1
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Shtangel O, Mezer AA. Testing quantitative magnetization transfer models with membrane lipids. Magn Reson Med 2024. [PMID: 38873709 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) models aim to quantify the contributions of lipids and macromolecules to the MRI signal. Hence, a model system that relates qMT parameters and their molecular sources may improve the interpretation of the qMT parameters. Here we used membrane lipid phantoms as a meaningful tool to study qMT models. By controlling the fraction and type of membrane lipids, we could test the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of different qMT models. METHODS We formulated liposomes with various lipid types and water-to-lipids fractions and measured their signals with spoiled gradient-echo MT. We fitted three known qMT models and estimated six parameters for every model. We tested the accuracy and reproducibility of the models and compared the dependency among the qMT parameters. We compared the samples' qMT parameters with their water-to-lipid fractions and with a simple MTnorm (= MTon/MToff) calculation. RESULTS We found that the three qMT models fit the membrane lipids signals well. We also found that the estimated qMT parameters are highly interdependent. Interestingly, the estimated qMT parameters are a function of the membrane lipid type and also highly related to the water-to-lipid fraction. Finally, we find that most of the lipid sample's information can be captured using the common and easy to estimate MTnorm analysis. CONCLUSION qMT parameters are sensitive to both the water-to-lipid fraction and to the lipid type. Estimating the water-to-lipid fraction can improve the characterization of membrane lipids' contributions to qMT parameters. Similar characterizations can be obtained using the MTnorm analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshrat Shtangel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Brain & Behavior, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviv A Mezer
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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2
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Vianello E, Ambrogi F, Kalousová M, Badalyan J, Dozio E, Tacchini L, Schmitz G, Zima T, Tsongalis GJ, Corsi-Romanelli MM. Circulating perturbation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is associated to cardiac remodeling and NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular patients with insulin resistance risk. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 137:104895. [PMID: 38703553 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Lipidome perturbation occurring during meta-inflammation is associated to left ventricle (LV) remodeling though the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of chronic inflammation in obesity-related disorders. Little is known about phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as DAMP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Our study is aimed to evaluate if a systemic reduction of PC/PE molar ratio can affect NLRP3 plasma levels in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with insulin resistance (IR) risk. Forty patients from IRCCS Policlinico San Donato were enrolled, and their blood samples were drawn before heart surgery. LV geometry measurements were evaluated by echocardiography and clinical data associated to IR risk were collected. PC and PE were quantified by ESI-MS/MS. Circulating NLRP3 was quantified by an ELISA assay. Our results have shown that CVD patients with IR risk presented systemic lipid impairment of PC and PE species and their ratio in plasma was inversely associated to NLRP3 levels. Interestingly, CVD patients with IR risk presented LV changes directly associated to increased levels of NLRP3 and a decrease in PC/PE ratio in plasma, highlighting the systemic effect of meta-inflammation in cardiac response. In summary, PC and PE can be considered bioactive mediators associated to both the NLRP3 and LV changes in CVD patients with IR risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vianello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy.
