebihara T, Masuda H, Akazawa T, Shingai M, Kikuta H, Ariga T, Matsumoto M, Seya T. Induction of NKG2D ligands on human dendritic cells by TLR ligand stimulation and RNA virus infection. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1145-55. [PMID: 17878262 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) and NK cells are reciprocally activate via cytokines and cell-cell contact. Although seven human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), UL16-binding proteins (ULBP) 1, 2, 3 and 4, retinoic acid early transcript 1G (RAET1G) and MHC class I-related chains A and B, have been reported, the differential distribution and roles of these ligands in the maturation of human mDCs have not been elucidated. In the present study, we produced polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) directed against human ULBP1, 2 and 3. All these ULBPs were detected on human mDCs when probed by the pAbs, although their expression profiles were different. We next investigated what kinds of Toll-like receptor agonists and RNA viruses [influenza virus, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV)] induced the expression of NKG2DLs on mDCs. ULBP1 was up-regulated on mDCs in response to LPS or infection with RSV. The expression of ULBP2 was induced by LPS and poly I:C, indicating that the TIR-containing adapter molecule-1 (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN) pathway is associated with ULBP2 induction. Although infection with HCV did not cause up-regulation of NKG2DLs, other RNA virus infections and poly I:C promoted expression of ULBP2 and RAET1G in an IFN-alpha/beta-independent manner. Finally, the over-expression of ULBP1 and 2 on mDCs facilitated NK cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production through a mDC-NK cell interaction in the presence of IL-2. Hence, the results reflect the important role of NKG2DLs on human mDCs in mDC-mediated NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Li Y, Zhu F, Vaidehi N, Goddard WA. Prediction of the 3D structure and dynamics of human DP G-protein coupled receptor bound to an agonist and an antagonist. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10720-31. [PMID: 17691773 PMCID: PMC2535578 DOI: 10.1021/ja070865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids play important physiological roles in the cardiovascular and immune systems and in pain sensation in peripheral systems through their interactions with eight G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors are important drug targets, but development of subtype specific agonists and antagonists has been hampered by the lack of 3D structures for these receptors. We report here the 3D structure for the human DP G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) predicted by the MembStruk computational method. To validate this structure, we use the HierDock computational method to predict the binding mode for the endogenous agonist (PGD2) to DP. Based on our structure, we predicted the binding of different antagonists and optimized them. We find that PGD2 binds vertically to DP in the TM1237 region with the alpha chain toward the extracellular (EC) region and the omega chain toward the middle of the membrane. This structure explains the selectivity of the DP receptor and the residues involved in the predicted binding site correlate very well with available mutation experiments on DP, IP, TP, FP, and EP subtypes. We report molecular dynamics of DP in explicit lipid and water and find that the binding of the PGD2 agonist leads to correlated rotations of helices of TM3 and TM7, whereas binding of antagonist leads to no such rotations. Thus, these motions may be related to the mechanism of activation.
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Plunkett FJ, Franzese O, Finney HM, Fletcher JM, Belaramani LL, Salmon M, Dokal I, Webster D, Lawson ADG, Akbar AN. The loss of telomerase activity in highly differentiated CD8+CD28-CD27- T cells is associated with decreased Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation. J Immunol 2007; 178:7710-9. [PMID: 17548608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme telomerase is essential for maintaining the replicative capacity of memory T cells. Although CD28 costimulatory signals can up-regulate telomerase activity, human CD8(+) T cells lose CD28 expression after repeated activation. Nevertheless, telomerase is still inducible in CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells. To identify alternative costimulatory pathways that may be involved, we introduced chimeric receptors containing the signaling domains of CD28, CD27, CD137, CD134, and ICOS in series with the CD3 zeta (zeta) chain into primary human CD8(+) T cells. Although CD3 zeta-chain signals alone were ineffective, triggering of all the other constructs induced proliferation and telomerase activity. However, not all CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells could up-regulate this enzyme. The further fractionation of CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells into CD8(+)CD28(-) CD27(+) and CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) subsets showed that the latter had significantly shorter telomeres and extremely poor telomerase activity. The restoration of CD28 signaling in CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells could not reverse the low telomerase activity that was not due to decreased expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, the enzyme catalytic subunit. Instead, the defect was associated with decreased phosphorylation of the kinase Akt, that phosphorylates human telomerase reverse transcriptase to induce telomerase activity. Furthermore, the defective Akt phosphorylation in these cells was specific for the Ser(473) but not the Thr(308) phosphorylation site of this molecule. Telomerase down-regulation in highly differentiated CD8(+)CD28(-)CD27(-) T cells marks their inexorable progress toward a replicative end stage after activation. This limits the ability of memory CD8(+) T cells to be maintained by continuous proliferation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Plunkett
