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Raisinghani N, Alshahrani M, Gupta G, Verkhivker G. Ensemble-Based Mutational Profiling and Network Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Omicron XBB Lineages for Interactions with the ACE2 Receptor and Antibodies: Cooperation of Binding Hotspots in Mediating Epistatic Couplings Underlies Binding Mechanism and Immune Escape. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4281. [PMID: 38673865 PMCID: PMC11049863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed a computational study of binding mechanisms for the SARS-CoV-2 spike Omicron XBB lineages with the host cell receptor ACE2 and a panel of diverse class one antibodies. The central objective of this investigation was to examine the molecular factors underlying epistatic couplings among convergent evolution hotspots that enable optimal balancing of ACE2 binding and antibody evasion for Omicron variants BA.1, BA2, BA.3, BA.4/BA.5, BQ.1.1, XBB.1, XBB.1.5, and XBB.1.5 + L455F/F456L. By combining evolutionary analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and ensemble-based mutational scanning of spike protein residues in complexes with ACE2, we identified structural stability and binding affinity hotspots that are consistent with the results of biochemical studies. In agreement with the results of deep mutational scanning experiments, our quantitative analysis correctly reproduced strong and variant-specific epistatic effects in the XBB.1.5 and BA.2 variants. It was shown that Y453W and F456L mutations can enhance ACE2 binding when coupled with Q493 in XBB.1.5, while these mutations become destabilized when coupled with the R493 position in the BA.2 variant. The results provided a molecular rationale of the epistatic mechanism in Omicron variants, showing a central role of the Q493/R493 hotspot in modulating epistatic couplings between convergent mutational sites L455F and F456L in XBB lineages. The results of mutational scanning and binding analysis of the Omicron XBB spike variants with ACE2 receptors and a panel of class one antibodies provide a quantitative rationale for the experimental evidence that epistatic interactions of the physically proximal binding hotspots Y501, R498, Q493, L455F, and F456L can determine strong ACE2 binding, while convergent mutational sites F456L and F486P are instrumental in mediating broad antibody resistance. The study supports a mechanism in which the impact on ACE2 binding affinity is mediated through a small group of universal binding hotspots, while the effect of immune evasion could be more variant-dependent and modulated by convergent mutational sites in the conformationally adaptable spike regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishank Raisinghani
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (N.R.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (N.R.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (N.R.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennady Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (N.R.); (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Akaho R, Kiyoura Y, Tamai R. Synergistic effect of Toll-like receptor 2 ligands and alendronate on proinflammatory cytokine production in mouse macrophage-like RAW-ASC cells is accompanied by upregulation of MyD88 expression. J Oral Biosci 2024:S1349-0079(24)00079-3. [PMID: 38614429 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize whole cells or components of microorganisms. Alendronate (ALN) is an anti-bone-resorptive drug that has inflammatory side effects. The aim in this study was to examine whether ALN augments TLR2 ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production using mouse macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells transfected with murine apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) gene (hereafter, referred to as "RAW-ASC cells"). METHODS RAW-ASC cells were pretreated with or without ALN and then incubated with or without TLR2 ligands. The levels of secreted mouse IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in culture supernatants and the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), caspase-11, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), ASC, NF-κB p65, and actin were analyzed via Western blotting. TLR2 expression was analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS ALN substantially upregulated the Pam3CSK4-induced release of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and MyD88 expression in RAW-ASC cells. ST-2825, a MyD88 inhibitor, inhibited the ALN-augmented release of these cytokines. Pretreatment with ALN augmented Pam3CSK4-induced NF-κB activation in RAW-ASC cells and upregulated AP-1 activation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) S protein and ALN synergically upregulated the release of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW-ASC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ALN augments TLR2 ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production via the upregulation of MyD88 expression, and this augmentation is accompanied by the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in RAW-ASC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Akaho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan; Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Riyoko Tamai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ohu University Graduate School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan; Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
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Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peruchetti DB, Peres RAS, Alves SAS, Calil PT, Arruda LB, Costa LJ, Silva PL, Schmaier AH, Rocco PRM, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Toll like receptor 4 mediates the inhibitory effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on proximal tubule albumin endocytosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167155. [PMID: 38579939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Tubular proteinuria is a common feature in COVID-19 patients, even in the absence of established acute kidney injury. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) was shown to inhibit megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in proximal tubule epithelial cells (PTECs). Angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) was not directly involved. Since Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates S protein effects in various cell types, we hypothesized that TLR4 could be participating in the inhibition of PTECs albumin endocytosis elicited by S protein. Two different models of PTECs were used: porcine proximal tubule cells (LLC-PK1) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). S protein reduced Akt activity by specifically inhibiting of threonine 308 (Thr308) phosphorylation, a process mediated by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). GSK2334470, a PDK1 inhibitor, decreased albumin endocytosis and megalin expression mimicking S protein effect. S protein did not change total TLR4 expression but decreased its surface expression. LPS-RS, a TLR4 antagonist, also counteracted the effects of the S protein on Akt phosphorylation at Thr308, albumin endocytosis, and megalin expression. Conversely, these effects of the S protein were replicated by LPS, an agonist of TLR4. Incubation of PTECs with a pseudovirus containing S protein inhibited albumin endocytosis. Null or VSV-G pseudovirus, used as control, had no effect. LPS-RS prevented the inhibitory impact of pseudovirus containing the S protein on albumin endocytosis but had no influence on virus internalization. Our findings demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of the S protein on albumin endocytosis in PTECs is mediated through TLR4, resulting from a reduction in megalin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P Silva-Aguiar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas E Teixeira
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo B Peruchetti
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A S Peres
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sarah A S Alves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro T Calil
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Arruda
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana J Costa
- Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Acacia S Pinheiro
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Mjokane N, Akintemi EO, Sabiu S, Gcilitshana OMN, Albertyn J, Pohl CH, Sebolai OM. Aspergillus fumigatus secretes a protease(s) that displays in silico binding affinity towards the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and mediates SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion entry into HEK-293T cells. Virol J 2024; 21:58. [PMID: 38448991 PMCID: PMC10919004 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Data from the COVID-19 clinical control case studies showed that this disease could also manifest in patients with underlying microbial infections such as aspergillosis. The current study aimed to determine if the Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus culture media (i.e., supernatant) possessed protease activity that was sufficient to activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS The supernatant was first analysed for protease activity. Thereafter, it was assessed to determine if it possessed proteolytic activity to cleave a fluorogenic mimetic peptide of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that contained the S1/S2 site and a full-length spike protein contained in a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion. To complement this, a computer-based tool, HADDOCK, was used to predict if A. fumigatus alkaline protease 1 could bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RESULTS We show that the supernatant possessed proteolytic activity, and analyses of the molecular docking parameters revealed that A. fumigatus alkaline protease 1 could bind to the spike protein. To confirm the in silico data, it was imperative to provide experimental evidence for enzymatic activity. Here, it was noted that the A. fumigatus supernatant cleaved the mimetic peptide as well as transduced the HEK-293T cells with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that A. fumigatus secretes a protease(s) that activates the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Importantly, should these two infectious agents co-occur, there is the potential for A. fumigatus to activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thus aggravating COVID-19 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozethu Mjokane
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Eric O Akintemi
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Science, Durban University of Technology, 4000, Durban, P.O. Box 1334, South Africa
| | - Onele M N Gcilitshana
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Olihile M Sebolai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, 9301, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
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Nguyen TH, Chen LY, Khan NZ, Lindenbauer A, Bui VC, Zipfel PF, Heinrich D. The Binding of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Platelet Factor 4: A Proposed Mechanism for the Generation of Pathogenic Antibodies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:245. [PMID: 38540666 PMCID: PMC10967930 DOI: 10.3390/biom14030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies contributed to the abnormal coagulation profiles in COVID-19 and vaccinated patients. However, the mechanism of what triggers the body to produce these antibodies has not yet been clarified. Similar patterns and many comparable features between the COVID-19 virus and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) have been reported. Previously, we identified a new mechanism of autoimmunity in HIT in which PF4-antibodies self-clustered PF4 and exposed binding epitopes for other pathogenic PF4/eparin antibodies. Here, we first proved that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) also binds to PF4. The binding was evidenced by the increase in mass and optical intensity as observed through quartz crystal microbalance and immunosorbent assay, while the switching of the surface zeta potential caused by protein interactions and binding affinity of PF4-SP were evaluated by dynamic light scattering and isothermal spectral shift analysis. Based on our results, we proposed a mechanism for the generation of PF4 antibodies in COVID-19 patients. We further validated the changes in zeta potential and interaction affinity between PF4 and SP and found that their binding mechanism differs from ACE2-SP binding. Importantly, the PF4/SP complexes facilitate the binding of anti-PF4/Heparin antibodies. Our findings offer a fresh perspective on PF4 engagement with the SARS-CoV-2 SP, illuminating the role of PF4/SP complexes in severe thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Institute of Miccrobiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nida Zaman Khan
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Annerose Lindenbauer
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Van-Chien Bui
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment, Eichsfeldwerke GmbH, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Institute of Miccrobiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Silicatforschung, Neunerplatz, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Juma KM, Morimoto K, Sharma V, Sharma K, Biyani R, Biyani M, Takita T, Yasukawa K. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein D614G mutation using μTGGE. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:289. [PMID: 38329653 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate and expeditious detection of SARS-CoV-2 mutations is critical for monitoring viral evolution, assessing its impact on transmission, virulence, and vaccine efficacy, and formulating public health interventions. In this study, a detection system utilizing micro temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (μTGGE) was developed for the identification of the D614 and G614 variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS The in vitro synthesized D614 and G614 gene fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were amplified via polymerase chain reaction and subjected to μTGGE analysis. RESULTS The migration patterns exhibited by the D614 and G614 variants on the polyacrylamide gel were distinctly dissimilar and readily discernible by μTGGE. In particular, the mid-melting pattern of D614 was shorter than that of G614. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the capability of μTGGE for the rapid, precise, and cost-effective detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein D614 and G614 variants without the need for sequencing. Therefore, this approach holds considerable potential for use in point-of-care mutation assays for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Maafu Juma
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenta Morimoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Vishnu Sharma
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
- Biyani BioSolutions Pvt. Ltd., R-4, Sector 3, Vidhyadharnagar, Jaipur, 302023, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
| | - Radhika Biyani
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan
| | - Manish Biyani
- BioSeeds Corporation, JAIST Venture Business Laboratory, Ishikawa Create Lab, Ashahidai 2-13, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1211, Japan.
