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Yamamoto S, Yamashina K, Ishikawa M, Gotoh M, Yagishita S, Iwasa K, Maruyama K, Murakami-Murofushi K, Yoshikawa K. Protective and therapeutic role of 2-carba-cyclic phosphatidic acid in demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:142. [PMID: 28732510 PMCID: PMC5521126 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is a neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent and progressive demyelination/remyelination cycles, neuroinflammation, oligodendrocyte loss, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) is a natural phospholipid mediator with a unique cyclic phosphate ring structure at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone. We reported earlier that cPA elicits a neurotrophin-like action and protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death. We designed, chemically synthesized, and metabolically stabilized derivatives of cPA: 2-carba-cPA (2ccPA), a synthesized compound in which one of the phosphate oxygen molecules is replaced with a methylene group at the sn-2 position. In the present study, we investigated whether 2ccPA exerts protective effects in oligodendrocytes and suppresses pathology in the two most common mouse models of multiple sclerosis. METHODS To evaluate whether 2ccPA has potential beneficial effects on the pathology of multiple sclerosis, we investigated the effects of 2ccPA on oligodendrocyte cell death in vitro and administrated 2ccPA to mouse models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced demyelination. RESULTS We demonstrated that 2ccPA suppressed the CoCl2-induced increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression ratio and phosphorylation levels of p38MAPK and JNK protein. 2ccPA treatment reduced cuprizone-induced demyelination, microglial activation, NLRP3 inflammasome, and motor dysfunction. Furthermore, 2ccPA treatment reduced autoreactive T cells and macrophages, spinal cord injury, and pathological scores in EAE, the autoimmune multiple sclerosis mouse model. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 2ccPA protected oligodendrocytes via suppression of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Also, we found beneficial effects of 2ccPA in the multiperiod of cuprizone-induced demyelination and the pathology of EAE. These data indicate that 2ccPA may be a promising compound for the development of new drugs to treat demyelinating disease and ameliorate the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kota Yamashina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Mari Gotoh
- Endowed Research Division of Human Welfare Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Sosuke Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kensuke Iwasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kimiko Murakami-Murofushi
- Endowed Research Division of Human Welfare Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
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Ottum PA, Arellano G, Reyes LI, Iruretagoyena M, Naves R. Opposing Roles of Interferon-Gamma on Cells of the Central Nervous System in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:539. [PMID: 26579119 PMCID: PMC4626643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the principal cause of autoimmune neuroinflammation in humans, and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is widely used to gain insight about their immunopathological mechanisms for and the development of novel therapies for MS. Most studies on the role of interferon (IFN)-γ in the pathogenesis and progression of EAE have focused on peripheral immune cells, while its action on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells has been less explored. In addition to the well-known proinflammatory and damaging effects of IFN-γ in the CNS, evidence has also endowed this cytokine both a protective and regulatory role in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Recent investigations performed in this research field have exposed the complex role of IFN-γ in the CNS uncovering unexpected mechanisms of action that underlie these opposing activities on different CNS-resident cell types. The mechanisms behind these two-faced effects of IFN-γ depend on dose, disease phase, and cell development stage. Here, we will review and discuss the dual role of IFN-γ on CNS-resident cells in EAE highlighting its protective functions and the mechanisms proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton A Ottum
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lilian I Reyes
- Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mirentxu Iruretagoyena
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Li XH, Huang J, Yuan DM, Cheng C, Shen AG, Zhang DM, Tao T, Liu YH, Lu JJ, Guo YB, Zhu H, Chen J, Lu X. HSPA12B regulates SSeCKS-mediated astrocyte inflammatory activation in neuroinflammation. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:310-9. [PMID: 26428665 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytosis has been considered either beneficial or detrimental effection in neuroinflammatory disease. HSPA12B, a new member belongs to the 70-kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSP70) which could modulate inflammatory response, also shows an connection with the astrocyte activation. Recently, it was reported that Src-Suppressed-C Kinase Substrate (SSeCKS) was detected in heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B) interacting proteins using a yeast 2-hybrid system. SSeCKS, a major Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response protein, has been involved in regulating astrocyte activation via production of proinflammatory factor in CNS inflammation. In this study, we found HSPA12B might regulate the expression and activity of SSeCKS to promote astrocyte inflammatory activation and release of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α and IL-1β in spinal cord primary astroglial cultures exposed to LPS treatment. The promoting mechanism of interaction between HSPA12B and SSeCKS on LPS-induced astrocyte activation was mediated via the activation of JNK and p38 signaling pathways but not ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. HSPA12B binded to SSeCKS via its both N terminus consisted of amino acids 1-330 and C terminus consisted of amino acids 1278-1596. And, in vivo, we confirmed the interaction between HSPA12B and SSeCKS of astrocyte activation in the pathogenesis of EAE. The regulatory mechanisms of HSPA12B-SSeCKS interaction may possibly be the key therapeutic strategy of neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Da-Min Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Cheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jing-Jing Lu
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi-Bing Guo
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory and Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan, Nanjing 210011, China.