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor B4 (LILRB4)(previously termed gp49B1) is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed constitutively on the surface of mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. LILRB4 inhibits IgE-dependent activation of mast cells in vitro through its two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that recruit the src homology domain type-2-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 into the cell membrane. Accordingly, Lilrb4(-/-) mice exhibit greater incidence and severity of IgE- and mast cell-dependent anaphylactic inflammation compared with mice that express LILRB4. In addition, mast cell-dependent inflammation induced by the interaction of stem cell factor (SCF) with its receptor Kit is also more severe in Lilrb4(-/-) mice, indicating that the counterregulatory function of LILRB4 extends beyond inflammation induced by Fc receptors, which signal through ITIMs, to responses initiated through a receptor tyrosine kinase. Indeed, pathologic inflammatory responses induced by activation of neutrophils with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or with tissue-specific autoantibodies are greatly exacerbated in Lilrb4(-/-) mice. The rapid upregulation of LILRB4 expression on neutrophils in Lilrb4(+/+) mice in response to LPS suggests it is an innate counterregulatory response designed to reduce pathologic inflammation. Nevertheless, LILRB4 also serves a similar purpose for inflammation induced by the humoral adaptive immune response that is manifested through effector cells bearing Fc receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard R Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain. It has long been described as a modulator of the neuroinflammatory process, but little is known regarding the role of its Galpha(s)-coupled receptor, DP1. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the DP1 receptor on the outcome of cerebral ischemia in wildtype (WT) and DP1 knockout (DP1(-/-)) C57Bl/6 mice was investigated. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced by a 90-min occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery followed by a 4-day reperfusion. Infarct size was 49.0 +/- 11.0% larger in DP1(-/-) mice (n = 11; P < 0.01) than in WT mice (n = 9 per group). However, no differences were detected in the relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) or any of the physiological parameters measured (n = 5 per group) or in the large blood vessel anatomy (n = 3 per group). To further address whether the DP1 protective role in the brain could be extended to neurons, mouse primary corticostriatal neuronal cultures were exposed to the DP1-selective agonist, BW245C, which provided dose-dependent protection against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate. Protection was significant at a dose as low as 0.05 microm. The results indicate that the DP1 receptor is neuroprotective in both in vivo and in vitro paradigms. Development of drugs to stimulate the DP1 receptor in brain could provide a new therapeutic strategy against cerebral ischemia and potentially other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 365, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hean Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 365, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Takayuki Maruyama
- Discovery Research Institute I, Ono Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Mishima-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606−8501, Japan
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross 365, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, MD, USA
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Chiba T, Kanda A, Ueki S, Ito W, Yamaguchi K, Kamada Y, Takeda M, Tanigai T, Oyamada H, Kayaba H, Chihara J. Possible novel receptor for PGD2 on human bronchial epithelial cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 143 Suppl 1:23-7. [PMID: 17541272 DOI: 10.1159/000101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), a major prostanoid produced by activated mast cells, has long been implicated in allergic diseases. Recent studies have shown that PGD(2) exerts its effects through two different G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the D-prostanoid receptor (DP) and the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type-2 cells (CRTH2), expressed in various human tissues. The PGD(2)/CRTH2 system mediates the chemotaxis of eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 cells, which are involved in the induction of allergic inflammation. We have reported that normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and epithelial cell lines (NCI-H(292)) expressed CRTH2, and PGD(2) induces production of IL-8 and GM-CSF. This review discusses the role of CRTH2/DP on epithelial cells and mentions a possible novel receptor for PGD(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Chiba