- Biyani BioSolutions Pvt. Ltd., R-4, Sector 3, Vidhyadharnagar, Jaipur, 302023, India.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Teisuke Takita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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Gao B, Zhu H, Liu Z, He X, Sun J, Li Y, Wu X, Pehrsson P, Zhang Y, Yu L. Chemical Compositions of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (Huangqin) Extracts and Their Effects on ACE2 Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, ACE2 Activity, and Free Radicals. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2045. [PMID: 38396723 PMCID: PMC10888547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The water and ethanol extracts of huangqin, the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. with potential antiviral properties and antioxidant activities, were investigated for their chemical profiles and their abilities to interfere with the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2, inhibiting ACE2 activity and scavenging free radicals. A total of 76 compounds were tentatively identified from the extracts. The water extract showed a greater inhibition on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2, but less inhibition on ACE2 activity than that of the ethanol extract on a per botanical weight concentration basis. The total phenolic content was 65.27 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry botanical and the scavenging capacities against HO●, DPPH●, and ABTS●+ were 1369.39, 334.37, and 533.66 µmol trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry botanical for the water extract, respectively. These values were greater than those of the ethanol extract, with a TPC of 20.34 mg GAE/g, and 217.17, 10.93, and 50.21 µmol TE/g against HO●, DPPH●, and ABTS●+, respectively. The results suggested the potential use of huangqin as a functional food ingredient in preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hanshu Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (P.P.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (P.P.)
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (P.P.)
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (P.P.)
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (B.G.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mjokane N, Sabiu S, Folorunso OS, Gcilitshana OMN, Albertyn J, Pohl CH, Sebolai OM. Cryptococcal proteases exhibit the potential to activate the latent SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:263-270. [PMID: 38128410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 650 million people and resulted in over 6.8 million deaths. Notably, the disease could co-manifest with microbial infections, like cryptococcosis, which also presents as a primary lung infection. OBJECTIVE In this contribution, we sought to determine if cryptococcal supernatant (which contains secreted furin-like proteases) could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS Molecular docking of the crystal structures of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (target) and selected cryptococcal proteases (ligands) was executed using the high ambiguity driven protein-protein docking (HADDOCK) server, with the furin protease serving as a reference ligand. The furin protease is found in human cells and typically activates the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Importantly, in order to provide experimental evidence for enzymatic activity, we also assessed the biochemical efficiency of cryptococcal proteases to initiate viral entry into HEK-293 T cells by SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped Lentivirus. RESULTS We show that the selected cryptococcal proteases could interact with the spike protein, and some had a better or comparable binding affinity for the spike protein than furin protease following an in silico comparative analysis of the molecular docking parameters. Furthermore, it was noted that the biochemical efficiency of the cryptococcal supernatant to transduce HEK-293 T cells with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions was comparable (p > 0.05) to that of recombinant furin. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that cryptococcal proteases could activate the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In practice, it may be critical to determine if patients have an underlying cryptococcal infection, as this microbe could secrete proteases that may further activate the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, thus undermining COVID-19 intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozethu Mjokane
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, 121 Steve Biko Road, Berea Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Olufemi S Folorunso
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Onele M N Gcilitshana
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Olihile M Sebolai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
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9
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Bi H, You R, Bian X, Li P, Zhao X, You Z. A magnetic control enrichment technique combined with terahertz metamaterial biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 243:115763. [PMID: 37890389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose significant challenges to public health. Developing new methods for early detection and diagnosis is crucial in combatting the disease, mitigating its impact and be prepared for future challenges in pandemic diseases. In this study, we propose a terahertz (THz) biosensing technology that capitalizes on the properties of THz metamaterial in conjunction with magnetic nanoparticles. This approach can accurately identify the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by pinpointing its location on the THz resonance sources grooved surface. The magnetic nanoparticles are employed to selectively bind with target molecules, and migrate towards the THz metamaterial unit cell when exposed to an applied magnetic field. The presence of target molecules in to the metamaterial variation in the frequency, amplitude, and phase of the resonance response, thus enabling swift, accurate and sensitive detection. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique, we have conducted a comparative analysis between real samples on platforms controlled by magnetic manipulation and those without the control. It was confirmed that the proposed THz sensing method demonstrated a linear detection range spanning from 0.005 ng mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 0.002 ng mL-1. Furthermore, it exhibited a frequency shift of 24 GHz and a stability index of 95%. The THz biosensing technique may pave a new avenue in identifying and preempting the spread of potential pandemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bi
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Rui You
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
| | - Xiaomeng Bian
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, 10029, PR China; School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Smart Microsystem, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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10
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Bae M, Choi S, Kim J, Seo G, Lee YW. Temperature-insensitive label-free SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection based on complementary refractive index and temperature dependence of multi-mode interference and grating resonance. Talanta 2024; 266:125091. [PMID: 37625291 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated temperature-insensitive, label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SSP) by harnessing the complementary refractive index and temperature dependence of multi-mode interference (MMI) created by a no-core fiber (NCF) and phase-matched resonance generated by a long-period fiber grating (LPFG). To combine MMI and grating resonance, primarily sensitive to the surrounding medium refractive index (SMRI) and ambient temperature, respectively, a fiber-optic transducer was fabricated by splicing an NCF segment with an LPFG inscribed on double-clad fiber. The transducer was functionalized with human ACE2 receptors to selectively capture SSP. The functionalized sensor head exhibited high SSP selectivity, with overall average wavelength displacements of ∼253.33 and ∼160.00 pm in PBS and saliva, respectively, for SSP with concentrations ranging from 1 to 104 ng/mL. These spectral shifts are associated with localized SMRI modulations on the sensor surface induced by specific binding between SSP and ACE2. We also examined the cross-reactivity of the sensor head for MERS-CoV spike protein to confirm its SSP specificity. Moreover, we proved the capability of temperature-independent SSP detection and ambient temperature measurement by scrutinizing the temperature effect on the sensor performance. Our functionalized fiber transducer showed great promise as a temperature-insensitive and portable platform for rapid SSP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Bae
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwan Seo
- Research Center for Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea; Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Wook Lee
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; School of Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sun Y, Tian Y, Wu S, Huang A, Hu Y, Liao Z, Swift M, Deng S, Yang X, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Wu B, Huang J, Jiang K, Huang F, Jin H, Wan C, Yang K. Engineering irradiated tumor-derived microparticles as personalized vaccines to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101303. [PMID: 38029750 PMCID: PMC10772344 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The inadequate activation of antigen-presenting cells, the entanglement of T cells, and the highly immunosuppressive conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are important factors that limit the effectiveness of cancer vaccines. Studies show that a personalized and broad antigen repertoire fully activates anti-tumor immunity and that inhibiting the function of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β facilitates T cell migration. In our study, we introduce a vaccine strategy by engineering irradiated tumor cell-derived microparticles (RT-MPs), which have both personalized and broad antigen repertoire, to induce comprehensive anti-tumor effects. Encouraged by the proinflammatory effects of the spike protein from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the high affinity between TGF-β receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and TGF-β, we develop RT-MPs with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and TGFBR2. This spike protein and high TGFBR2 expression induce the innate immune response and ameliorate the immunosuppressive TME, thereby promoting T cell activation and infiltration and ultimately inhibiting tumor growth. Our study provides a strategy for producing an effective personalized anti-tumor vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Sun
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ai Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhiyun Liao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Michelle Swift
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Suke Deng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhanjie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bian Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- College of Biomedicine and Health and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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12
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Yao Y, Whent M, Li Y, Liu Z, Pehrsson P, Sun J, Chen P, Huang D, Wang TTY, Wu X, Yu L. Chemical Composition of Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris) Extracts, Potential Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-ACE2 Binding and ACE2 Activity, and Radical Scavenging Capacity. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:19523-19530. [PMID: 38039415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and ethanol extracts of dried thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were analyzed for chemical composition, inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 interaction, inhibition of ACE2 activity, and free radical scavenging capacity. Thirty-two compounds were identified in water extract (WE) and 27 were identified in ethanol extract (EE) of thyme through HPLC-MS. The WE (33.3 mg/mL) and EE (3.3 mg/mL) of thyme inhibited the spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 82.6 and 86.4%, respectively. The thyme WE at 5 mg/mL inhibited ACE2 activity by 99%, and the EE at 5 mg/mL inhibited ACE2 by 65.8%. Total phenolics were determined to be 38.9 and 8.8 mg of GAE/g in WE and EE, respectively. The HO• scavenging capacities were 1121.1 and 284.4 μmol of TE/g in WE and EE, respectively. The relative DPPH• scavenging capacities were 126.3 μmol TE/g in WE and 28.2 μmol TE/g in EE. The ABTS•+ scavenging capacities were 267.1 μmol TE/g in WE and 96.7 μmol TE/g in EE. The results suggested that the thyme extract could be potentially used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigate the complications from the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Monica Whent
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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13
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Burnett FN, Coucha M, Bolduc DR, Hermanns VC, Heath SP, Abdelghani M, Macias-Moriarity LZ, Abdelsaid M. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Intensifies Cerebrovascular Complications in Diabetic hACE2 Mice through RAAS and TLR Signaling Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16394. [PMID: 38003584 PMCID: PMC10671133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetics are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations. The molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction in diabetes are unclear. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates diabetes-induced cerebrovascular oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of the destructive arm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was injected in humanized ACE2 transgenic knock-in mice. Cognitive functions, cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular architecture, RAAS, and TLR signaling were used to determine the effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in diabetes. Studies were mirrored in vitro using human brain microvascular endothelial cells treated with high glucose-conditioned media to mimic diabetic conditions. Spike protein exacerbated diabetes-induced cerebrovascular oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial cell death resulting in an increase in vascular rarefaction and diminished cerebral blood flow. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein worsened cognitive dysfunction in diabetes compared to control mice. Spike protein enhanced the destructive RAAS arm at the expense of the RAAS protective arm. In parallel, spike protein significantly exacerbated TLR signaling in diabetes, aggravating inflammation and cellular apoptosis vicious circle. Our study illustrated that SAR-CoV-2 spike protein intensified RAAS and TLR signaling in diabetes, increasing cerebrovascular damage and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N. Burnett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha Coucha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, Savannah, GA 31406, USA; (M.C.); (L.Z.M.-M.)
| | - Deanna R. Bolduc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Veronica C. Hermanns
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Stan P. Heath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Maryam Abdelghani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Lilia Z. Macias-Moriarity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, Savannah, GA 31406, USA; (M.C.); (L.Z.M.-M.)
| | - Mohammed Abdelsaid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Mercer University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; (F.N.B.); (V.C.H.); (S.P.H.); (M.A.)
