1
|
Dong X, Sun S, Li J, Shen S, Chen W, Li T, Li X. Identification of potential functional peptides involved in demyelinating injury in the central nervous system. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15846. [PMID: 37637167 PMCID: PMC10448882 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurologic disease characterized by the demyelinating injury of the central nervous system (CNS). It was reported that the mutant peptide came from myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) might play a critical role in immunotherapy function of MS. However, endogenous peptides in demyelinating brain tissue of MS and their role in the pathologic process of MS have not been revealed. Here, we performed peptidomic analysis of freshly isolated corpus callosum (CC) from the brains of CPZ-treated mice and normal diet controls of male C57BL/6 mice by LC-MS/MS. Identified a total of 217 peptides were expressed at different levels in MS mice model compared with controls. By performed GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis, we found that the precursor protein of these differently expressed peptides (DEPs) were associated with myelin sheath and oxidative phosphorylation. Our study is the first brain peptidomic of MS mice model, revealing the distinct features of DEPs in demyelination brain tissue. These DPEs may provide further insight into the pathogenesis and complexity of MS, which would facilitate the discovery of the potential novel and effective strategy for the treatment of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Tongqi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Matsoukas JM, Ligielli I, Chasapis CT, Kelaidonis K, Apostolopoulos V, Mavromoustakos T. Novel Approaches in the Immunotherapy of Multiple Sclerosis: Cyclization of Myelin Epitope Peptides and Conjugation with Mannan. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1583. [PMID: 34942885 PMCID: PMC8699547 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a serious autoimmune disease. The patient in an advanced state of the disease has restrained mobility and remains handicapped. It is therefore understandable that there is a great need for novel drugs and vaccines for the treatment of MS. Herein we summarise two major approaches applied for the treatment of the disease using peptide molecules alone or conjugated with mannan. The first approach focuses on selective myelin epitope peptide or peptide mimetic therapy alone or conjugated with mannan, and the second on immune-therapy by preventing or controlling disease through the release of appropriate cytokines. In both approaches the use of cyclic peptides offers the advantage of increased stability from proteolytic enzymes. In these approaches, the synthesis of myelin epitope peptides conjugated to mannan is of particular interest as this was found to protect mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS, in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. Protection was peptide-specific and associated with reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation. The aim of the studies of these peptide epitope analogs is to understand their molecular basis of interactions with human autoimmune T-cell receptor and a MS-associated human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2b. This knowledge will lead the rational design to new beneficial non-peptide mimetic analogs for the treatment of MS. Some issues of the use of nanotechnology will also be addressed as a future trend to tackle the disease. We highlight novel immunomodulation and vaccine-based research against MS based on myelin epitope peptides and strategies developed in our laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Matsoukas
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 265 04 Platani, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Chemical, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece;
- Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patra, Greece
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, Elnagdy S, Kaczmarek K, Matsoukas J, New R, Parang K, Lopez OP, Parhiz H, Perera CO, Pickholz M, Remko M, Saviano M, Skwarczynski M, Tang Y, Wolf WM, Yoshiya T, Zabrocki J, Zielenkiewicz P, AlKhazindar M, Barriga V, Kelaidonis K, Sarasia EM, Toth I. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:E430. [PMID: 33467522 PMCID: PMC7830668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are fragments of proteins that carry out biological functions. They act as signaling entities via all domains of life and interfere with protein-protein interactions, which are indispensable in bio-processes. Short peptides include fundamental molecular information for a prelude to the symphony of life. They have aroused considerable interest due to their unique features and great promise in innovative bio-therapies. This work focusing on the current state-of-the-art short peptide-based therapeutical developments is the first global review written by researchers from all continents, as a celebration of 100 years of peptide therapeutics since the commencement of insulin therapy in the 1920s. Peptide "drugs" initially played only the role of hormone analogs to balance disorders. Nowadays, they achieve numerous biomedical tasks, can cross membranes, or reach intracellular targets. The role of peptides in bio-processes can hardly be mimicked by other chemical substances. The article is divided into independent sections, which are related to either the progress in short peptide-based theranostics or the problems posing challenge to bio-medicine. In particular, the SWOT analysis of short peptides, their relevance in therapies of diverse diseases, improvements in (bio)synthesis platforms, advanced nano-supramolecular technologies, aptamers, altered peptide ligands and in silico methodologies to overcome peptide limitations, modern smart bio-functional materials, vaccines, and drug/gene-targeted delivery systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Malaysia;
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - John Matsoukas
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- NewDrug, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roger New
- Vaxcine (UK) Ltd., c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK;
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK;
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
| | - Octavio Paredes Lopez
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA;
| | - Conrad O. Perera
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Monica Pickholz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
- Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA, UBA-CONICET), Argentina, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michele Saviano
- Institute of Crystallography (CNR), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
| | - Yefeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharma Ceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Vanessa Barriga
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia; (V.A.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | | | | | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Advances in Multiple Sclerosis Research-Series I. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110795. [PMID: 33137992 PMCID: PMC7692630 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing immunotherapeutics, drugs, and anti-inflammatory reagents has been at the forefront of autoimmune research, in particular, multiple sclerosis, for over 20 years. Delivery methods that are used to modulate effective and long-lasting immune responses have been the major focus. This Special Issue, “Advances in Multiple Sclerosis Research—Series I”, focused on delivery methods used for immunotherapeutic approaches, drug design, anti-inflammatories, identification of markers, methods for detection and monitoring MS and treatment modalities. The issue gained much attention with 20 publications, and, as a result, we launched Series II with the deadline for submission being 30 April 2021.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Use of Electrochemical Voltammetric Techniques and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography to Evaluate Conjugation Efficiency of Multiple Sclerosis Peptide-Carrier Conjugates. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090577. [PMID: 32825557 PMCID: PMC7565688 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the ability of electrochemical methods to sense and determine, even at very low concentrations, the presence and quantity of molecules or analytes including pharmaceutical samples. Furthermore, analytical methods, such as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), can also detect the presence and quantity of peptides at very low concentrations, in a simple, fast, and efficient way, which allows the monitoring of conjugation reactions and its completion. Graphite/SiO2 film electrodes and HPLC methods were previously shown by our group to be efficient to detect drug molecules, such as losartan. We now use these methods to detect the conjugation efficiency of a peptide from the immunogenic region of myelin oligodendrocyte to a carrier, mannan. The HPLC method furthermore confirms the stability of the peptide with time in a simple one pot procedure. Our study provides a general method to monitor, sense and detect the presence of peptides by effectively confirming the conjugation efficiency. Such methods can be used when designing conjugates as potential immunotherapeutics in the treatment of diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Apostolopoulos V, Rostami A, Matsoukas J. The Long Road of Immunotherapeutics against Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E288. [PMID: 32403377 PMCID: PMC7287601 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary highlights novel immunomodulation and vaccine-based research against multiple sclerosis (MS) and reveals the amazing story that triggered this cutting-edge MS research in Greece and worldwide. It further reveals the interest and solid support of some of the world's leading scientists, including sixteen Nobel Laureates who requested from European leadership to take action in supporting Greece and its universities in the biggest ever financial crisis the country has encountered in the last decades. This support endorsed vaccine-based research on MS, initiated in Greece and Australia, leading to a worldwide network aiming to treat or manage disease outcomes. Initiatives by bright and determined researchers can result in frontiers science. We shed light on a unique story behind great research on MS which is a step forward in our efforts to develop effective treatments for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dargahi N, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Streptococcus thermophilus ST285 Alters Pro-Inflammatory to Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion against Multiple Sclerosis Peptide in Mice. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020126. [PMID: 32102262 PMCID: PMC7071487 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have beneficial effects to the development and maintenance of a healthy microflora that subsequently has health benefits to humans. Some of the health benefits attributed to probiotics have been noted to be via their immune modulatory properties suppressing inflammatory conditions. Hence, probiotics have become prominent in recent years of investigation with regard to their health benefits. As such, in the current study, we determined the effects of Streptococcus thermophilus to agonist MBP83-99 peptide immunized mouse spleen cells. It was noted that Streptococcus thermophilus induced a significant increase in the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 cytokines, and decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IFN-γ Regular consumption of Streptococcus thermophilus may therefore be beneficial in the management and treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC 3030, Australia;
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC 3030, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +613-9919-2025
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deraos G, Kritsi E, Matsoukas MT, Christopoulou K, Kalbacher H, Zoumpoulakis P, Apostolopoulos V, Matsoukas J. Design of Linear and Cyclic Mutant Analogues of Dirucotide Peptide (MBP 82⁻98) against Multiple Sclerosis: Conformational and Binding Studies to MHC Class II. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8120213. [PMID: 30518150 PMCID: PMC6316436 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. MS is a T cell-mediated disease characterized by the proliferation, infiltration, and attack of the myelin sheath by immune cells. Previous studies have shown that cyclization provides molecules with strict conformation that could modulate the immune system. Methods: In this study, we synthesized peptide analogues derived from the myelin basic protein (MBP)82–98 encephalitogenic sequence (dirucotide), the linear altered peptide ligand MBP82–98 (Ala91), and their cyclic counterparts. Results: The synthesized peptides were evaluated for their binding to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 and HLA-DR4 alleles, with cyclic MBP82–98 being a strong binder with the HLA-DR2 allele and having lower affinity binding to the HLA-DR4 allele. In a further step, conformational analyses were performed using NMR spectroscopy in solution to describe the conformational space occupied by the functional amino acids of both linear and cyclic peptide analogues. This structural data, in combination with crystallographic data, were used to study the molecular basis of their interaction with HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR4 alleles. Conclusion: The cyclic and APL analogues of dirucotide are promising leads that should be further evaluated for their ability to alter T cell responses for therapeutic benefit against MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