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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Arai I, Takaoka A, Hashimoto Y, Honma Y, Koizumi C, Futaki N, Sugimoto M, Takahashi N, Inoue T, Nakanishi Y, Sakurai T, Tanami T, Yagi M, Ono N, Nakaike S. Effects of TS-022, a newly developed prostanoid DP1 receptor agonist, on experimental pruritus, cutaneous barrier disruptions and atopic dermatitis in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 556:207-14. [PMID: 17141215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TS-022, {4-[(1R, 2S, 3R, 5R)-5-Chloro-2-((S)-3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxyprop-1-ynyl)-3-hydroxycyclopentyl] butylthio} acetic acid monohydrate, inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, an effect significantly antagonized, as in the case of prostaglandin D(2) by the prostanoid DP(1) receptor antagonist (BW A868C). TS-022 is a prostanoid DP(1) receptor agonist, originally developed as a novel anti-pruritic drug for patients with atopic dermatitis. We examined the effects of TS-022 on experimental pruritus, cutaneous barrier disruption, and atopic dermatitis and in in vitro immune function tests. Topically applied TS-022 significantly suppressed scratching in skin-lesioned NC/Nga mice from a concentration of 2.5 nM, and this scratch-suppressive activity was significantly antagonized by BW A868C. Tacrolimus (FK-506) and dexamethasone, used as reference drugs for atopic dermatitis, also exhibited suppressive effects against scratching, but only at concentrations of 125 and 25,000 microM. TS-022 applied topically, once a day for 2 days, significantly accelerated repair of the cutaneous barrier disruption caused by mechanical scratching, from concentrations of 2.5 nM. This acceleration of repair of the disrupted cutaneous barrier by this drug was also significantly antagonized by BW A868C. FK-506 and dexamethasone showed no beneficial effects on the repair of the disrupted cutaneous barrier. Repeated topical application of 2.5 microM of TS-022 and 12.5 microM of FK-506 once a day for 6 weeks significantly improved the skin inflammation scores in the NC/Nga mice. In regard to the effects of TS-022 in vitro, the inhibitory activity of TS-022 against concanavalin A-induced cytokine production by splenocytes was marginal as compared with that of FK-506 or dexamethasone. These results suggest that the beneficial therapeutic effects of TS-022 in NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis are mediated by its suppressive effect on scratching and its effect of accelerating repair of the disrupted cutaneous barrier, both effects being attributable to its prostanoid DP(1) receptor agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Arai
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the B7 costimulatory protein family (CD80 and CD86) play a determining role in allograft rejection. Both CD80 and CD86 have naturally occurring splice variants whose roles in transplantation are unknown. Full length CD80 has two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains in the extracellular portion, IgC and IgV. In mouse, the isoform IgV-CD80 lacks the IgC-like domain. Here we analyzed the role of mouse IgV-CD80 in heart allograft rejection and search for equivalent splice variants in human. METHODS Mice made deficient for full-length CD80 but which retain expression of the shorter IgV-CD80 (CD80 mice) were used as donor or recipient of a heart allograft. Recipient animals were untreated or pretreated with alloantigen expressing cells and/or treated with CD80 and CTLA4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). RESULTS Recipients expressing IgV-CD80 but not full length CD80 exhibited a slight prolongation in survival of either wild-type (Wt) or CD80 grafts. More dramatically, CD80 animals pretreated with donor alloantigen exhibited permanent graft survival, whereas their Wt counterparts rejected their grafts with a median survival of 24 days. This prolonged survival was due to the expression of IgV-CD80 in recipients since treatment with CD80 mAb abrogated the beneficial effect observed. We identified and report here a similar isoform of CD80 from human cDNA encoding a putative soluble, IgV-containing protein. CONCLUSIONS IgV-CD80 bearing recipients show enhanced allograft survival especially after donor alloantigen pretreatment. This together with data from other species suggests that regulation delivered by splice variants of CD80 significantly modulates immunity and may be common across the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu Jen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Romagne F. Current and future drugs targeting one class of innate immunity receptors: the Toll-like receptors. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:80-7. [PMID: 17198976 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity receptors are germline-encoded receptors that can sense molecular signatures of pathogens and cancer cells. Recent advances in immunology demonstrate the key role of these receptors in inflammation and initiation of subsequent immune responses, including adaptive immunity. Pharmaceutical interest in this field has grown with the retrospective demonstration that some marketed drugs targeting cancer or infectious diseases act via those receptors. In this review, I present an update on the scientific rationale for targeting one class of innate immunity receptor, the Toll-like receptors, and an update on the development status of corresponding drug candidates in infectious diseases, cancer, allergy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Romagne