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14
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Suvorov A, Loginova S, Leontieva G, Gupalova T, Desheva Y, Korzhevskii D, Kramskaya T, Bormotova E, Koroleva I, Kopteva O, Kirik O, Shchukina V, Savenko S, Kutaev D, Borisevitch S. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Expressing Enterococcus for Oral Vaccination: Immunogenicity and Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1714. [PMID: 38006046 PMCID: PMC10675790 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The declaration of the conclusion of the COVID-19 pandemic notwithstanding, coronavirus remains prevalent in circulation, and the potential emergence of novel variants of concern introduces the possibility of new outbreaks. Moreover, it is not clear how quickly and to what extent the effectiveness of vaccination will decline as the virus continues to mutate. One possible solution to combat the rapidly mutating coronavirus is the creation of safe vaccine platforms that can be rapidly adapted to deliver new, specific antigens in response to viral mutations. Recombinant probiotic microorganisms that can produce viral antigens by inserting specific viral DNA fragments into their genome show promise as a platform and vector for mucosal vaccine antigen delivery. The authors of this study have developed a convenient and universal technique for inserting the DNA sequences of pathogenic bacteria and viruses into the gene that encodes the pili protein of the probiotic strain E. faecium L3. The paper presents data on the immunogenic properties of two E. faecium L3 vaccine strains, which produce two different fragments of the coronavirus S1 protein, and provides an assessment of the protective efficacy of these oral vaccines against coronavirus infection in Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Svetlana Loginova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Leontieva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Tatiana Gupalova
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Yulia Desheva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Dmitry Korzhevskii
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Tatiana Kramskaya
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Elena Bormotova
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Irina Koroleva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kopteva
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kirik
- Scientific and Educational Center, Molecular Bases of Interaction of Microorganisms and Human of the World-Class Research Center, Center for Personalized Medicine, FSBSI, IEM, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.S.); (G.L.); (T.G.); (D.K.); (T.K.); (E.B.); (I.K.); (O.K.); (O.K.)
| | - Veronika Shchukina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Savenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kutaev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Borisevitch
- Federal State Budgetary Institution 48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 141306 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Kumru OS, Sanyal M, Friedland N, Hickey JM, Joshi R, Weidenbacher P, Do J, Cheng YC, Kim PS, Joshi SB, Volkin DB. Formulation development and comparability studies with an aluminum-salt adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine antigen produced from two different cell lines. Vaccine 2023; 41:6502-6513. [PMID: 37620203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective second-generation COVID-19 vaccines to improve affordability and storage stability requirements remains a high priority to expand global coverage. In this report, we describe formulation development and comparability studies with a self-assembled SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine antigen (called DCFHP), when produced in two different cell lines and formulated with an aluminum-salt adjuvant (Alhydrogel, AH). Varying levels of phosphate buffer altered the extent and strength of antigen-adjuvant interactions, and these formulations were evaluated for their (1) in vivo performance in mice and (2) in vitro stability profiles. Unadjuvanted DCFHP produced minimal immune responses while AH-adjuvanted formulations elicited greatly enhanced pseudovirus neutralization titers independent of ∼100%, ∼40% or ∼10% of the DCFHP antigen adsorbed to AH. These formulations differed, however, in their in vitro stability properties as determined by biophysical studies and a competitive ELISA for measuring ACE2 receptor binding of AH-bound antigen. Interestingly, after one month of 4°C storage, small increases in antigenicity with concomitant decreases in the ability to desorb the antigen from the AH were observed. Finally, we performed a comparability assessment of DCFHP antigen produced in Expi293 and CHO cells, which displayed expected differences in their N-linked oligosaccharide profiles. Despite consisting of different DCFHP glycoforms, these two preparations were highly similar in their key quality attributes including molecular size, structural integrity, conformational stability, binding to ACE2 receptor and mouse immunogenicity profiles. Taken together, these studies support future preclinical and clinical development of an AH-adjuvanted DCFHP vaccine candidate produced in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan S Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John M Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Richa Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Payton Weidenbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ya-Chen Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter S Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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16
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Alshahrani M, Gupta G, Xiao S, Tao P, Verkhivker G. Comparative Analysis of Conformational Dynamics and Systematic Characterization of Cryptic Pockets in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB.1 Spike Complexes with the ACE2 Host Receptor: Confluence of Binding and Structural Plasticity in Mediating Networks of Conserved Allosteric Sites. Viruses 2023; 15:2073. [PMID: 37896850 PMCID: PMC10612107 DOI: 10.3390/v15102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we explore coarse-grained simulations and atomistic molecular dynamics together with binding energetics scanning and cryptic pocket detection in a comparative examination of conformational landscapes and systematic characterization of allosteric binding sites in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB.1 spike full-length trimer complexes with the host receptor ACE2. Microsecond simulations, Markov state models and mutational scanning of binding energies of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 and BA.2.75 receptor binding domain complexes revealed the increased thermodynamic stabilization of the BA.2.75 variant and significant dynamic differences between these Omicron variants. Molecular simulations of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike full-length trimer complexes with the ACE2 receptor complemented atomistic studies and enabled an in-depth analysis of mutational and binding effects on conformational dynamic and functional adaptability of the Omicron variants. Despite considerable structural similarities, Omicron variants BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB.1 can induce unique conformational dynamic signatures and specific distributions of the conformational states. Using conformational ensembles of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike trimer complexes with ACE2, we conducted a comprehensive cryptic pocket screening to examine the role of Omicron mutations and ACE2 binding on the distribution and functional mechanisms of the emerging allosteric binding sites. This analysis captured all experimentally known allosteric sites and discovered networks of inter-connected and functionally relevant allosteric sites that are governed by variant-sensitive conformational adaptability of the SARS-CoV-2 spike structures. The results detailed how ACE2 binding and Omicron mutations in the BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB.1 spike complexes modulate the distribution of conserved and druggable allosteric pockets harboring functionally important regions. The results are significant for understanding the functional roles of druggable cryptic pockets that can be used for allostery-mediated therapeutic intervention targeting conformational states of the Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alshahrani
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Sian Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (S.X.); (P.T.)
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA; (S.X.); (P.T.)
| | - Gennady Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Wang Z, Cao W, Yu M, Sun Y. Antibody- and aptamer-free SERS substrate for ultrasensitive and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115457. [PMID: 37321043 PMCID: PMC10247595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and anti-interference detection of targeted signal(s) in body fluids is one of the paramount tasks in biosensing. Overcoming the complication and high cost of antibody/aptamer-modification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on antibody/aptamer-free (AAF) substrates has shown great promise, yet with rather limited detection sensitivity. Herein, we report ultrasensitive and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in untreated saliva by an AAF SERS substrate, applying the evanescent field induced by the high-order waveguide modes of well-defined nanorods for SERS for the first time. A detection limit of 3.6 × 10-17 M and 1.6 × 10-16 M are obtained in phosphate buffered saline and untreated saliva, respectively; the detection limits are three orders of magnitude improved than the best records from AAF substrates. This work unlocks an exciting path to design AAF SERS substrates for ultrasensitive biosensing, not limited to detection of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Zhaotong Wang
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Wenwu Cao
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China.
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilonɡjianɡ, PR China.