- ELDrug S.A., Patras Science Park, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Eftichia Kritsi
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Konstantina Christopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
- ELDrug S.A., Patras Science Park, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
- ELDrug S.A., Patras Science Park, Platani, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang N, Nandakumar KS. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Vaccine 2018; 36:3208-3220. [PMID: 29706295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases leading to target tissue destruction and disability are not only causing increase in patients' suffering but also contribute to huge economic burden for the society. General increase in life expectancy and high prevalence of these diseases both in elderly and younger population emphasize the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines. In this review, at first the possible mechanisms and risk factors associated with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are discussed. Current advances in the development of vaccines for such autoimmune diseases, particularly those based on DNA, altered peptide ligands and peptide loaded MHC II complexes are discussed in detail. Finally, strategies for improving the efficacy of potential vaccines are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lourbopoulos A, Matsoukas MT, Katsara M, Deraos G, Giannakopoulou A, Lagoudaki R, Grigoriadis N, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Cyclization of PLP 139-151 peptide reduces its encephalitogenic potential in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:2221-2228. [PMID: 29681483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the novel synthesis of cyclic PLP139-151 (cPLP) and its application in SJL/J mice to study its encephalitogenic effects. Our results indicate that the cPLP analog is minimally encephalitogenic when administered to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (low disease burden, minimal inflammatory, demyelinating and axonopathic pathology compared to its linear counterpart). Proliferation assays confirmed the low stimulatory potential of the cPLP compared to linPLP (2.5-fold lower proliferation) as well as inducing lower antibody responses. Molecular modeling showed a completely different TCR recognition profile of cPLP in regard to linPLP, where H147 replaces W144 and F151-K150 replace H147 as TCR contacts, which may explain the difference on each peptide's response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich 81377, Germany
| | | | - Maria Katsara
- Novartis (Hellas) SACI, Medical Department, National Road No1 (12th Km), GR-144 51, Metamorphosis, Athens, Greece
| | - George Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece; Eldrug, Patras Science Park, Patras, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Giannakopoulou
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Greece
| | | | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC 3030, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tapeinou A, Giannopoulou E, Simal C, Hansen BE, Kalofonos H, Apostolopoulos V, Vlamis-Gardikas A, Tselios T. Design, synthesis and evaluation of an anthraquinone derivative conjugated to myelin basic protein immunodominant (MBP 85-99) epitope: Towards selective immunosuppression. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:621-631. [PMID: 29216561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone type compounds, especially di-substituted amino alkylamino anthraquinones have been widely studied as immunosuppressants. The anthraquinone ring is part of mitoxandrone that has been used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and several types of tumors. A desired approach for the treatment of MS would be the immunosuppression and elimination of specific T cells that are responsible for the induction of the disease. Herein, the development of a peptide compound bearing an anthraquinone derivative with the potential to specifically destroy the encephalitogenic T cells responsible for the onset of MS is described. The compound consists of the myelin basic protein (MBP) 85-99 immunodominant epitope (MBP85-99) coupled to an anthraquinone type molecule (AQ) via a disulfide (S-S) and 6 amino hexanoic acid (Ahx) residues (AQ-S-S-(Ahx)6MBP85-99). AQ-S-S-(Ahx)6MBP85-99 could bind to HLA II DRB1*-1501 antigen with reasonable affinity (IC50 of 56 nM) The compound was localized to the nucleus of Jurkat cells (an immortalized line of human T lymphocytes) 10 min after its addition to the medium and resulted in lowered Bcl-2 levels (apoptosis). Entrance of the compound was abolished when cells were pre-treated with cisplatin, an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase. Accordingly, levels of free thiols were elevated in the culture supernatants of Jurkat cells exposed to N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate coupled to (Ahx)6MBP85-99 via a disulphide (SPDP-S-S-(Ahx)6MBP85-99) but returned to normal after exposure to cisplatin. These results raise the possibility of AQ-S-S-(Ahx)6MBP85-99 being used as an eliminator of encephalitogenic T cells via implication of the thioredoxin system for the generation of the toxic, thiol-containing moiety (AQ-SH). Future experiments would ideally determine whether SPDP-S-S-(Ahx)6MBP85-99 could incorporate into HLA II DRB1*-1501 tetramers and neutralize encephalitogenic T cell lines sensitized to MBP85-99.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Tapeinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Efstathia Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Patras, Patras Medical School, GR-26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Carmen Simal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Bjarke E Hansen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Haralabos Kalofonos
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, University Hospital of Patras, Patras Medical School, GR-26504, Rion, Greece