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Abstract
Abstract
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Zhao J, Gao Y, Cheng C, Yan M, Wang J. Upregulation of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I in rat spinal cord with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:437-45. [PMID: 22706684 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory infiltration has been recently emphasized in the demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase I (β-1,4-GalT-I) is a major galactosyltransferase responsible for selectin-ligand biosynthesis, mediating rolling of the inflammatory lymphocytes. In the present study, Western blot showed that expression of β-1,4-GalT-I was low in normal or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) control rats' spinal cords, and it began to increase since early stage and peaked at E4 stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and restored approximately at normal level in the recovery stage. Immunohistochemisty revealed that upregulation of β-1,4-GalT-I was predominantly distributed in the white matter of spinal cord , while there was also some increased staining of β-1,4-GalT-I in the grey matter. Meanwhile, the expression of E-selectin, the substrate of β-1,4-GalT-I, was significantly increased, with a peak at E4 stage of EAE, and gradually decreased thereafter. Lectin blot showed that the protein bands with molecular weights of 65-25 kDa reacted a remarkable increase at the peak stage of EAE when compared with the normal and CFA control. Ricinus Communis Agglutinin-I (RCA-I) histochemistry revealed that RCA-Ι-positive signals were most intense in white matter of lumbosacral spinal cord at the peak stage of EAE (E4). Immunohistochemistry showed that β-1,4-GalT-I and CD62E, a marker for E-selectin stainings located in a considerable number of ED1 (+) macrophages in perivascular or in the white matter in EAE lesions, and a good co-localization of ED1 (+) cells with CD62E was observed. All these results suggest that β-1,4-GalT-I might serve as an inflammatory mediator regulating adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells in EAE, possibly through influencing the modification of galactosylated carbohydrate chains to modulate selectin-ligand biosynthesis and interaction with E-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Zhao
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225121, People's Republic of China
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6
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Li X, Yan M, Hu L, Sun L, Zhang F, Ji H, Jiang J, Wang P, Liu H, Gao Y, Tao T, He X, Cheng C, Shen A. Involvement of Src-suppressed C kinase substrate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a link between release of astrocyte proinflammatory factor and oligodendrocyte apoptosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:1858-71. [PMID: 20155814 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Src-suppressed C kinase substrate (SSeCKS) is involved in inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), and plays a role in control of cell signaling and cytoskeletal arrangement. However, the expression and function of SSeCKS and its function in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its common animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remained to be elucidated. In the present study, we first reported that SSeCKS was remarkably increased in astrocytes of EAE rats in vivo. TNF-alpha and NO were significantly induced in astrocytes stimulated with LPS/IFN-gamma in vitro, which was blocked in astrocytes transfected with SSeCKS siRNA. These results indicated that SSeCKS played a role in the production of TNF-alpha and NO in astrocytes with inflammatory stimulation. As excessive release of TNF-alpha and NO were major mediators in autoimmune diseases and correlated with oligodendrocyte cell death, we further investigated whether SSeCKS participated in oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Conditioned media (CM) from astrocytes treated with LPS/IFN-gamma decreased oligodendrocyte cell viability, while siRNA targeted to SSeCKS in astrocytes inhibited oligodendrocyte cell death. The results from antibody neutralization and NO inhibition suggested that the oligodendrocyte apoptosis may be due to the production of astrocyte-derived proinflammatory factors (TNF-alpha and NO). These findings revealed that there was a pathogenic interaction between SSeCKS expression in astrocytes and oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Understanding the mechanism of SSeCKS in the pathogenesis of EAE may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies against EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