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Sun Q, Li L, Jin F, Liu Y, Yang B, Meng W, Zhang Z, Qi F. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Exposure Increases Susceptibility to Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Rats by Promoting Central Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3016-3026. [PMID: 37269471 PMCID: PMC10239221 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit (S1) can cross the blood-brain barrier and elicit neuroinflammatory response independent of viral infection. Here we examined whether S1 influences blood pressure (BP) and sensitizes the hypertensive response to angiotensin (ANG) II by enhancing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key brain cardiovascular regulatory center. Rats received central S1 or vehicle (VEH) injection for 5 days. One week after injection, ANG II or saline (control) was subcutaneously delivered for 2 weeks. S1 injection induced greater increases in BP, PVN neuronal excitation and sympathetic drive in ANG II rats but had no effects in control rats. One week after S1 injection, mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress marker were higher but mRNA of Nrf2, the master regulator of inducible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, was lower in the PVN in S1-injected rats than in VEH-injected rats. Three weeks after S1 injection, mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress marker, microglia activation and reactive oxygen species in the PVN were comparable between S1 and VEH treated control rats but were elevated in two groups of ANG II rats. Notably, ANG II-induced elevations in these parameters were exaggerated by S1. Interestingly, ANG II increased PVN Nrf2 mRNA in VEH-treated rats but not in S1-treated rats. These data suggest that S1 exposure has no effect on BP, but post-S1 exposure increases susceptibility to ANG II-induced hypertension by downregulating PVN Nrf2 to promote neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and augment sympathetic excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Feihong Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wanping Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zibin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Verkhivker G, Alshahrani M, Gupta G. Exploring Conformational Landscapes and Cryptic Binding Pockets in Distinct Functional States of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 Trimers: Mutation-Induced Modulation of Protein Dynamics and Network-Guided Prediction of Variant-Specific Allosteric Binding Sites. Viruses 2023; 15:2009. [PMID: 37896786 PMCID: PMC10610873 DOI: 10.3390/v15102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant body of experimental structures of SARS-CoV-2 spike trimers for the BA.1 and BA.2 variants revealed a considerable plasticity of the spike protein and the emergence of druggable binding pockets. Understanding the interplay of conformational dynamics changes induced by the Omicron variants and the identification of cryptic dynamic binding pockets in the S protein is of paramount importance as exploring broad-spectrum antiviral agents to combat the emerging variants is imperative. In the current study, we explore conformational landscapes and characterize the universe of binding pockets in multiple open and closed functional spike states of the BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron variants. By using a combination of atomistic simulations, a dynamics network analysis, and an allostery-guided network screening of binding pockets in the conformational ensembles of the BA.1 and BA.2 spike conformations, we identified all experimentally known allosteric sites and discovered significant variant-specific differences in the distribution of binding sites in the BA.1 and BA.2 trimers. This study provided a structural characterization of the predicted cryptic pockets and captured the experimentally known allosteric sites, revealing the critical role of conformational plasticity in modulating the distribution and cross-talk between functional binding sites. We found that mutational and dynamic changes in the BA.1 variant can induce the remodeling and stabilization of a known druggable pocket in the N-terminal domain, while this pocket is drastically altered and may no longer be available for ligand binding in the BA.2 variant. Our results predicted the experimentally known allosteric site in the receptor-binding domain that remains stable and ranks as the most favorable site in the conformational ensembles of the BA.2 variant but could become fragmented and less probable in BA.1 conformations. We also uncovered several cryptic pockets formed at the inter-domain and inter-protomer interface, including functional regions of the S2 subunit and stem helix region, which are consistent with the known role of pocket residues in modulating conformational transitions and antibody recognition. The results of this study are particularly significant for understanding the dynamic and network features of the universe of available binding pockets in spike proteins, as well as the effects of the Omicron-variant-specific modulation of preferential druggable pockets. The exploration of predicted druggable sites can present a new and previously underappreciated opportunity for therapeutic interventions for Omicron variants through the conformation-selective and variant-specific targeting of functional sites involved in allosteric changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
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20
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Tarek Ibrahim M, Tao P. Computational investigation of peptidomimetics as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7144-7157. [PMID: 36038961 PMCID: PMC9971351 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Several variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were observed since the outbreak of the global pandemic at the end of 2019. The trimeric spike glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is crucial for the viral access to the host cell by interacting with the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Most of the mutations take place in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the trimeric spike glycoprotein. In this work, we targeted both S1 and S2 subunits of the spike protein in the wild type (WT) and the Omicron variant guided by the interaction of the neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virtual screening of two different peptidomimetics databases, ChEMBL and ChemDiv databases, was carried out against both S1 and S2 subunits. The use of these two databases provided diversity and enhanced the chance of finding protein-protein interaction inhibitors (PPIIs). Multi-layered filtration, based on physicochemical properties and docking scores, of nearly 114,000 compounds found in the ChEMBL database and nearly 14,000 compounds in the ChemDiv database was employed. Four peptidomimetics compounds were effective against both the WT and the Omicron S1 subunit with the minimum binding free energy of -25 kcal/mol. Five peptidomimetics compounds were effective against the S2 subunit with the minimum binding free energy of -19 kcal/mol. The dynamical cross-correlation matrix insinuated that the mutations of the RBD in the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus altered the correlated conformational motion of the different regions of the protein.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayar Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research Computing, Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD4), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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Meškinis Š, Gudaitis R, Vasiliauskas A, Guobienė A, Jankauskas Š, Stankevič V, Keršulis S, Stirkė A, Andriukonis E, Melo W, Vertelis V, Žurauskienė N. Biosensor Based on Graphene Directly Grown by MW-PECVD for Detection of COVID-19 Spike (S) Protein and Its Entry Receptor ACE2. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2373. [PMID: 37630958 PMCID: PMC10458353 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on graphene field-effect transistors (G-FET) for detecting COVID-19 spike S protein and its receptor ACE2 were reported. The graphene, directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrate by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD), was used for FET biosensor fabrication. The commercial graphene, CVD-grown on a copper substrate and subsequently transferred onto a glass substrate, was applied for comparison purposes. The graphene structure and surface morphology were studied by Raman scattering spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. Graphene surfaces were functionalized by an aromatic molecule PBASE (1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester), and subsequent immobilization of the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was performed. A microfluidic system was developed, and transfer curves of liquid-gated FET were measured after each graphene surface modification procedure to investigate ACE2 immobilization by varying its concentration and subsequent spike S protein detection. The directly synthesized graphene FET sensitivity to the receptor ACE2, evaluated in terms of the Dirac voltage shift, exceeded the sensitivity of the transferred commercial graphene-based FET. The concentration of the spike S protein was detected in the range of 10 ag/mL up to 10 μg/mL by using a developed microfluidic system and measuring the transfer characteristics of the liquid-gated G-FETs. It was found that the shift of the Dirac voltage depends on the spike S concentration and was 27 mV with saturation at 10 pg/mL for directly synthesized G-FET biosensor, while for transferred G-FET, the maximal shift of 70 mV was obtained at 10 μg/mL with a tendency of saturation at 10 ng/mL. The detection limit as low as 10 ag/mL was achieved for both G-FETs. The sensitivity of the biosensors at spike S concentration of 10 pg/mL measured as relative current change at a constant gate voltage corresponding to the highest transconductance of the G-FETs was found at 5.6% and 8.8% for directly synthesized and transferred graphene biosensors, respectively. Thus, MW-PECVD-synthesized graphene-based biosensor demonstrating high sensitivity and low detection limit has excellent potential for applications in COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šarunas Meškinis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Rimantas Gudaitis
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Andrius Vasiliauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Asta Guobienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Šarūnas Jankauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko St. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.G.); (A.V.); (A.G.); (Š.J.)
| | - Voitech Stankevič
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Skirmantas Keršulis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Arūnas Stirkė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Eivydas Andriukonis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Wanessa Melo
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Vilius Vertelis
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
| | - Nerija Žurauskienė
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.S.); (S.K.); (A.S.); (E.A.); (W.M.); (V.V.); (N.Ž.)
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Granato G, Gesmundo I, Pedrolli F, Kasarla R, Begani L, Banfi D, Bruno S, Lopatina T, Brizzi MF, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Schally AV, Granata R. Growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist MIA-602 inhibits inflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide synergism in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231363. [PMID: 37649486 PMCID: PMC10462983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response and macrophage hyperactivation, leading, in severe cases, to alveolar epithelial injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recent studies have reported that SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to boost inflammatory responses in vitro, in macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and in vivo. The hypothalamic hormone growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), in addition to promoting pituitary GH release, exerts many peripheral functions, acting as a growth factor in both malignant and non-malignant cells. GHRH antagonists, in turn, display potent antitumor effects and antinflammatory activities in different cell types, including lung and endothelial cells. However, to date, the antinflammatory role of GHRH antagonists in COVID-19 remains unexplored. Here, we examined the ability of GHRH antagonist MIA-602 to reduce inflammation in human THP-1-derived macrophages and PBMCs stimulated with S protein and LPS combination. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed the presence of GHRH receptor and its splice variant SV1 in both THP-1 cells and PBMCs. Exposure of THP-1 cells to S protein and LPS combination increased the mRNA levels and protein secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as IL-8 and MCP-1 gene expression, an effect hampered by MIA-602. Similarly, MIA-602 hindered TNF-α and IL-1β secretion in PBMCs and reduced MCP-1 mRNA levels. Mechanistically, MIA-602 blunted the S protein and LPS-induced activation of inflammatory pathways in THP-1 cells, such as NF-κB, STAT3, MAPK ERK1/2 and JNK. MIA-602 also attenuated oxidative stress in PBMCs, by decreasing ROS production, iNOS and COX-2 protein levels, and MMP9 activity. Finally, MIA-602 prevented the effect of S protein and LPS synergism on NF-кB nuclear translocation and activity. Overall, these findings demonstrate a novel antinflammatory role for GHRH antagonists of MIA class and suggest their potential development for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as COVID-19 and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Granato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Pedrolli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ramesh Kasarla
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Begani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Banfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tatiana Lopatina
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Renzhi Cai
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
- South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Medical/Oncology and Endocrinology, and the Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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23
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Lee JH. Treatment mechanism of immune triad from the repurposing drug against COVID-19. Transl Med Aging 2023; 7:33-45. [PMID: 37388715 PMCID: PMC10290163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an immune-mediated disease whose pathophysiology uses SAMHD1 tetramerization and cGAS-STING signaling, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cascade, spike protein- inflammasome activation, and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) signaling. Variants of concern, such as SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, BA.2.75.2, and other mutants, have emerged. The longitudinal memory T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2 persists for eight months after symptom onset. Therefore, we must achieve viral clearance to coordinate immune cell reactions. Aspirin, dapsone, and dexamethasone as anticatalysis medicines have been used to treat COVID-19. They are shown to work harmoniously with modulating ILCs. Therefore, it needs to prescribe this immune triad to alleviate the clinical pathologic course and block exacerbation mechanisms due to diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hoon Lee
- Science and Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Seobuk Hospital, 49 Galhyeon-ro 7-gil, Yeokchon-dong Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, 03433, Republic of Korea
- Geoje Public Health Center, Suyang-ro 506 (Yangjeong-dong ), Geoje city, Gyeongsangnam-do, 53236, Republic of Korea
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Verkhivker G, Alshahrani M, Gupta G. Balancing Functional Tradeoffs between Protein Stability and ACE2 Binding in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75 and XBB Lineages: Dynamics-Based Network Models Reveal Epistatic Effects Modulating Compensatory Dynamic and Energetic Changes. Viruses 2023; 15:1143. [PMID: 37243229 PMCID: PMC10221141 DOI: 10.3390/v15051143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary and functional studies suggested that the emergence of the Omicron variants can be determined by multiple fitness trade-offs including the immune escape, binding affinity for ACE2, conformational plasticity, protein stability and allosteric modulation. In this study, we systematically characterize conformational dynamics, structural stability and binding affinities of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Omicron complexes with the host receptor ACE2 for BA.2, BA.2.75, XBB.1 and XBB.1.5 variants. We combined multiscale molecular simulations and dynamic analysis of allosteric interactions together with the ensemble-based mutational scanning of the protein residues and network modeling of epistatic interactions. This multifaceted computational study characterized molecular mechanisms and identified energetic hotspots that can mediate the predicted increased stability and the enhanced binding affinity of the BA.2.75 and XBB.1.5 complexes. The results suggested a mechanism driven by the stability hotspots and a spatially localized group of the Omicron binding affinity centers, while allowing for functionally beneficial neutral Omicron mutations in other binding interface positions. A network-based community model for the analysis of epistatic contributions in the Omicron complexes is proposed revealing the key role of the binding hotspots R498 and Y501 in mediating community-based epistatic couplings with other Omicron sites and allowing for compensatory dynamics and binding energetic changes. The results also showed that mutations in the convergent evolutionary hotspot F486 can modulate not only local interactions but also rewire the global network of local communities in this region allowing the F486P mutation to restore both the stability and binding affinity of the XBB.1.5 variant which may explain the growth advantages over the XBB.1 variant. The results of this study are consistent with a broad range of functional studies rationalizing functional roles of the Omicron mutation sites that form a coordinated network of hotspots enabling a balance of multiple fitness tradeoffs and shaping up a complex functional landscape of virus transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Graduate Program in Computational and Data Sciences, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; (M.A.); (G.G.)