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26504, Rion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ivanova VV, Khaiboullina SF, Gomzikova MO, Martynova EV, Ferreira AM, Garanina EE, Sakhapov DI, Lomakin YA, Khaibullin TI, Granatov EV, Khabirov FA, Rizvanov AA, Gabibov A, Belogurov A. Divergent Immunomodulation Capacity of Individual Myelin Peptides-Components of Liposomal Therapeutic against Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1335. [PMID: 29085375 PMCID: PMC5650689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and consequent neuron injury. Although the pathogenesis of MS is largely unknown, a breach in immune self-tolerance to myelin followed by development of autoreactive encephalitogenic T cells is suggested to play the central role. The myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be one of the main targets for autoreactive lymphocytes. Recently, immunodominant MBP peptides encapsulated into the mannosylated liposomes, referred as Xemys, were shown to suppress development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a rodent model of MS, and furthermore passed the initial stage of clinical trials. Here, we investigated the role of individual polypeptide components [MBP peptides 46-62 (GH17), 124-139 (GK16), and 147-170 (QR24)] of this liposomal peptide therapeutic in cytokine release and activation of immune cells from MS patients and healthy donors. The overall effects were assessed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whereas alterations in antigen-presenting capacities were studied utilizing plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Among three MBP-immunodominant peptides, QR24 and GK16 activated leukocytes, while GH17 was characterized by an immunosuppressive effect. Peptides QR24 and GK16 upregulated CD4 over CD8 T cells and induced proliferation of CD25+ cells, whereas GH17 decreased the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and had limited effects on CD25+ T cells. Accordingly, components of liposomal peptide therapeutic differed in upregulation of cytokines upon addition to PBMCs and pDCs. Peptide QR24 was evidently more effective in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas GH17 significantly increased production of IL-10 through treated cells. Altogether, these data suggest a complexity of action of the liposomal peptide therapeutic that does not seem to involve simple helper T cells (Th)-shift but rather the rebalancing of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilena V Ivanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Marina O Gomzikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - André M Ferreira
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Damir I Sakhapov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yakov A Lomakin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Gabibov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Belogurov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070078. [PMID: 28686222 PMCID: PMC5532591 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of injectable disease-modifying therapies has been poor treatment adherence with approximately 50% of patients discontinuing the therapy within the first year. Herein, we go back to the basics to understand the immunopathophysiology of MS to gain insights in the development of new improved drug treatments. We present current disease-modifying therapies (interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone), humanized monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ofatumumb, ocrelizumab, alentuzumab, daclizumab) and emerging immune modulating approaches (stem cells, DNA vaccines, nanoparticles, altered peptide ligands) for the treatment of MS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Design and Synthesis of Non-Peptide Mimetics Mapping the Immunodominant Myelin Basic Protein (MBP 83-96) Epitope to Function as T-Cell Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061215. [PMID: 28594344 PMCID: PMC5486038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalitogenic T cells are heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Their stimulation is triggered by the formation of a trimolecular complex between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), an immunodominant myelin basic protein (MBP) epitope, and the T cell receptor (TCR). We detail herein our studies directed towards the rational design and synthesis of non-peptide mimetic molecules, based on the immunodominant MBP83-96 epitope that is recognized by the TCR in complex with HLA. We focused our attention on the inhibition of the trimolecular complex formation and consequently the inhibition of proliferation of activated T cells. A structure-based pharmacophore model was generated, in view of the interactions between the TCR and the HLA-MBP83-96 complex. As a result, new candidate molecules were designed based on lead compounds obtained through the ZINC database. Moreover, semi-empirical and density functional theory methods were applied for the prediction of the binding energy between the proposed non-peptide mimetics and the TCR. We synthesized six molecules that were further evaluated in vitro as TCR antagonists. Analogues 15 and 16 were able to inhibit to some extent the stimulation of T cells by the immunodominant MBP83-99 peptide from immunized mice. Inhibition was followed to a lesser degree by analogues 17 and 18 and then by analogue 19. These studies show that lead compounds 15 and 16 may be used for immunotherapy against MS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cyclic MOG 35-55 ameliorates clinical and neuropathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28642030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EAE is induced to susceptible mice using linear peptides of myelin proteins of the central nervous system. Specific peptide motifs within the peptide-binding groove of the MHC peptide-complex determines the affinity of the peptide in each animal and the consequent T-cell receptor recognition and activation of the cell. Altered peptide ligand (APL) vaccination is a novel approach based on an effort to induce T-cell tolerance or alter cytokine profile from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory. In the present study we synthesized the MOG35-55 peptide and altered its 3-dimensional conformation to make it a cyclic one (c-MOG35-55). EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice and pathology was studied on acute and chronic phase of the disease. Our data indicates that c-MOG35-55 peptide alone induces a mild transient acute phase without chronic axonopathy. Administration of the c-MOG35-55 peptide at a 1:1 ratio during disease induction significantly ameliorates clinical disease and underlying pathology, such as demyelination and axonopathy in the acute and chronic phases. Binding and structural studies revealed milder interactions between the c-MOG35-55 and mouse or human MHC class II alleles (H2-IAb and HLA-DR2). Collectively, we provide data supporting for the first time the concept that the cyclic modification of an established encephalitogenic peptide ameliorates the clinical outcomes and underlying pathological processes of EAE. Such a cyclic modification of linear peptides could provide a novel treatment approach for future, patient-selective, immunomodulative treatments of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Tuusa J, Raasakka A, Ruskamo S, Kursula P. Myelin-derived and putative molecular mimic peptides share structural properties in aqueous and membrane-like environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40893-017-0021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