- Innate Pharma, 121 Ancien Chemin de Cassis, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Hsu KC, Gooley T, Malkki M, Pinto-Agnello C, Dupont B, Bignon JD, Bornhäuser M, Christiansen F, Gratwohl A, Morishima Y, Oudshoorn M, Ringden O, van Rood JJ, Petersdorf E. KIR ligands and prediction of relapse after unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation for hematologic malignancy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:828-36. [PMID: 16864053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent malignancy remains a significant complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Efforts to decrease relapse have included donor lymphocyte infusion to stimulate donor anti-recipient T-cell allorecognition of major and minor histocompatibility differences. Recently, alloreactive effects of donor natural killer cell-mediated inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) recognition of recipient HLA-C and -B ligands have been described. We examined KIR ligand effects on risk of relapse in 1770 patients undergoing myeloablative T-replete HCT from HLA-matched or -mismatched unrelated donors for the treatment of myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. KIR ligands defined by HLA-B and -C genotypes were used to determine donor-recipient ligand incompatibility or recipient lack of KIR ligand. Among HLA-mismatched transplantations, recipient homozygosity for HLA-B or -C KIR epitopes predicted lack of KIR ligand and was associated with a decreased hazard of relapse (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, .043-0.85; P = .004). Absence of HLA-C group 2 or HLA-Bw4 KIR ligands was associated with lower hazards of relapse (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.79, P = .004; hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.97; P = .04, respectively). The decrease in hazard of relapse in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia was similar to that in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (P = .95). Recipient homozygosity for HLA-B or -C epitopes that define KIR ligands is likely to be a predictive factor for leukemia relapse after myeloablative HCT from HLA-mismatched unrelated donors. This effect was not observed in HLA-identical unrelated transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine C Hsu
- Adult Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Galligan CL, Murooka TT, Rahbar R, Baig E, Majchrzak-Kita B, Fish EN. Interferons and viruses: signaling for supremacy. Immunol Res 2006; 35:27-40. [PMID: 17003507 PMCID: PMC7091094 DOI: 10.1385/ir:35:1:27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β are critical mediators of host defense against microbial challenges, directly interfering with viral infection and influencing both the innate and adaptive immune responses. IFNs exert their effects in target cells through the activation of a cell-surface receptor, leading to a cascade of signaling events that determine transcriptional and translation regulation. Understanding the circuitry associated with IFN-mediated signal transduction that leads to a specific biological outcome has been a major focus of our laboratory. Through the efforts of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, a skilled research technologist, and important collaborations with investigators elsewhere, we have provided some insights into the complexity of the IFN system—and the elegance and simplicity of how protein-protein interactions define biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. L. Galligan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - T. T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - R. Rahbar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - E. Baig
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - B. Majchrzak-Kita
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - E. N. Fish
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 67 College Street Rm. 424, M5G 2M1 Toronto, Ontario Canada
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Cossette C, Walsh SE, Kim S, Lee GJ, Lawson JA, Bellone S, Rokach J, Powell WS. Agonist and antagonist effects of 15R-prostaglandin (PG) D2 and 11-methylene-PGD2 on human eosinophils and basophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:173-9. [PMID: 17041009 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 acts through both the DP(1) receptor, which is coupled to adenylyl cyclase, and the DP2 receptor (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells), which is present on eosinophils, basophils, and Th2 cells and results in cell activation and migration. The most potent prostanoid DP2 agonist so far reported is 15R-methyl-PGD2, in which the hydroxyl group has the unnatural R configuration. In contrast, the corresponding analog possessing the natural 15S configuration is approximately 75 times less potent. This raised the question of whether the isoprostane 15R-PGD2 might have potent DP2 receptor-mediated biological activity. We therefore chemically synthesized 15R-PGD2 and investigated its biological activity. This compound elicited DP2 receptor-mediated CD11b expression in human basophils and eosinophils and induced actin polymerization and migration in eosinophils with a potency about the same as that of PGD2. In contrast, it had only a weak effect on DP1 receptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity in human platelets. We also investigated the effects of modification of the 9-hydroxyl and 11-oxo groups of PGD2. Both PGK2, in which the 9-hydroxyl group is replaced by an oxo group, and 11-deoxy-11-methylene PGD2, in which the 11-oxo group is replaced by a CH2 group, have little or no DP1 or DP2 agonist activity. However, the 11-methylene analog is a DP2 antagonist (IC50, approximately 2 microM). We conclude that 15R-PGD2, which may be generated by oxidative stress, is a potent and selective DP2 agonist and that modification of the 11-oxo group of PGD2 can result in DP2 antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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Abstract