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25
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Yin ZZ, Liu Z, Zhou M, Yang X, Zheng G, Zhang H, Kong Y. A surface molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by using Cu 7S 4-Au as built-in probe. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108462. [PMID: 37182264 PMCID: PMC10170874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S protein) is of significant clinical importance in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, a surface molecularly imprinted (SMI) electrochemical biosensor is fabricated for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Cu7S4-Au is used as the built-in probe and modified on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). 4-Mercaptophenylboric acid (4-MPBA) is anchored to the surface of the Cu7S4-Au through Au-SH bonds, which can be used for the immobilization of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein template through boronate ester bonds. After that, 3-aminophenylboronic acid (3-APBA) is electropolymerized on the electrode surface and used as the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The SMI electrochemical biosensor is obtained after the elution of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein template with an acidic solution by the dissociation of the boronate ester bonds, which can be utilized for sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. The developed SMI electrochemical biosensor displays high specificity, reproducibility and stability, which might be a potential and promising candidate for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zhi Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zixuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guojun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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26
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Correa Y, Del Giudice R, Waldie S, Thépaut M, Micciula S, Gerelli Y, Moulin M, Delaunay C, Fieschi F, Pichler H, Haertlein M, Forsyth VT, Le Brun A, Moir M, Russell RA, Darwish T, Brinck J, Wodaje T, Jansen M, Martín C, Roosen-Runge F, Cárdenas M. High-Density Lipoprotein function is modulated by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a lipid-type dependent manner. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 645:627-638. [PMID: 37167912 PMCID: PMC10147446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a close relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and lipoproteins, in particular high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inversely correlated with HDL plasma levels. It is known that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds the HDL particle, probably depleting it of lipids and altering HDL function. Based on neutron reflectometry (NR) and the ability of HDL to efflux cholesterol from macrophages, we confirm these observations and further identify the preference of the S protein for specific lipids and the consequent effects on HDL function on lipid exchange ability. Moreover, the effect of the S protein on HDL function differs depending on the individuals lipid serum profile. Contrasting trends were observed for individuals presenting low triglycerides/high cholesterol serum levels (LTHC) compared to high triglycerides/high cholesterol (HTHC) or low triglycerides/low cholesterol serum levels (LTLC). Collectively, these results suggest that the S protein interacts with the HDL particle and, depending on the lipid profile of the infected individual, it impairs its function during COVID-19 infection, causing an imbalance in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubexi Correa
- Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rita Del Giudice
- Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sarah Waldie
- Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Michel Thépaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Samantha Micciula
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Large Scale Structures, Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Yuri Gerelli
- Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy; CNR-ISC and Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 2, Rome, Italy
| | - Martine Moulin
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - Clara Delaunay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Institut universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haertlein
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble F-38042, France; Partnership for Structural Biology, Grenoble F-38042, France; Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; LINXS Institute for Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Scheelevagen 19, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anton Le Brun
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Robert A Russell
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Tamim Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | | | | | - Martin Jansen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Centre, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
| | - César Martín
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marité Cárdenas
- Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces and Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), 48940 Leioa, Spain; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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27
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Gao B, Zhu L, Liu Z, Li Y, He X, Wu X, Pehrsson P, Sun J, Xie Z, Slavin M, Yu LL. Chemical Composition of Honeysuckle ( Lonicerae japonicae) Extracts and Their Potential in Inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and ACE2 Binding, Suppressing ACE2, and Scavenging Radicals. J Agric Food Chem 2023:acs.jafc.3c00584. [PMID: 37021496 PMCID: PMC10081835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Honeysuckle (Lonicerae japonicae) has been used in functional tea products. The chemical compositions of the water and ethanol extracts of honeysuckle were examined in the present study, along with their potential in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2, suppressing ACE2 activity, and scavenging reactive free radicals. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively identified from the honeysuckle extracts using HPLC-MS/MS, with ten reported for the first time in honeysuckle. Both honeysuckle extracts inhibited the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2, as well as ACE2 activity. The ethanol extract exhibited a 100% inhibition on binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 at 100 mg botanical equivalent/mL, whereas the water extract had a 65% binding inhibition at the same concentration. Furthermore, the water extract exhibited 90% ACE2 activity inhibition, which was stronger than that of the ethanol extract (62% inhibition) at the same botanical weight concentration. In addition, higher total phenolic contents and greater scavenging activities against hydroxyl (HO•), DPPH•, and ABTS•+ radicals were observed in the water extract than the ethanol extract counterpart on a dry botanical weight concentration basis. These findings suggest honeysuckle has the potential to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of
Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of
Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory,
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, United States
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory,
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural
Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture,
Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory,
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, United States
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory,
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory,
Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
20705, United States
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Margaret Slavin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
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28
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Zhu X, An K, Yan J, Xu P, Bai C. In Silico Optimization of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Specific Nanobodies. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2023; 28:67. [PMID: 37114534 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2804067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide, caused a global pandemic, and killed millions of people. The spike protein embedded in the viral membrane is essential for recognizing human receptors and invading host cells. Many nanobodies have been designed to block the interaction between spike and other proteins. However, the constantly emerging viral variants limit the effectiveness of these therapeutic nanobodies. Therefore, it is necessary to find a prospective antibody designing and optimization approach to deal with existing or future viral variants. METHODS We attempted to optimize nanobody sequences based on the understanding of molecular details by using computational approaches. First, we employed a coarse-grained (CG) model to learn the energetic mechanism of the spike protein activation. Next, we analyzed the binding modes of several representative nanobodies with the spike protein and identified the key residues on their interfaces. Then, we performed saturated mutagenesis of these key residue sites and employed the CG model to calculate the binding energies. RESULTS Based on analysis of the folding energy of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) -spike complex, we constructed a detailed free energy profile of the activation process of the spike protein which provided a clear mechanistic explanation. In addition, by analyzing the results of binding free energy changes following mutations, we determined how the mutations can improve the complementarity with the nanobodies on spike protein. Then we chose 7KSG nanobody as a template for further optimization and designed four potent nanobodies. Finally, based on the results of the single-site saturated mutagenesis in complementarity determining regions (CDRs), combinations of mutations were performed. We designed four novel, potent nanobodies, all exhibiting higher binding affinity to the spike protein than the original ones. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a molecular basis for the interactions between spike protein and antibodies and promote the development of new specific neutralizing nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ke An
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junfang Yan
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyi Xu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Bai
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Chenzhu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., 310005 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Joubert S, Stuible M, Lord-Dufour S, Lamoureux L, Vaillancourt F, Perret S, Ouimet M, Pelletier A, Bisson L, Mahimkar R, Pham PL, L Ecuyer-Coelho H, Roy M, Voyer R, Baardsnes J, Sauvageau J, St-Michael F, Robotham A, Kelly J, Acel A, Schrag JD, El Bakkouri M, Durocher Y. A CHO stable pool production platform for rapid clinical development of trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit vaccine antigens. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 36987713 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression from stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) clones is an established but time-consuming method for manufacturing therapeutic recombinant proteins. The use of faster, alternative approaches, such as non-clonal stable pools, has been restricted due to lower productivity and longstanding regulatory guidelines. Recently, the performance of stable pools has improved dramatically, making them a viable option for quickly producing drug substance for GLP-toxicology and early-phase clinical trials in scenarios such as pandemics that demand rapid production timelines. Compared to stable CHO clones which can take several months to generate and characterize, stable pool development can be completed in only a few weeks. Here, we compared the productivity and product quality of trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomains produced from stable CHO pools or clones. Using a set of biophysical and biochemical assays we show that product quality is very similar and that CHO pools demonstrate sufficient productivity to generate vaccine candidates for early clinical trials. Based on these data, we propose that regulatory guidelines should be updated to permit production of early clinical trial material from CHO pools to enable more rapid and cost-effective clinical evaluation of potentially life-saving vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joubert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Lord-Dufour
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda Lamoureux
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - François Vaillancourt
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Perret
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manon Ouimet
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Pelletier
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Bisson
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rohan Mahimkar
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Phuong Lan Pham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Helene L Ecuyer-Coelho
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marjolaine Roy
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Voyer
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank St-Michael
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Kelly
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Acel
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph D Schrag
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Majida El Bakkouri
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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30
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Xie Z, Li Y, Liu Z, Zeng M, Moore JC, Gao B, Wu X, Sun J, Wang TTY, Pehrsson P, He X, Yu LL. Bioactive Compositions of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) Extracts and Their Capacities in Suppressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Binding to ACE2, Inhibiting ACE2, and Scavenging Free Radicals. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:4890-4900. [PMID: 36940448 PMCID: PMC10041354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark and its extracts are popular ingredients added to food and supplement products. It has various health effects, including potentially reducing the risk of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In our study, the bioactives in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts were chemically identified, and their potential in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding, reducing ACE2 availability, and scavenging free radicals was investigated. Twenty-seven and twenty-three compounds were tentatively identified in cinnamon water and ethanol extracts, respectively. Seven compounds, including saccharumoside C, two emodin-glucuronide isomers, two physcion-glucuronide isomers, and two type-A proanthocyanidin hexamers, were first reported in cinnamon. Cinnamon water and ethanol extracts suppressed the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 and inhibited ACE2 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cinnamon ethanol extract had total phenolic content of 36.67 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and free radical scavenging activities against HO• and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS•+) of 1688.85 and 882.88 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, which were significantly higher than those of the water extract at 24.12 mg GAE/g and 583.12 and 210.36 μmol TE/g. The free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) of cinnamon ethanol extract was lower than that of the water extract. The present study provides new evidence that cinnamon reduces the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Xie
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Methods
and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Methods
and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Melody Zeng
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Moore
FoodTech, LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute
of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods
and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods
and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Thomas T. Y. Wang
- Diet,
Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research
Center, Agricultural Research Service, United
States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods
and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department
of Nutrition and Food Science, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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31
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Zhang M, Ye L. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain using fluorescence probe and DNA flowers enabled by rolling circle amplification. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:163. [PMID: 36988717 PMCID: PMC10052277 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Using rolling circle amplification (RCA) and two different ways of signal readout, we developed analytical methods to detect the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein). We modified streptavidin-coated magnetic beads with an aptamer of RBD through a biotin-tagged complementary DNA strand (biotin-cDNA). Binding of RBD caused the aptamer to dissociate from the biotin-cDNA, making the cDNA available to initiate RCA on the magnetic beads. Detection of RBD was achieved using a dual signal output. For fluorescence signaling, the RCA products were mixed with a dsDNA probe labeled with fluorophore and quencher. Hybridization of the RCA products caused the dsDNA to separate and to emit fluorescence (λex = 488 nm, λem = 520 nm). To generate easily detectable UV-vis absorbance signal, the RCA amplification was extended to produce DNA flower to encapsulate horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP-encapsulated DNA flower catalyzed a colorimetric reaction between H2O2 and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to generate an optical signal (λabs = 450 nm). The fluorescence and colorimetric assays for RBD have low detection limits (0.11 pg mL-1 and 0.904 pg mL-1) and a wide linear range (0.001-100 ng mL-1). For detection of RBD in human saliva, the recovery was 93.0-100% for the fluorescence assay and 87.2-107% for the colorimetric assay. By combining fluorescence and colorimetric detection with RCA, detection of the target RBD in human saliva was achieved with high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lei Ye
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box124, 22100, Lund, Sweden.