17
|
Cyclic citrullinated MBP 87-99 peptide stimulates T cell responses: Implications in triggering disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:528-538. [PMID: 27908754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid mutations to agonist peptide epitopes of myelin proteins have been used to modulate immune responses and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, animal model of multiple sclerosis). Such amino acid alteration are termed, altered peptide ligands (APL). We have shown that the agonist myelin basic protein (MBP) 87-99 epitope (MBP87-99) with crucial T cell receptor (TCR) substitutions at positions 91 and 96 (K91,P96 (TCR contact residues) to R91,A96; [R91,A96]MBP87-99) results in altered T cell responses and inhibits EAE symptoms. In this study, the role of citrullination of arginines in [R91,A96]MBP87-99 peptide analog was determined using in vivo experiments in combination with computational studies. The immunogenicity of linear [Cit91,A96,Cit97]MBP87-99 and its cyclic analog - cyclo(87-99)[Cit91,A96,Cit97]MBP87-99 when conjugated to the carrier mannan (polysaccharide) were studied in SJL/J mice. It was found that mannosylated cyclo(87-99)[Cit91,A96,Cit97]MBP87-99 peptide induced strong T cell proliferative responses and IFN-gamma cytokine secretion compared with the linear one. Moreover, the interaction of linear and cyclic peptide analogs with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC II, H2-IAs) and TCR was analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations at the receptor level, in order to gain a better understanding of the molecular recognition mechanisms that underly the different immunological profiles of citrullinated peptides compared to its agonist native counterpart MBP87-99 epitope. The results demonstrate that the citrullination of arginine in combination with the backbone conformation of mutated linear and cyclic analogs are significant elements for the immune response triggering the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
18
|
Belogurov A, Zakharov K, Lomakin Y, Surkov K, Avtushenko S, Kruglyakov P, Smirnov I, Makshakov G, Lockshin C, Gregoriadis G, Genkin D, Gabibov A, Evdoshenko E. CD206-Targeted Liposomal Myelin Basic Protein Peptides in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Resistant to First-Line Disease-Modifying Therapies: A First-in-Human, Proof-of-Concept Dose-Escalation Study. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:895-904. [PMID: 27324388 PMCID: PMC5081122 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that CD206-targeted liposomal delivery of co-encapsulated immunodominant myelin basic protein (MBP) sequences MBP46-62, MBP124-139 and MBP147-170 (Xemys) suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in dark Agouti rats. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of Xemys in the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and secondary progressive MS, who failed to achieve a sustained response to first-line disease-modifying therapies. In this phase I, open-label, dose-escalating, proof-of-concept study, 20 patients with relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive MS received weekly subcutaneously injections with ascending doses of Xemys up to a total dose of 2.675 mg. Clinical examinations, including Expanded Disability Status Scale score, magnetic resonance imaging results, and serum cytokine concentrations, were assessed before the first injection and for up to 17 weeks after the final injection. Xemys was safe and well tolerated when administered for 6 weeks to a maximum single dose of 900 μg. Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and numbers of T2-weighted and new gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging were statistically unchanged at study exit compared with baseline; nonetheless, the increase of number of active gadolinium-enhancing lesions on weeks 7 and 10 in comparison with baseline was statistically significant. During treatment, the serum concentrations of the cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and interleukin-7 decreased, whereas the level of tumor necrosis factor-α increased. These results provide evidence for the further development of Xemys as an antigen-specific, disease-modifying therapy for patients with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Belogurov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yakov Lomakin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Smirnov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Gleb Makshakov
- Center of multiple sclerosis and AID of St. Petersburg City Clinical Hospital #31, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Gabibov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
- Chemistry Department of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy Evdoshenko
- Center of multiple sclerosis and AID of St. Petersburg City Clinical Hospital #31, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- SBI "Center of Clinical Trials Management and Performance of Moscow Department of Healthcare", Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Administration of Myelin Basic Protein Peptides Encapsulated in Mannosylated Liposomes Normalizes Level of Serum TNF-α and IL-2 and Chemoattractants CCL2 and CCL4 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:2847232. [PMID: 27239100 PMCID: PMC4864531 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2847232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunodominant MBP peptides encapsulated in mannosylated liposomes (Xemys) effectively suppressed experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Within the frames of the successfully completed phase I clinical trial, we investigated changes in the serum cytokine profile after Xemys administration in MS patients. We observed a statistically significant decrease of MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1β/CCL4, IL-7, and IL-2 at the time of study completion. In contrast, the serum levels of TNF-α were remarkably elevated. Our data suggest that the administration of Xemys leads to a normalization of cytokine status in MS patients to values commonly reported for healthy subjects. These data are an important contribution for the upcoming Xemys clinical trials.