The involvement of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) in inflammatory diseases like allergy and asthma is well established, thus blocking the effect of this mediator represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of such diseases. PGD(2) is now known to act through two seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors, DP (DP(1)) and CRTH2 (DP(2)), which are also activated by several endogenous metabolites from the arachidonic acid cascade, making the regulatory system highly complex. There has recently been a considerable effort aimed at developing antagonists of the PGD(2) receptors for treatment of inflammatory conditions like asthma and rhinitis. Several potent DP antagonists are now known, and one of these is currently in clinical trials for treatment of asthma. CRTH2 has received much attention since its identification as the second high affinity PGD(2) receptor in 2001, and a number of potent and selective antagonists have recently become available. This review will briefly discuss the biological background and validation of DP and CRTH2 as targets for antiinflammatory drugs, and then highlight developments in medicinal chemistry which have appeared in journals and patent applications in the last few years, and which have brought us closer to therapeutic applications of PGD(2) receptor antagonists in various indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Ulven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Koch KA, Wessale JL, Moreland R, Reinhart GA, Cox BF. Effects of BW245C, a prostaglandin dp receptor agonist, on systemic and regional haemodynamics in the anaesthetized rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 32:931-5. [PMID: 16405449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Prostaglandin D (DP) receptor agonists have been shown to induce hypotension in rat models, possibly via peripheral vasodilation. However, it is not known which tissues and organs are most responsive. 2. In the present study, BW245C, a DP receptor-selective agonist, was administered to Inactin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA)-anaesthetized rats. Animals received three serial i.v. infusions (17 min each) of either BW245C (escalating doses of 0.3, 3 and 30 microg/kg; n=6) or vehicle (6% ethanol in normal saline; n=6). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were monitored continuously and regional blood flow was determined by the radionuclide-labelled microsphere method at baseline and at the end of each infusion. 3. It was found that BW245C dose-dependently reduced MAP; blood flow increased in forelimb skeletal muscle and skin, resulting in decreases in the regional vascular resistance (RVR) of skeletal muscle to -6+/-13, -53+/-11 and -68+/-6% of baseline following 0.3, 3 and 30 microg/kg BW245C, respectively (P<0.05 vs vehicle treatment for the two higher doses), and skin to -29+/-8, -55+/-8 (P<0.05) and -30+/-16% of baseline, respectively. Relative to vehicle, blood flow and RVR for brain, heart, lung, liver, stomach and kidney were not significantly affected by BW245C. 4. These results demonstrate that the hypotension resulting from DP receptor activation in the rat is mediated primarily through vasodilation of arterioles of skeletal muscle independent of changes in blood flow to vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Koch
- Neurological Diseases Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6119, USA.
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Farag SS, Bacigalupo A, Eapen M, Hurley C, Dupont B, Caligiuri MA, Boudreau C, Nelson G, Oudshoorn M, van Rood J, Velardi A, Maiers M, Setterholm M, Confer D, Posch PE, Anasetti C, Kamani N, Miller JS, Weisdorf D, Davies SM. The Effect of KIR Ligand Incompatibility on the Outcome of Unrelated Donor Transplantation: A Report from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, the European Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry, and the Dutch Registry. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:876-84. [PMID: 16864058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matching for HLA class I alleles, including HLA-C, is an important criterion for outcome of unrelated donor transplantation. However, haplotype-mismatched transplantations for myeloid malignancies, mismatched for killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) ligands in the graft-versus-host (GVH) direction, is associated with lower rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse, and mortality. This study investigated the effect of KIR ligand mismatching on the outcome of unrelated donor transplantation. The outcomes after 1571 unrelated donor transplantations for myeloid malignancies where donor-recipient pairs were HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 matched (n = 1004), GVH KIR ligand-mismatched (n = 137), host-versus-graft (HVG) KIR ligand-mismatched (n = 170), and HLA-B and/or -C-mismatched but KIR ligand-matched (n = 260) were compared using Cox regression models. Treatment-related mortality (TRM), treatment failure, and overall mortality were lowest after matched transplantations. Patients who received grafts from donors mismatched at the KIR ligand in the GVH or HVG direction and mismatched at HLA-B and/or C but matched at the KIR ligand had similar rates of TRM, treatment failure, and overall mortality. There were no differences in leukemia recurrence between the 4 groups. These results do not support the choice of an unrelated donor on the basis of KIR ligand mismatch determined from HLA typing.