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32
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Fontes-Dantas FL, Fernandes GG, Gutman EG, De Lima EV, Antonio LS, Hammerle MB, Mota-Araujo HP, Colodeti LC, Araújo SM, Froz GM, da Silva TN, Duarte LA, Salvio AL, Pires KL, Leon LA, Vasconcelos CCF, Romão L, Savio LEB, Silva JL, da Costa R, Clarke JR, Da Poian AT, Alves-Leon SV, Passos GF, Figueiredo CP. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112189. [PMID: 36857178 PMCID: PMC9935273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, but its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Evidence suggests that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein or its fragments are released from cells during infection, reaching different tissues, including the CNS, irrespective of the presence of the viral RNA. Here, we demonstrate that brain infusion of Spike protein in mice has a late impact on cognitive function, recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome. We also show that neuroinflammation and hippocampal microgliosis mediate Spike-induced memory dysfunction via complement-dependent engulfment of synapses. Genetic or pharmacological blockage of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling protects animals against synapse elimination and memory dysfunction induced by Spike brain infusion. Accordingly, in a cohort of 86 patients who recovered from mild COVID-19, the genotype GG TLR4-2604G>A (rs10759931) is associated with poor cognitive outcome. These results identify TLR4 as a key target to investigate the long-term cognitive dysfunction after COVID-19 infection in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricia L. Fontes-Dantas
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G. Fernandes
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elisa G. Gutman
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Post-Graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Clinical Medicine Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle V. De Lima
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leticia S. Antonio
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana B. Hammerle
- Clinical Medicine Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hannah P. Mota-Araujo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian C. Colodeti
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana M.B. Araújo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle M. Froz
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talita N. da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa A. Duarte
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Post-Graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Clinical Medicine Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andreza L. Salvio
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Post-Graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Karina L. Pires
- Neurology Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciane A.A. Leon
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Romão
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo B. Savio
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jerson L. Silva
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson da Costa
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julia R. Clarke
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea T. Da Poian
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Corresponding author
| | - Soniza V. Alves-Leon
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (LabNet), Post-Graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Division of Neurology, Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Corresponding author
| | - Giselle F. Passos
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Corresponding author
| | - Claudia P. Figueiredo
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,Corresponding author
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33
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Dakpa G, Senthil Kumar KJ, Tsao NW, Wang SY. Antcin A, a phytosterol regulates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated metabolic alteration in THP-1 cells explored by the 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics approach. Phytother Res 2023; 37:885-902. [PMID: 36411492 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated perturbations of metabolic pathways and modulation of antcin A, a steroid-like compound isolated from Taiwanofungus camphoratus, are not studied. Here, we investigated the metabolic alteration by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the regulatory effect of antcin A on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced metabolic changes in the Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced human monocytes (THP-1) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. The cytotoxic potential of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, antcin A, and dexamethasone was assessed by MTT assay. The metabolomic perturbations and their relation to human coronaviruses' receptors were evaluated by qPCR. This study indicated that the altered metabolites mediated by SARS-CoV-2 protein, such as methionine, phosphoenolpyruvic acid, canadine, glutamine, ethanolamine, and phenylalanine, were significantly reversed by antcin A. In addition, antcin A significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated up-regulation of TLR-4 and ACE2 receptors, while GRP78 inhibition was not statistically significant. This is the first study to use 1 H-NMR to investigate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced metabolomic changes in PMA-induced THP-1 cells. Antcin A significantly reversed metabolomic alters while dexamethasone failed to fix them. Therefore, we believe that antcin A could be a potential candidate for therapeutic agents for viral infections related to a metabolic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyaltsen Dakpa
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Smith M, Kwatra G, Izu A, Nel A, Cutland C, Ahmed K, Baillie V, Barnabas S, Bhorat Q, Briner C, Lazarus E, Dheda K, Fairlie L, Koen A, Madhi S, Blackburn JM. Longitudinal IgA and IgG Response, and ACE2 Binding Blockade, to Full-Length SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants in a Population of Black PLWH Vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020448. [PMID: 36851662 PMCID: PMC9965153 DOI: 10.3390/v15020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been pivotal in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic yet understanding the subsequent outcomes and immunological effects remain crucial, especially for at-risk groups e.g., people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). In this study we report the longitudinal IgA and IgG antibody titers, as well as antibody-mediated angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding blockade, against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) proteins after 1 and 2 doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a population of Black PLWH. Here, we report that PLWH (N = 103) did not produce an anti-S IgA response after infection or vaccination, however, anti-S IgG was detected in response to vaccination and infection, with the highest level detected for infected vaccinated participants. The anti-IgG and ACE2 blockade assays revealed that both vaccination and infection resulted in IgG production, however, only vaccination resulted in a moderate increase in ACE2 binding blockade to the ancestral S protein. Vaccination with a previous infection results in the greatest anti-S IgG and ACE2 blockade for the ancestral S protein. In conclusion, PLWH produce an anti-S IgG response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and/or infection, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination with a previous infection produced more neutralizing antibodies than vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneerah Smith
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (Wits-VIDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632001, India
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (Wits-VIDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Andrew Nel
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Clare Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Khatja Ahmed
- Setshaba Research Centre, Tshwane 0182, South Africa
| | - Vicky Baillie
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (Wits-VIDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Shaun Barnabas
- Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7600, South Africa
| | - Qasim Bhorat
- Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Soweto 6201, South Africa
| | - Carmen Briner
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Anthonet Koen
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (Wits-VIDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Shabir Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (Wits-VIDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Sengenics Corporation, Level M, Plaza Zurich, Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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35
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Yang X, Yin ZZ, Zheng G, Zhou M, Zhang H, Li J, Cai W, Kong Y. Molecularly imprinted miniature electrochemical biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on Au nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide modified acupuncture needle. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 151:108375. [PMID: 36716516 PMCID: PMC9883973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike (SARS-CoV-2-S) protein is of clinical significance for early diagnosis and timely treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Herein, a surface molecularly imprinted miniature biosensor was fabricated. Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), poly(methylene blue)/poly(ionic liquids) and poly(ionic liquids) were successively electrodeposited onto the pinpoint of an acupuncture needle (AN). The molecularly imprinted miniature biosensor was obtained after the template of SARS-CoV-2-S protein was removed, which could be used for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2-S protein. The linear range and limit of detection (LOD) were 0.1 ∼ 1000 ng mL-1 and 38 pg mL-1, respectively, which were superior to other molecularly imprinted biosensors previously reported. The developed miniature biosensor also exhibited high specificity and stability. The reliability of the biosensor was evaluated by the detection of SARS-CoV-2-S protein in clinical serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Zheng-Zhi Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Guojun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changzhou No.3 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Junyao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenrong Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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36
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Lim K, Nishide G, Sajidah ES, Yamano T, Qiu Y, Yoshida T, Kobayashi A, Hazawa M, Ando T, Hanayama R, Wong RW. Nanoscopic Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Neutralizing Antibody Using High-Speed AFM. Nano Lett 2023; 23:619-628. [PMID: 36641798 PMCID: PMC9881159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anti-spike neutralizing antibodies (S NAbs) have been developed for prevention and treatment against COVID-19. The nanoscopic characterization of the dynamic interaction between spike proteins and S NAbs remains difficult. By using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we elucidate the molecular property of an S NAb and its interaction with spike proteins. The S NAb appeared as monomers with a Y conformation at low density and formed hexameric oligomers at high density. The dynamic S NAb-spike protein interaction at RBD induces neither RBD opening nor S1 subunit shedding. Furthermore, the interaction was stable at endosomal pH. These findings indicated that the S NAb could have a negligible risk of antibody-dependent enhancement. Dynamic movement of spike proteins on small extracellular vesicles (S sEV) resembled that on SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of variant S sEVs to S NAb could be evaluated using HS-AFM. Altogether, we demonstrate a nanoscopic assessment platform for evaluating the binding property of S NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Goro Nishide
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative,
WISE Program for Nano-Precision Medicine, Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Elma Sakinatus Sajidah
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Yamano
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yujia Qiu
- Division
of Nano Life Science in the Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department
of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- WPI-Nano
Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Cell-Bionomics
Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University,
Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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37
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Tanaka H, Mukai J, Kushibiki K, Mizushima S, Maeda K, Fujimoto Y, Sawada R, Oda M, Okuda H, Yamaki M, Hashiguchi S, Kawai I, Kawaguchi I, Masuda N, Matsushita H. Effect of the third dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine on anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in healthcare workers. Vaccine 2023; 41:365-371. [PMID: 36460533 PMCID: PMC9684125 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Administration of three doses of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was completed in Japan in the spring of 2022. This study aimed to evaluate the antibody responses, and kinetics of three doses of vaccine in healthcare workers (HCWs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study with HCWs, who had no history of COVID-19 or serologic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from a single hospital. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) and nucleocapsid protein (NP) titers were measured using an automated chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay system. RESULTS A total of 636 HCWs participated in the study. The anti-SP IgG titers decreased slowly after the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in all participants, and robust antibody response was observed after the third dose of the vaccine. The peak anti-SP IgG titer after the third dose was approximately 4.1-fold higher than that after the first and second doses, and the rate of decrease in the anti-SP IgG titer after the third dose was significantly more gradual, than that after the second dose. After the second dose of vaccine, the antibody response was weaker in older participants than in younger participants, and in males than in females respectively, whereas the response to the third dose of vaccine did not differ significantly by sex or age. Adverse events following immunization were generally mild to moderate. CONCLUSION The third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine induced a significant and sustained increase in anti-SP IgG titers, and was generally safe and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Tanaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Junji Mukai
- Department of Pharmacy, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kushibiki
- General Affairs Division, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Sayuri Mizushima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Kyoko Maeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Ryugo Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan,Infection Control Room, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Manabu Oda
- Infection Control Room, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamaki
- Medical Affairs Division, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Shin Hashiguchi
- Clinical Research Center, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawai
- Clinical Research Center, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Izumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Nursing, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Masuda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Matsushita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Izumi City General Hospital, 4-5-1 Wakecho, Izumi, Osaka 594-0073, Japan
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38