Collapse
|
20
|
Effects of active immunisation with myelin basic protein and myelin-derived altered peptide ligand on pain hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 286:59-70. [PMID: 26298325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Specific myelin basic protein (MBP) peptides are encephalitogenic, and myelin-derived altered peptide ligands (APLs) are capable of preventing and ameliorating EAE. We investigated the effects of active immunisation with a weakly encephalitogenic epitope of MBP (MBP87-99) and its mutant APL (Cyclo-87-99[A(91),A(96)]MBP87-99) on pain hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation in Lewis rats. MBP-treated rats exhibited significant mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity associated with infiltration of T cells, MHC class II expression and microglia activation in the spinal cord, without developing clinical signs of paralysis. Co-immunisation with APL significantly decreased pain hypersensitivity and neuroinflammation emphasising the important role of neuroimmune crosstalk in neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
21
|
Katsara M, Deraos S, Tselios TV, Pietersz G, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Immune responses of linear and cyclic PLP139-151 mutant peptides in SJL/J mice: peptides in their free state versus mannan conjugation. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:709-24. [PMID: 25186603 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominant proteins of the CNS are myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. PLP139-151 is one of the major encephalitogenic epitopes of PLP. The epitope PLP139-151 binds to MHC class II (I-A(s)) of SJL/J mice and induces Th1 responses. AIM The aim was to synthesize and test the immunological activity and cyclic analogs of PLP139-151 peptide and determine the immunological differences between adjuvant and conjugation to mannan. Materials & methods: We designed and synthesized cyclic peptides based on the linear PLP139-151 epitope by mutating critical T-cell receptor contact sites of residues W(144) and H(147), resulting in the mutant peptides PLP139-151, [L(144), R(147)]PLP139-151 or cyclo(139-151)PLP139-151 and cyclo(139-151) [L(144), R(147)]PLP139-151. In this study, mice were immunized with mutant peptides either emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant or conjugated to reduced mannan and responses were assessed. RESULTS Linear double-mutant peptide [L(144), R(147)]PLP139-151 induced high levels of IL-4 responses and low levels of IgG total, and cyclization of this analog elicited low levels of IFN-γ. Moreover, linear [L(144), R(147)]PLP139-151 conjugated to reduced mannan did not induce IFN-γ, whilst both linear agonist PLP139-151 and cyclic agonist cyclo(139-151)PLP139-151 induced IFN-γ-secreting T cells. Molecular dynamics simulations of linear and cyclic(139-151)PLP139-151 analogs indicated the difference in topology of the most important for biological activity amino acids. CONCLUSION Cyclic double-mutant analog cyclo(139-151) [L(144), R(147)]PLP139-151 has potential for further studies for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Burnet Institute, Centre for Immunology, Immunology & Vaccine Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Day S, Tselios T, Androutsou ME, Tapeinou A, Frilligou I, Stojanovska L, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Mannosylated Linear and Cyclic Single Amino Acid Mutant Peptides Using a Small 10 Amino Acid Linker Constitute Promising Candidates Against Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:136. [PMID: 26082772 PMCID: PMC4450228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious autoimmune demyelinating disease leading to loss of neurological function. The design and synthesis of various altered peptide ligands of immunodominant epitopes of myelin proteins to alter the autoimmune response, is a promising therapeutic approach for MS. In this study, linear and cyclic peptide analogs based on the myelin basic protein 83–99 (MBP83–99) immunodominant epitope conjugated to reduced mannan via the (KG)5 and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) bridge, respectively, were evaluated for their biological/immunological profiles in SJL/J mice. Of all the peptide analogs tested, linear MBP83–99(F91) and linear MBP83–99(Y91) conjugated to reduced mannan via a (KG)5 linker and cyclic MBP83–99(F91) conjugated to reduce mannan via KLH linker, yielded the best immunological profile and constitute novel candidates for further immunotherapeutic studies against MS in animal models and in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Day
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Maria-Eleni Androutsou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece ; Eldrug S.A. , Patras , Greece
| | - Anthi Tapeinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Irene Frilligou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras , Patras , Greece ; Eldrug S.A. , Patras , Greece
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Targeting antigens to dendritic cell receptors for vaccine development. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:869718. [PMID: 24228179 PMCID: PMC3817681 DOI: 10.1155/2013/869718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system which play a key role in regulating immune responses. Depending on the method of antigen delivery, DCs stimulate immune responses or induce tolerance. As a consequence of the dual function of DCs, DCs are studied in the context of immunotherapy for both cancer and autoimmune diseases. In vaccine development, a major aim is to induce strong, specific T-cell responses. This is achieved by targeting antigen to cell surface molecules on DCs that efficiently channel the antigen into endocytic compartments for loading onto MHC molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. The most attractive cell surface receptors, expressed on DCs used as targets for antigen delivery for cancer and other diseases, are discussed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Inaba H, Moise L, Martin W, De Groot AS, Desrosiers J, Tassone R, Buchman G, Akamizu T, De Groot LJ. Epitope recognition in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice immunized to TSH-R protein or peptides. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2234-43. [PMID: 23592747 PMCID: PMC5393327 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Development of Graves' disease is related to HLA-DR3. The extracellular domain (ECD) of human TSH receptor (hTSH-R) is a crucial antigen in Graves' disease. hTSH-R peptide 37 (amino acids 78-94) is an important immunogenic peptide in DR3 transgenic mice immunized to hTSH-R. This study examined the epitope recognition in DR3 transgenic mice immunized to hTSH-R protein and evaluated the ability of a mutant hTSH-R peptide to attenuate the immunogenicity of hTSH-R peptide 37. DR3 transgenic mice were immunized to recombinant hTSH-R-ECD protein or peptides. A mutant hTSH-R 37 peptide (ISRIYVSIDATLSQLES: 37 m), in which DR3 binding motif position 5 was mutated V>A, and position 8 Q>S, was synthesized. 