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Sun C, Zhang H, Li J, Huang H, Cheng H, Wang Y, Li P, An Y. Modulation of the major histocompatibility complex by neural stem cell-derived neurotrophic factors used for regenerative therapy in a rat model of stroke. J Transl Med 2010; 8:77. [PMID: 20727165 PMCID: PMC2936305 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between functional improvements in ischemic rats given a neural stem cell (NSC) transplant and the modulation of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mediated by NSC-derived neurotrophins was investigated. Methods The levels of gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) were assayed from cultures of cortical NSC from Sprague-Dawley rat E16 embryos. The levels of translated NGF in spent culture media from NSC cultures and the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of rats with and without NGF injection or NSC transplant were also measured. Results We found a significant increase of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 transcripts and NGF proteins in both the NSC cultures and the CSF of the rats. The immunochemical staining for MHC in brain sections and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of CSF were carried out in sham-operated rats and rats with surgically induced focal cerebral ischemia. These groups were further divided into animals that did and did not receive NGF administration or NSC transplant into the cisterna magna. Our results show an up-regulation of class I MHC in the ischemic rats with NGF and NSC administration. The extent of caspase-III immunoreactivity was comparable among three arms in the ischemic rats. Conclusion Readouts of somatosensory evoked potential and the trap channel test illustrated improvements in the neurological function of ischemic rats treated with NGF administration and NSC transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongran Sun
- Department of Neural Stem Cell, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Activated microglial cells acquire an immature dendritic cell phenotype and may terminate the immune response in an acute model of EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 223:39-54. [PMID: 20451260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presentation, a key mechanism in immune responses, involves two main signals: the first is provided by the engagement of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I or class II, with their TCR receptor in lymphocytes, whereas the second demands the participation of different co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD28, CTLA-4 and their receptors B7.1 and B7.2. Specific T-cell activation and deactivation are achieved through this signalling. The aim of our study is to characterise, in the acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in Lewis rat, the temporal expression pattern of these molecules as well as the cells responsible for their expression. To accomplish that, MBP-immunised female Lewis rats were daily examined for the presence of clinical symptoms and sacrificed, according to their clinical score, at different phases during EAE. Spinal cords were cut with a cryostat and processed for immunohistochemistry: MHC-class I and MHC-class II, co-stimulatory molecules (B7.1, B7.2, CD28, CTLA-4) and markers of dendritic cells (CD1 for immature cells and fascin for mature cells). Our results show that microglial cells are activated in the inductive phase and, during this phase and peak, they are able to express MHC-class I, MHC-class II and CD1, but not B7.1 and B7.2. This microglial phenotype may induce the apoptosis or anergy of infiltrated CD28+ lymphocytes observed around blood vessels and in the parenchyma. During the recovery phase, microglial cells express high MHC-class I and class II and, those located in the surroundings of blood vessels, displayed the B7.2 co-stimulatory molecule. These cells are competent to interact with CTLA-4+ cells, which indicate an active role of microglial cells in modulating the ending of the immune response by inducing lymphocyte activity inhibition and Treg activation. Once clinical symptomatology disappeared, some foci of activated microglial cells (MHC-class II+/B7.2+) were still present in concomitance with CTLA-4+ cells, suggesting a prolonged involvement of microglia in lymphocyte inhibition and tolerance promotion. In addition to microglia, during the inductive and recovery phases, we also found perivascular ED2+ cells and fascin+ cells which are able to migrate to the parenchyma and may play a role in lymphocytic regulation. Further studies to understand the specific function played by these cells are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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9