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Morita A, Imagawa K, Tagawa M, Sakamoto N, Takada H. Case report: Immunological characteristics of de novo ulcerative colitis in a child post COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107808. [PMID: 36875135 PMCID: PMC9978098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanisms of de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) following SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. However, cases of coexisting IBD and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), which occurs 2-6 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, have been reported, suggesting a shared underlying dysfunction of immune responses. Herein, we conducted the immunological analyses of a Japanese patient with de novo ulcerative colitis following SARS-CoV-2 infection based on the pathological hypothesis of MIS-C. Her serum level of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, a microbial translocation marker, was elevated with T cell activation and skewed T cell receptor repertoire. The dynamics of activated CD8+ T cells, including T cells expressing the gut-homing marker α4β7, and serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibody titer reflected her clinical symptoms. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger the de novo occurrence of ulcerative colitis by impairing intestinal barrier function, T cell activation with a skewed T cell receptor repertoire, and increasing levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies. Further research is needed to clarify the association between the functional role of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a superantigen and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Morita
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Tagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Singh M, Pushpakumar S, Bard N, Zheng Y, Homme RP, Mokshagundam SPL, Tyagi SC. Simulation of COVID-19 symptoms in a genetically engineered mouse model: implications for the long haulers. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:103-119. [PMID: 35731343 PMCID: PMC9214689 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic (also known as coronavirus disease-19; COVID-19) by a constantly emerging viral agent commonly referred as the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 has revealed unique pathological findings from infected human beings, and the postmortem observations. The list of disease symptoms, and postmortem observations is too long to mention; however, SARS-CoV-2 has brought with it a whole new clinical syndrome in "long haulers" including dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, brain fog, exercise intolerance, and extreme fatigue. We opine that further improvement in delivering effective treatment, and preventive strategies would be benefited from validated animal disease models. In this context, we designed a study, and show that a genetically engineered mouse expressing the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ACE-2 (the receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 agent to enter host cells) represents an excellent investigative resource in simulating important clinical features of the COVID-19. The ACE-2 mouse model (which is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2) when administered with a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) intranasally exhibited a profound cytokine storm capable of altering the physiological parameters including significant changes in cardiac function along with multi-organ damage that was further confirmed via histological findings. More importantly, visceral organs from SP treated mice revealed thrombotic blood clots as seen during postmortem examination. Thus, the ACE-2 engineered mouse appears to be a suitable model for studying intimate viral pathogenesis thus paving the way for identification, and characterization of appropriate prophylactics as well as therapeutics for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nia Bard
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Rubens P Homme
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sri Prakash L Mokshagundam
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Alves VS, Santos SACS, Leite-Aguiar R, Paiva-Pereira E, dos Reis RR, Calazans ML, Fernandes GG, Antônio LS, de Lima EV, Kurtenbach E, Silva JL, Fontes-Dantas FL, Passos GF, Figueiredo CP, Coutinho-Silva R, Savio LEB. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein alters microglial purinergic signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158460. [PMID: 37114062 PMCID: PMC10126242 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are emerging as a substantial public health concern, the mechanism underlying these processes still unclear. Evidence demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein can reach different brain regions, irrespective of viral brain replication resulting in activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and neuroinflammation. Considering that microglia dysfunction, which is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors, may be a central event in COVID-19 neuropathology, we investigated the impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on microglial purinergic signaling. Here, we demonstrate that cultured microglial cells (BV2 line) exposed to Spike protein induce ATP secretion and upregulation of P2Y6, P2Y12, NTPDase2 and NTPDase3 transcripts. Also, immunocytochemistry analysis shows that spike protein increases the expression of P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y6, and P2Y12 in BV2 cells. Additional, hippocampal tissue of Spike infused animals (6,5ug/site, i.c.v.) presents increased mRNA levels of P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y6, P2Y12, NTPDase1, and NTPDase2. Immunohistochemistry experiments confirmed high expression of the P2X7 receptor in microglial cells in CA3/DG hippocampal regions after spike infusion. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein modulates microglial purinergic signaling and opens new avenues for investigating the potential of purinergic receptors to mitigate COVID-19 consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Santos Alves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine Paiva-Pereira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Rodrigues dos Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana L. Calazans
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Silva Antônio
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle V. de Lima
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jerson Lima Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Lima Fontes-Dantas
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Psicobiologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes Institute Biology (IBRAG), Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio,
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Matsumura T, Takano T, Takahashi Y. Immune responses related to the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Int Immunol 2022; 35:213-220. [PMID: 36566501 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination for the prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is considered the most promising approach to control the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although various COVID-19 vaccines have been developed worldwide using several modalities, the vaccines that have shown the highest efficacy to date are mRNA vaccines. Despite their extensive usage, the mechanisms that stimulate the immune responses associated with their immunogenicity and reactogenicity remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on immune responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including potential immune responses and correlating factors underlying the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of mRNA vaccines. We also describe recent trends in the optimization of lipid nanoparticles and vaccination routes. Further understanding of vaccine-elicited immune responses will guide the development of more effective and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumura
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takano
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Verkhivker GM, Agajanian S, Oztas D, Gupta G. Computational analysis of protein stability and allosteric interaction networks in distinct conformational forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G mutant: reconciling functional mechanisms through allosteric model of spike regulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:9724-9741. [PMID: 34060425 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1933594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used an integrative computational approach to examine molecular mechanisms underlying functional effects of the D614G mutation by exploring atomistic modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins as allosteric regulatory machines. We combined coarse-grained simulations, protein stability and dynamic fluctuation communication analysis with network-based community analysis to examine structures of the native and mutant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in different functional states. Through distance fluctuations communication analysis, we probed stability and allosteric communication propensities of protein residues in the native and mutant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, providing evidence that the D614G mutation can enhance long-range signaling of the allosteric spike engine. By combining functional dynamics analysis and ensemble-based alanine scanning of the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins we found that the D614G mutation can improve stability of the spike protein in both closed and open forms, but shifting thermodynamic preferences towards the open mutant form. Our results revealed that the D614G mutation can promote the increased number of stable communities and allosteric hub centers in the open form by reorganizing and enhancing the stability of the S1-S2 inter-domain interactions and restricting mobility of the S1 regions. This study provides atomistic-based view of allosteric communications in the SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, suggesting that the D614G mutation can exert its primary effect through allosterically induced changes on stability and communications in the residue interaction networks.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady M Verkhivker
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.,Depatment of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steve Agajanian
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Deniz Oztas
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Grace Gupta
- Keck Center for Science and Engineering, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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43
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Li Y, Liu Z, Zeng M, El Kadiri A, Huang J, Kim A, He X, Sun J, Chen P, Wang TTY, Zhang Y, Gao B, Xie Z, Yu LL. Chemical Compositions of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.) Extracts and Their Potentials in Suppressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-ACE2 Binding, Inhibiting ACE2, and Scavenging Free Radicals. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:14403-14413. [PMID: 36318658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is initiated by binding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells. Food factors capable of suppressing the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 or reducing the ACE2 availability through ACE2 inhibitions may potentially reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. In this study, the chemical compositions of clove water and ethanol extracts were investigated, along with their potentials in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding, reducing ACE2 availability, and scavenging free radicals. Thirty-four compounds were tentatively identified in the clove water and ethanol extracts, with six reported in clove for the first time. Clove water and ethanol extracts dose-dependently suppressed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and inhibited ACE2 activity. The water extract had stronger inhibitory effects than the ethanol extract on a dry weight basis. The clove water extract also had more potent free radical scavenging activities against DPPH• and ABTS•+ (536.9 and 3525.06 μmol TE/g, respectively) than the ethanol extract (58.44 and 2298.01 μmol TE/g, respectively). In contrast, the ethanol extract had greater total phenolic content (TPC) and relative HO• scavenging capacity (HOSC) values (180.03 mg GAE/g and 2181.08 μmol TE/g, respectively) than the water extract (120.12 mg GAE/g and 1483.02 μmol TE/g, respectively). The present study demonstrated the potential of clove in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Melody Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alem El Kadiri
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jhongyan Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ashley Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaohua He
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuohong Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Li L, Song M, Lao X, Pang SY, Liu Y, Wong MC, Ma Y, Yang M, Hao J. Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on upconversion luminescence biosensor for COVID-19 point-of-care diagnostics. Mater Des 2022; 223:111263. [PMID: 36275835 PMCID: PMC9575549 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we firstly introduce a detection system consisting of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and Au nanorods (AuNRs) for an ultrasensitive, rapid, quantitative and on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. Briefly, the UCNPs capture the S protein of lysed SARS-CoV-2 in the swabs and subsequently they are bound with the anti-S antibodies modified AuNRs, resulting in significant nonradiative transitions from UCNPs (donors) to AuNRs (acceptors) at 480 nm and 800 nm, respectively. Notably, the specific recognition and quantitation of S protein can be realized in minutes at 800 nm because of the low autofluorescence and high Yb-Tm energy transfer in upconversion process. Inspiringly, the limit of detection (LOD) of the S protein can reach down to 1.06 fg mL-1, while the recognition of nucleocapsid protein is also comparable with a commercial test kit in a shorter time (only 5 min). The established strategy is technically superior to those reported point-of-care biosensors in terms of detection time, cost, and sensitivity, which paves a new avenue for future on-site rapid viral screening and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Menglin Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyue Lao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin-Yi Pang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Chung Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingjin Ma
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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45
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Żeliszewska P, Wasilewska M, Batys P, Pogoda K, Deptuła P, Bucki R, Adamczyk Z. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein (RBD) Subunit Adsorption at Abiotic Surfaces and Corona Formation at Polymer Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012374. [PMID: 36293231 PMCID: PMC9604293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit with the receptor binding domain at abiotic surfaces was investigated. A combination of sensitive methods was used such as atomic force microscopy yielding a molecular resolution, a quartz microbalance, and optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy. The two latter methods yielded in situ information about the protein adsorption kinetics under flow conditions. It was established that at pH 3.5-4 the protein adsorbed on mica and silica surfaces in the form of compact quasi-spherical aggregates with an average size of 14 nm. The maximum coverage of the layers was equal to 3 and 1 mg m-2 at pH 4 and 7.4, respectively. The experimental data were successfully interpreted in terms of theoretical results derived from modeling. The experiments performed for flat substrates were complemented by investigations of the protein corona formation at polymer particles carried out using in situ laser Doppler velocimetry technique. In this way, the zeta potential of the protein layers was acquired as a function of the coverage. Applying the electrokinetic model, these primary data were converted to the dependence of the subunit zeta potential on pH. It was shown that a complete acid-base characteristic of the layer can be acquired only using nanomolar quantities of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żeliszewska
- J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.Ż.); (Z.A.)