37 m should bind to HLA-DR3 but not bind T cell receptors. DR3 transgenic mice were immunized to hTSH-R 37 and 37 m. Mice immunized to hTSH-R-ECD protein developed strong anti-hTSH-R antibody, and antisera reacted strongly with hTSH-R peptides 1-5 (20-94), 21 (258-277), 41 (283-297), 36 (376-389), and 31 (399-418). Strikingly, antisera raised to hTSH-R peptide 37 bound to hTSH-R peptides 1-7 (20-112), 10 (132-50), 33 (137-150), 41, 23 (286-305), 24 (301-320), 36, and 31 as well as to hTSH-R-ECD protein. Both antibody titers to hTSH-R 37 and reaction of splenocytes to hTSH-R 37 were significantly reduced in mice immunized to hTSH-R 37 plus 37 m, compared with mice immunized to hTSH-R 37 alone. The ability of immunization to a single peptide to induce antibodies that bind hTSH-R-ECD protein, and multiple unrelated peptides, is a unique observation. Immunogenic reaction to hTSH-R peptide 37 was partially suppressed by 37 m, and this may contribute to immunotherapy of autoimmune thyroid disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Inaba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Belogurov AA, Stepanov AV, Smirnov IV, Melamed D, Bacon A, Mamedov AE, Boitsov VM, Sashchenko LP, Ponomarenko NA, Sharanova SN, Boyko AN, Dubina MV, Friboulet A, Genkin DD, Gabibov AG. Liposome-encapsulated peptides protect against experimental allergic encephalitis. FASEB J 2012; 27:222-31. [PMID: 23047895 PMCID: PMC3528315 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-213975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease with an autoimmune background. Despite the variety of therapeutics available against MS, the development of novel approaches to its treatment is of high importance in modern pharmaceutics. In this study, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Dark Agouti rats has been treated with immunodominant peptides of the myelin basic protein (MBP) encapsulated in mannosylated small unilamellar vesicles. The results show that liposome-encapsulated MBP46–62 is the most effective in reducing maximal disease score during the first attack, while MBP124–139 and MBP147–170 can completely prevent the development of the exacerbation stage. Both mannosylation of liposomes and encapsulation of peptides are critical for the therapeutic effect, since neither naked peptides nor nonmannosylated liposomes, loaded or empty, have proved effective. The liposome-mediated synergistic effect of the mixture of 3 MBP peptides significantly suppresses the progression of protracted EAE, with the median cumulative disease score being reduced from 22 to 14 points, compared to the placebo group; prevents the production of circulating autoantibodies; down-regulates the synthesis of Th1 cytokines; and induces the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. Thus, the proposed formulation ameliorates EAE, providing for a less severe first attack and rapid recovery from exacerbation, and offers a promising therapeutic modality in MS treatment.—Belogurov, A. A., Jr., Stepanov, A. V., Smirnov, I. V., Melamed, D., Bacon, A., Mamedov, A. E., Boitsov, V. M., Sashchenko, L. P., Ponomarenko, N. A., Sharanova, S. N., Boyko, A. N., Dubina, M. V., Friboulet, A., Genkin, D. D., Gabibov, A. G. Liposome-encapsulated peptides protect against experimental allergic encephalitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Belogurov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stepanov AV, Belogurov AA, Mamedov AÉ, Melamed D, Smirnov IV, Kuzina ES, Genkin DD, Boĭko AN, Sharanova SN, Bacon A, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. [Therapeutic effect of encapsulated into the nanocontainers MBP immunodominant peptides on EAE development in DA rats]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:306-14. [PMID: 22997702 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a serve autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Development of innovative approaches of MS treatment is of a high priority in the modern immunology and pharmacy. In the present study we showed high therapeutic efficiency of immunodominant peptides of myelin basic protein (MBP) incorporated into the monolayer mannosylated liposomes on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. MBP is a component ofoligodendrocytes' membrane, which form axonal sheath, and is one of the major autoantigens in MS. We analyzed binding pattern ofanti-MBP autoantibodies from MS patients using previously designed MBP epitope library. Utilizing the same approach we investigated pool of anti-MBP antibodies from SJL/J and C57/BL6 mice and DA rats with induced EAE. The most relevant rodent model to MS was EAE in DA rats according to the autoantibodies' binding pattern. We selected three immunodominant MBP fragments encapsulated in monolayer mannosylated liposomes for the following treatment of verified DA rodent model. MBP fragment 46-62 was the most effective in reducing of the first EAE attack, whereas MBP 124-139 and 147-160 inhibited development of pathology during remission stage. Simultaneous administration of these peptides in liposomes significantly decreased level of anti-MBP antibodies. Synergetic therapeutic effect of MBP fragments reduced integral disease score by inhibiting first EAE wave and subsequent remission, thus, our findings disclosure novel approaches for efficient treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Potamitis C, Matsoukas MT, Tselios T, Mavromoustakos T, Golič Grdadolnik S. Conformational analysis of the ΜΒΡ83-99 (Phe91) and ΜΒΡ83-99 (Tyr91) peptide analogues and study of their interactions with the HLA-DR2 and human TCR receptors by using molecular dynamics. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2011; 25:837-53. [PMID: 21898163 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-011-9467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The two new synthetic analogues of the MBP(83-99) epitope substituted at Lys(91) (primary TCR contact) with Phe [MBP(83-99) (Phe(91))] or Tyr [MBP(83-99) (Tyr(91))], have been structurally elucidated using 1D and 2D high resolution NMR studies. The conformational analysis of the two altered peptide ligands (APLs) has been performed and showed that they adopt a linear and extended conformation which is in agreement with the structural requirements of the peptides that interact with the HLA-DR2 and TCR receptors. In addition, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of the two analogues in complex with HLA-DR2 (DRA, DRB1*1501) and TCR were performed. Similarities and differences of the binding motif of the two analogues were observed which provide a possible explanation of their biological activity. Their differences in the binding mode in comparison with the MBP(83-99) epitope may also explain their antagonistic versus agonistic activity. The obtained results clearly indicate that substitutions in crucial amino acids (TCR contacts) in combination with the specific conformational characteristics of the MBP(83-99) immunodominant epitope lead to an alteration of their biological activity. These results make the rational drug design intriguing since the biological