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Bate C, Kempster S, Williams A. Platelet-activating factor antagonists protect amyloid-β damaged neurons from microglia-mediated death. Neuropharmacology 2006; 51:173-81. [PMID: 16678220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons treated with sub-lethal concentrations of amyloid-beta1-42 developed phenotypic changes and selectively bound a CD14-IgG chimera; in co-cultures, microglia recognised and killed these amyloid-beta1-42 -damaged neurons. Pre-treatment with the platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists (Hexa-PAF, CV6209 or ginkgolide B) reduced CD14-IgG binding to amyloid-beta1-42 -damaged neurons, and the presence of PAF antagonists in co-cultures increased neuronal survival in a dose-dependant manner. PAF antagonists also protected neurons treated with HuPrP82-146, a peptide found in prion diseases. Second messenger studies demonstrated that the addition of PAF mimicked some of the effects of amyloid-beta1-42 on neurons. PAF-damaged neurons bound CD14-IgG, and PAF-damaged neurons were killed by microglia in a CD14-dependent process. Neuronal death was inversely related to both the concentration of PAF, and the number of microglia added. The effects of PAF were reduced by an antagonist of the prostanoid D receptor (BWA868C) indicating that neuronal damage induced by PAF is partly mediated by prostaglandins. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that sub-lethal concentrations of amyloid-beta1-42 stimulate a cascade of second messengers including PAF and the prostaglandins. At nanomolar concentrations PAF induces a change in neuronal phenotype that activates microglia via the CD14 molecule, these activated microglia then kill the amyloid-beta1-42 damaged neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Bate
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Nakano N, Fukuhara-Takaki K, Jono T, Nakajou K, Eto N, Horiuchi S, Takeya M, Nagai R. Association of Advanced Glycation End Products with A549 Cells, a Human Pulmonary Epithelial Cell Line, Is Mediated by a Receptor Distinct from the Scavenger Receptor Family and RAGE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:821-9. [PMID: 16751589 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular interactions with advanced glycation end products (AGE)-modified proteins are known to induce several biological responses, not only endocytic uptake and degradation, but also the induction of cytokines and growth factors, combined responses that may be linked to the development of diabetic vascular complications. In this study we demonstrate that A549 cells, a human pulmonary epithelial cell line, possess a specific binding site for AGE-modified bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) (K(d) = 27.8 nM), and additionally for EN-RAGE (extracellular newly identified RAGE binding protein) (K(d) = 118 nM). Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that RAGE (receptor for AGE) is highly expressed on A549 cells, while the expression of other known AGE-receptors such as galectin-3 and SR-A (class A scavenger receptor), are below the level of detection. The binding of (125)I-AGE-BSA to these cells is inhibited by unlabeled AGE-BSA, but not by EN-RAGE. In contrast, the binding of (125)I-EN-RAGE is significantly inhibited by unlabeled EN-RAGE and soluble RAGE, but not by AGE-BSA. Our results indicate that A549 cells possess at least two binding sites, one specific for EN-RAGE and the other specific for AGE-BSA. The latter receptor on A549 cells is distinct from the scavenger receptor family and RAGE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Lung/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/classification
- Receptors, Scavenger/agonists
- Receptors, Scavenger/classification
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacokinetics
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Nakano
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Psychiatry, and Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556
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Otsuki N, Kamimura Y, Hashiguchi M, Azuma M. Expression and function of the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA/CD272) on human T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:1121-7. [PMID: 16643847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Co-signal receptors provide crucial activating or attenuating signals for T cells. The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA/CD272) is a third member of co-inhibitory receptors, which belongs to the CD28 immunoglobulin-superfamily. Using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human BTLA, we show that BTLA is constitutively expressed on most CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its expression progressively decreases upon T cell activation. Polarized Th1 and Th2 cells contained both BTLA-positive and BTLA-negative populations, but the extended culture diminished BTLA expression. Cross-linking BTLA with an agonistic mAb inhibited T cell proliferation and the production of the cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-10 in response to anti-CD3 stimulation. BTLA-mediated inhibition of T cell activation occurred during both primary CD4+ T cell responses and secondary CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, suggesting that BTLA ligation sends a constitutive "off" signal to T cells and thus might play an important role in the maintenance of T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Otsuki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Cheng K, Wu TJ, Wu KK, Sturino C, Metters K, Gottesdiener K, Wright SD, Wang Z, O'Neill G, Lai E, Waters MG. Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 suppresses nicotinic acid-induced vasodilation in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6682-7. [PMID: 16617107 PMCID: PMC1458941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601574103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) is commonly used to treat dyslipidemia, but it elicits an adverse effect, termed flushing, which consists of cutaneous vasodilation with associated discomfort. An animal model of NA-induced flushing has been established in mice. As in humans, NA stimulated vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner, was associated with an increase of the vasodilatory prostaglandin (PG) D2 in plasma and could be blocked by pretreatment with aspirin. Two PGD2 receptors have been identified: PGD2 receptor 1 (DP1, also called DP) and PGD2 receptor 2 (DP2, sometimes termed CRTH2). DP2 does not mediate NA-induced vasodilation; the DP2-specific agonist DK-PGD2 (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2) did not induce cutaneous vasodilation, and DP2-/- mice had a normal vasodilatory response to NA. By contrast, BW245C, a DP1-selective agonist, induced vasodilation in mice, and MK-0524, a DP1-selective antagonist, blocked both PGD2- and NA-induced vasodilation. NA-induced vasodilation was also studied in DP1+/+, DP1+/-, and DP1-/- mice; although NA-induced vasodilation depended almost completely on DP1 in female mice, it depended only partially on DP1 in male mice. The residual NA-induced vasodilation in male DP-/- mice was aspirin-sensitive. Thus, in the mouse, DP1 appears to be an important component involved in NA-induced vasodilation, but other cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanisms also may be involved. A clinical study in healthy men and women demonstrated that treatment with MK-0524 reduced the symptoms of flushing and the increase in skin perfusion after the administration of NA. These studies suggest that DP1 receptor antagonism may be an effective means to suppress NA-induced flushing in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Female
- Flushing/drug therapy
- Flushing/physiopathology
- Humans
- Hydantoins/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Niacin/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Ekong U, Zeng S, Dun H, Feirt N, Guo J, Ippagunta N, Guarrera JV, Lu Y, Weinberg A, Qu W, Ramasamy R, Schmidt AM, Emond JC. Blockade of the receptor for advanced glycation end products attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:682-8. [PMID: 16677153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Severe injury to the liver, such as that induced by toxic doses of acetaminophen, triggers a cascade of events leading to hepatocyte death. It is hypothesized that activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) might contribute to acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity by virtue of its ability to generate reactive oxygen species, at least in part via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and thereby activate downstream signaling pathways leading to cellular injury. METHODS A model was employed in which toxic doses of acetaminophen (1125 mg/kg) were administered to C57BL/6 mice. To block RAGE, mice received murine soluble (s) RAGE, the extracellular ligand binding domain of the receptor that acts as a decoy to interrupt ligand-RAGE signaling. RESULTS Animals treated with sRAGE displayed increased survival compared with vehicle treatment, and markedly decreased hepatic necrosis. Consistent with an important role for RAGE-triggered oxidant stress in acetaminophen-induced injury, a significant reduction of nitrotyrosine protein adducts was observed in hepatic tissue in sRAGE-treated versus vehicle-treated mice receiving acetaminophen, in parallel with significantly increased levels of glutathione. In addition, pro-regenerative cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were increased in sRAGE-treated versus vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION These findings implicate RAGE-dependent mechanisms in acetaminophen-induced liver damage and suggest that blockade of this pathway may impart beneficial effects in toxin-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeme Ekong
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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