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Fu ZQ, Shao QL, Shen JL, Zhang YJ, Zhao XX, Yao L. Effect of carbamylated erythropoietin on major histocompatibility complex expression and neural differentiation of human neural stem cells. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 221:15-24. [PMID: 20163877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on human neural stem cells (hNSCs) is tightly related to the fate of these cells in transplantation, therefore strategies to relieve rejection and promote graft survival are necessary to be applied. This study investigated the effect of carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) on MHC expression and differentiation of hNSCs with or without IFN-gamma incubation. Results showed that low levels of MHC molecules were expressed on hNSCs and increased by IFN-gamma. CEPO enhanced MHC-I antigens in both proliferative and differentiated hNSCs, but decreased MHC-II antigens in differentiated hNSCs and those cells exposed to IFN-gamma. Furthermore, CEPO promoted neural differentiation of hNSCs and outgrowth of neurites. Western blot analysis revealed activation of Stat3, Stat5 and Akt during these processes. These results suggest that CEPO may have immunoregulatory function in hNSCs besides its neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qiu Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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10
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Increased phospholipase A2 activity and inflammatory response but decreased nerve growth factor expression in the olfactory bulbectomized rat model of depression: effects of chronic ethyl-eicosapentaenoate treatment. J Neurosci 2009; 29:14-22. [PMID: 19129380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3569-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased inflammatory response and deficient synthesis of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) may contribute to the etiology of depression. However, the interrelationship between inflammation and NTFs is unknown. Recently, ethyl-eicosapentaenoate (EPA) has been used to treat depression. The mechanism by which EPA benefits depression is also unclear. Using the olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat model of depression, this study evaluated two pathways from bulbectomy to the induction of depression-like changes (the inflammation-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-stress response pathway and inflammation-nerve growth factor-memory pathway) and the effect of EPA on these pathways. When compared with sham-operated rats fed a control diet, significantly increased locomotor and rearing activities in an "open field," impaired memory in the Morris water maze, increased expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and increased secretion of corticosterone were found in OB rats. mRNA expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) was significantly lower in the hippocampus, and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was higher in the hypothalamus; this change was associated with increased interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the serum and brain. EPA treatments normalized these behavioral impairments and reduced CRF expression and corticosterone secretion. EPA also reduced serum concentrations of IL-1beta and PGE2, but reversed NGF reduction. Similar to the effects of EPA, the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib significantly reduced blood PGE2, IL-1beta, and corticosterone concentrations and increased NGF expression in OB rats. Furthermore, anti-NGF treatment blocked EPA effects on behavior. These results suggest that an interaction exists between inflammation and NGF in the depression model. EPA may improve depression via its anti-inflammation properties and the upregulation of NGF.