activity is very sensitive to the substitution and conformation of the mutated MBP epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Potamitis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vas. Constantinou 48, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Katsara M, Yuriev E, Ramsland PA, Tselios T, Deraos G, Lourbopoulos A, Grigoriadis N, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Altered peptide ligands of myelin basic protein ( MBP87-99 ) conjugated to reduced mannan modulate immune responses in mice. Immunology 2010; 128:521-33. [PMID: 19930042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of peptides to generate altered peptide ligands, capable of switching immune responses from T helper 1 (Th1) to T helper 2 (Th2), are promising candidates for the immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We synthesized two mutant peptides from myelin basic protein 87-99 (MBP(87-99)), an immunodominant peptide epitope identified in MS. Mutations of residues K(91) and P(96), known to be critical T-cell receptor (TCR) contact sites, resulted in the mutant peptides [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) and [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99). Immunization of mice with these altered peptide ligands emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses compared with only IFN-gamma responses induced to the native MBP(87-99) peptide. It was of interest that [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan induced 70% less IFN-gamma compared with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. However, [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan did not induce IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, but elicited very high levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Furthermore, antibodies generated to [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) peptide conjugated to reduced mannan did not cross-react with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. By molecular modelling of the mutant peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, I-A(s), novel interactions were noted. It is clear that the double-mutant peptide analogue [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan is able to divert immune responses from Th1 to Th2 and is a promising mutant peptide analogue for use in studies investigating potential treatments for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Immunology and Vaccine, and Structural Immunology Laboratories, Burnet Institute, Centre for Immunology, AMREP, Prahran, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Katsara M, Deraos G, Tselios T, Matsoukas MT, Friligou I, Matsoukas J, Apostolopoulos V. Design and synthesis of a cyclic double mutant peptide (cyclo(87-99)[A91,A96]MBP87-99) induces altered responses in mice after conjugation to mannan: implications in the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. J Med Chem 2009; 52:214-8. [PMID: 19072222 DOI: 10.1021/jm801250v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Altered peptide ligands that alter immune responses are a promising approach to the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Cyclic peptides are of interest because the limited stability of linear peptides restricts their use in vivo. We designed and synthesized a cyclic double mutant peptide from MBP(87-99)-[cyclo(87-99)[A(91),A(96)]MBP(87-99)]. Immunization of mice, in CFA reduced Th1 responses. However, when conjugated to reduced mannan, a significant further reduction of Th1 responses and moderate Th2 responses were induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Burnet Institute, Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Katsara M, Minigo G, Plebanski M, Apostolopoulos V. The good, the bad and the ugly: how altered peptide ligands modulate immunity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 8:1873-84. [PMID: 18990075 DOI: 10.1517/14712590802494501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basis of T cell immune responses is the specific recognition of an immunogenic peptide epitope by a T cell receptor. Peptide alterations of such T cell epitopes with single or few amino acid variations can have drastic effects on the outcome of this recognition. These altered peptide ligands can act as modulators of immune responses as they are capable of downregulating or upregulating responses. OBJECTIVE/METHODS We review how altered peptide ligands can have 'good' 'bad' and 'ugly' outcomes in treating diseases. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Altered peptide ligands have been used as immunotherapeutics in autoimmune (and allergic) diseases, infectious diseases and cancer. In the next five years we anticipate seeing a number of altered peptide ligands in clinical trials, progressing from contradictory classifications of good, bad or ugly, to the exciting outcome of 'useful'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, The Macfarlane Burnet Institute incorporating The Austin Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Deraos G, Chatzantoni K, Matsoukas MT, Tselios T, Deraos S, Katsara M, Papathanasopoulos P, Vynios D, Apostolopoulos V, Mouzaki A, Matsoukas J. Citrullination of Linear and Cyclic Altered Peptide Ligands from Myelin Basic Protein (MBP87−99) Epitope Elicits a Th1 Polarized Response by T Cells Isolated from Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Implications in Triggering Disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7834-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800891n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kokona Chatzantoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Spyros Deraos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Maria Katsara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Panagiotis Papathanasopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Demitrios Vynios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - John Matsoukas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece, Neurology Clinic, Medical School and University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras 26500, Greece, and Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Burnet Institute (Austin Campus), Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Katsara M, Matsoukas J, Deraos G, Apostolopoulos V. Towards immunotherapeutic drugs and vaccines against multiple sclerosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:636-42. [PMID: 18604455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Numerous treatment options are available to MS patients; however, these options need to be improved. Herein, we review the current drugs and therapeutic approaches available to MS patients, preclinical trial interventions and recent animal model studies for the potential therapy of MS. Since the current treatment of MS remains elusive and is limited, animal studies and clinical research offers an optimistic outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Katsara
- Burnet Institute, Austin Campus, Immunology and Vaccine Laboratory, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|