| | - Monika Wasilewska
- J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Batys
- J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- J. Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.Ż.); (Z.A.)
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46
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Phakaratsakul S, Manopwisedjaroen S, Boonarkart C, Kupatawintu P, Chaiwanichsiri D, Roytrakul T, Auewarakul P, Thitithanyanont A. Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibodies and Binding Antibodies to Domains of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in COVID-19 Survivors. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:545-552. [PMID: 36190505 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody level is used to predict immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a major target for virus-neutralizing antibody. A number of neutralizing epitopes were mapped on receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1 subunit of the spike. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody usually decreases over time after recovery. Level of neutralizing antibody and binding antibody to several domains from COVID-19 recovered patients was observed longitudinally in this study. Sequentially collected serum samples from 35 patients demonstrated both similar and different trends of neutralizing antibodies versus binding antibodies to each domain. Twenty-three individuals showed similarly decreasing pattern of neutralizing titer, binding antibodies to RBD, NTD, fusion protein (S2), and nucleocapsid (NP). Interestingly, eight individuals had stably high neutralizing titer (≥320) for 3-12 months, whereas their binding antibodies to RBD, NTD, and NP rapidly decreased. Moreover, their binding antibodies to S2 were stable over time similar to the persistence of neutralizing antibody levels. The long-lasting antibody to S2 suggested an anamnestic response to cross-reactive epitopes from previous infections with other related coronaviruses. These data indicate a difference in kinetics and longevity of antibodies to various domains and epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. A better understanding in this difference may help improve vaccine design to induce long-lasting immunity to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Phakaratsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thaneeya Roytrakul
- Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand.,Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Chrestia JF, Oliveira AS, Mulholland AJ, Gallagher T, Bermúdez I, Bouzat C. A Functional Interaction Between Y674-R685 Region of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and the Human α7 Nicotinic Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6076-6090. [PMID: 35859025 PMCID: PMC9299415 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is present in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and has anti-inflammatory actions. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that α7 nAChR interacts with a region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S), and a potential contribution of nAChRs to COVID-19 pathophysiology has been proposed. We applied whole-cell and single-channel recordings to determine whether a peptide corresponding to the Y674-R685 region of the S protein can directly affect α7 nAChR function. The S fragment exerts a dual effect on α7. It activates α7 nAChRs in the presence of positive allosteric modulators, in line with our previous molecular dynamics simulations showing favourable binding of this accessible region of the S protein to the nAChR agonist binding site. The S fragment also exerts a negative modulation of α7, which is evidenced by a profound concentration-dependent decrease in the durations of openings and activation episodes of potentiated channels and in the amplitude of macroscopic responses elicited by ACh. Our study identifies a potential functional interaction between α7 nAChR and a region of the S protein, thus providing molecular foundations for further exploring the involvement of nAChRs in COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Facundo Chrestia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7-8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ana Sofia Oliveira
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | | | - Isabel Bermúdez
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas (CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7-8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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48
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Ligiero CBP, Fernandes TS, D'Amato DL, Gaspar FV, Duarte PS, Strauch MA, Fonseca JG, Meirelles LGR, Bento da Silva P, Azevedo RB, Aparecida de Souza Martins G, Archanjo BS, Buarque CD, Machado G, Percebom AM, Ronconi CM. Influence of particle size on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection using IgG-capped gold nanoparticles and dynamic light scattering. Mater Today Chem 2022; 25:100924. [PMID: 35475288 PMCID: PMC9023328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unprecedented and ongoing nature of the coronavirus outbreak, the development of rapid immunoassays to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its highly contagious variants is an important and challenging task. Here, we report the development of polyclonal antibody-functionalized spherical gold nanoparticle biosensors as well as the influence of the nanoparticle sizes on the immunoassay response to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by dynamic light scattering. By monitoring the increment in the hydrodynamic diameter (ΔDH) by dynamic light scattering measurements in the antigen-antibody interaction, SARS-CoV-2 S-protein can be detected in only 5 min. The larger the nanoparticles, the larger ΔDH in the presence of spike protein. From adsorption isotherm, the calculated binding constant (K D ) was 83 nM and the estimated limit of detection was 13 ng/mL (30 pM). The biosensor was stable up to 90 days at 4 °C. Therefore, the biosensor developed in this work could be potentially applied as a fast and sensible immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B P Ligiero
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, S/n, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - T S Fernandes
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, S/n, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - D L D'Amato
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, S/n, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - F V Gaspar
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, S/n, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - P S Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - M A Strauch
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - J G Fonseca
- Gerência de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - L G R Meirelles
- Fazenda Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ, 24230-410, Brazil
| | - P Bento da Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - R B Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - G Aparecida de Souza Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins, 77001-090, Brazil
| | - B S Archanjo
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, RJ, 25250-020, Brazil
| | - C D Buarque
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas Do Nordeste, Av. Prof. Luiz Freire 01, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-540, Brazil
| | - A M Percebom
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - C M Ronconi
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Campus Do Valonguinho, Outeiro de São João Batista, S/n, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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49
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Beaudoin CA, Pandurangan AP, Kim SY, Hamaia SW, Huang CL, Blundell TL, Vedithi SC, Jackson AP. In silico analysis of mutations near S1/S2 cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reveals increased propensity of glycosylation in Omicron strain. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4181-4192. [PMID: 35575289 PMCID: PMC9348480 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has been demonstrated to contribute to viral-cell fusion and syncytia formation. Studies have shown that variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI) show differing membrane fusion capacity. Mutations near cleavage motifs, such as the S1/S2 and S2' sites, may alter interactions with host proteases and, thus, the potential for fusion. The biochemical basis for the differences in interactions with host proteases for the VOC/VOI spike proteins has not yet been explored. Using sequence and structure-based bioinformatics, mutations near the VOC/VOI spike protein cleavage sites were inspected for their structural effects. All mutations found at the S1/S2 sites were predicted to increase affinity to the furin protease but not TMPRSS2. Mutations at the spike residue P681 in several strains, such P681R in the Delta strain, resulted in the disruption of a proline-directed kinase phosphorylation motif at the S1/S2 site, which may lessen the impact of phosphorylation for these variants. However, the unique N679K mutation in the Omicron strain was found to increase the propensity for O-linked glycosylation at the S1/S2 cleavage site, which may prevent recognition by proteases. Such glycosylation in the Omicron strain may hinder entry at the cell surface and, thus, decrease syncytia formation and induce cell entry through the endocytic pathway as has been shown in previous studies. Further experimental work is needed to confirm the effect of mutations and posttranslational modifications on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun P. Pandurangan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Samir W. Hamaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher L.‐H. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Physiological LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Antony P. Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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50
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Müller L, Kannenberg J, Biemann R, Hönemann M, Ackermann G, Jassoy C. Comparison of the measured values of quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody assays. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105269. [PMID: 36029637 PMCID: PMC9388276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background The concentration of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is frequently being measured for clinical and epidemiological purposes. The aim of this study was to examine whether the results of different quantitative SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody assays are comparable. Material and methods The Siemens SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant, Roche ElecsysT Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S, and Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-QuantiVac assay were compared with 110 sera from patients 6-9 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the WHO First International SARS-CoV-2 antibody standard 20/136. The antibody values were converted into WHO binding antibody units (BAU)/ml. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assays was determined and the antibody values were compared. Results The diagnostic sensitivity ranged from 57.3% (Euroimmun) to 100% (Roche). The antibody concentration values of different assays correlated with Pearson coefficients of correlation between 0.729 and 0.953. The geometric mean antibody values of the Abbott, Siemens and Euroimmun assay varied by a factor of 1.1-1.2. The geometric mean antibody values of the Roche assay were 2.4-2.8 times higher than those from the other assays. The assays yielded varying results with the WHO International antibody standard. Conclusions The quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays from Abbott, Siemens, Roche and Euroimmun correlate strongly but differ in the antibody concentrations. Therefore, the same assay should be used when testing patients repeatedly. In addition, the name of the assay used and the manufacturer should be indicated along with the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Judith Kannenberg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
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