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Fumagalli F, Molteni R, Calabrese F, Maj PF, Racagni G, Riva MA. Neurotrophic factors in neurodegenerative disorders : potential for therapy. CNS Drugs 2009; 22:1005-19. [PMID: 18998739 DOI: 10.2165/0023210-200822120-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Finding an effective therapy to treat chronic neurodegenerative disorders still represents an unmet and elusive goal, mainly because so many pathogenic variables come into play in these diseases. Recent emphasis has been placed on the role of neurotrophic factors in the aetiology of such disorders because of their role in the survival of different cell phenotypes under various adverse conditions, including neurodegeneration.This review summarizes the current status and the efforts to treat neurodegenerative disorders by the exogenous administration of neurotrophic factors in an attempt to replenish trophic supply, the paucity of which may contribute to the development of the illness. Although promising results have been seen in animal models, this approach still meets disparate and often insurmountable problems in clinical settings, presumably related to the unique nature of the human being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Center of Neuropharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Zhang J, Li Y, Lu M, Cui Y, Chen J, Noffsinger L, Elias SB, Chopp M. Bone marrow stromal cells reduce axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:587-95. [PMID: 16773650 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of human bone marrow stromal cell (hBMSC) treatment to reduce axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by injection with proteolipid protein (PLP). Mice were injected intravenously with hBMSCs or PBS on the day of clinical onset, and neurological function was measured daily (score 0-5) until 45 weeks after onset. Mice were sacrificed at week 1, 10, 20, 34, and 45 after clinical onset. Bielshowsky silver was used to identify axons. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and MAB1281, a marker of hBMSCs. hBMSC treatment significantly reduced the mortality, the disease severity, and the number of relapses in EAE mice compared with PBS treatment. Axonal density and NGF(+) cells in the EAE brain were significantly increased in the hBMSC group compared with the PBS group at 1, 10, 20, 34, and 45 weeks. Disease severity was significantly correlated with decreased axonal density and decreased NGF, and increased axonal density was significantly correlated with reduced loss of NGF expression after hBMSC treatment. Most of the NGF(+) cells are brain parenchymal cells. Under 5% of MAB1281(+) cells colocalized with NG2(+), a marker of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Nearly 10% of MAB1281(+) cells colocalized with GFAP, a marker of astrocytes, and MAP-2, a marker of neurons. Our findings indicate that hBMSCs improve functional recovery and may provide a potential therapy aimed at axonal protection in EAE mice, in which NGF may play a vital role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/methods
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Graft Survival/physiology
- Humans
- Injections, Intravenous
- Mice
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- Wallerian Degeneration/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/physiopathology
- Wallerian Degeneration/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Kuno R, Yoshida Y, Nitta A, Nabeshima T, Wang J, Sonobe Y, Kawanokuchi J, Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. The role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in the production of NGF and GDNF by astrocytes. Brain Res 2006; 1116:12-8. [PMID: 16956589 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic factors, nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are produced by astrocytes, and are induced by inflammatory stimuli including bacterial lipopolysaccharide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we examined the regulatory mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced production of neurotrophic factors. We show here that cultured astrocytes express both TNF-alpha receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, and that activation of these receptors by TNF-alpha promotes expression of both NGF and GDNF. In addition, we observe that not only exogenous TNF-alpha but also TNF-alpha produced by astrocytes induce NGF and GDNF production in astrocytes. These results suggest that an autocrine loop involving TNF-alpha contributes to the production of neurotrophic factors in response to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kuno
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Sun CR, Wang CC, Tsang KS, Li J, Zhang H, An YH. Modulation and impact of class I major histocompatibility complex by neural stem cell-derived neurotrophins on neuroregeneration. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:176-9. [PMID: 16949763 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSC) has shown to elicit functional recovery in experimental animal and human models of neural disorders pertaining to cell loss or degeneration. However, the underlying mechanisms of the regimen are not well understood. The scenarios lead to the speculation of neuroregeneration and replacement of lost neurons in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The repair per se is extremely complex involving the re-building and modulation of synapses, neurites, neural cells and glial cells. Neurotrophins, which nourish the CNS and the PNS, may attribute to the functional improvement after neural stem cell transplantation. Recent studies suggested the CNS plasticity may be modulated by the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are in turn regulated by neurotrophins. Based upon these findings, we speculate that the neurotrophins derived from the transplanted NSC may modulate the expression of the major histocompatibility complex in the injured microenvironment to facilitate neurological recovery. The proposition may have clues on the development of novel treatment modality to cure CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Ran Sun
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital University of Medical Sciences, No. 6, Tiantan Xili, Chongwen district, Beijing 100050, China
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