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Marta Kalousová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Prague General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julietta Badalyan
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Statistica Sanitaria e Biometria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Dozio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Tacchini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Prague General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Massimiliano M Corsi-Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Su H, Masters CL, Bush AI, Barnham KJ, Reid GE, Vella LJ. Exploring the significance of lipids in Alzheimer's disease and the potential of extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300063. [PMID: 37654087 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a significant role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) structure and function, and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism is known to occur in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Here we review what is currently known about lipid dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. We propose that small extracellular vesicle (sEV) lipids may provide insight into the pathophysiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease. This stems from the recognition that sEV likely contributes to disease pathogenesis, but also an understanding that sEV can serve as a source of potential biomarkers. While the protein and RNA content of sEV in the CNS diseases have been studied extensively, our understanding of the lipidome of sEV in the CNS is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqi Su
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Puranik N, Yadav D, Song M. Insight into Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis by Targeting Prognostic Biomarkers. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2534-2544. [PMID: 37921136 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128247471231018053737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) immune-mediated disease that mainly strikes young adults and leaves them disabled. MS is an autoimmune illness that causes the immune system to attack the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheaths, which insulate the nerve fibers, are harmed by our own immune cells, and this interferes with brain signal transmission. Numbness, tingling, mood swings, memory problems, exhaustion, agony, vision problems, and/or paralysis are just a few of the symptoms. Despite technological advancements and significant research efforts in recent years, diagnosing MS can still be difficult. Each patient's MS is distinct due to a heterogeneous and complex pathophysiology with diverse types of disease courses. There is a pressing need to identify markers that will allow for more rapid and accurate diagnosis and prognosis assessments to choose the best course of treatment for each MS patient. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an excellent source of particular indicators associated with MS pathology. CSF contains molecules that represent pathological processes such as inflammation, cellular damage, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. Oligoclonal bands, neurofilaments, MS-specific miRNA, lncRNA, IgG-index, and anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies are all clinically utilised indicators for CSF in MS diagnosis. In recent years, a slew of new possible biomarkers have been presented. In this review, we look at what we know about CSF molecular markers and how they can aid in the diagnosis and differentiation of different MS forms and treatment options, and monitoring and predicting disease progression, therapy response, and consequences during such opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Puranik
- Biological Sciences Department, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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5
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Nowack L, Teschers CS, Albrecht S, Gilmour R. Oligodendroglial glycolipids in (Re)myelination: implications for multiple sclerosis research. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:890-904. [PMID: 33575689 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00093k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020 This short review surveys aspects of glycolipid-based natural products and their biological relevance in multiple sclerosis (MS). The role of isolated gangliosides in disease models is discussed together with an overview of ganglioside-inspired small molecule drugs and imaging probes. The discussion is extended to neurodegeneration in a more general context and addresses the need for more efficient synthetic methods to generate (glyco)structures that are of therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Nowack
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany. and Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Charlotte S Teschers
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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6
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Amatruda M, Petracca M, Wentling M, Inbar B, Castro K, Chen EY, Kiebish MA, Edwards K, Inglese M, Casaccia P. Retrospective unbiased plasma lipidomic of progressive multiple sclerosis patients-identifies lipids discriminating those with faster clinical deterioration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15644. [PMID: 32973249 PMCID: PMC7515876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease course of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is uncertain. In an attempt to identify potential signaling pathways involved in the evolution of the disease, we conducted an exploratory unbiased lipidomic analysis of plasma from non-diseased controls (n = 8) and patients with primary progressive MS (PPMS, n = 19) and either a rapid (PPMS-P, n = 9) or slow (PPMS-NP, n = 10) disease course based on worsening disability and/or MRI-visible appearance of new T2 lesions over a one-year-assessment. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the MS/MSALL lipidomic dataset, identified lipids driving the clustering of the groups. Among these lipids, sphingomyelin-d18:1/14:0 and mono-hexosylceramide-d18:1/20:0 were differentially abundant in the plasma of PPMS patients compared to controls and their levels correlated with MRI signs of disease progression. Lyso-phosphatidic acid-18:2 (LPA-18:2) was the only lipid with significantly lower abundance in PPMS patients with a rapidly deteriorating disease course, and its levels inversely correlated with the severity of the neurological deficit. Decreased levels of LPA-18:2 were detected in patients with more rapid disease progression, regardless of therapy and these findings were validated in an independent cohort of secondary progressive (SPMS) patients, but not in a third cohorts of relapsing–remitting (RRMS) patients. Collectively, our analysis suggests that sphingomyelin-d18:1/14:0, mono-hexosylceramide-d18:1/20:0, and LPA-18:2 may represent important targets for future studies aimed at understanding disease progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Amatruda
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, 4th Fl, New York, NY, 10031, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maureen Wentling
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, 4th Fl, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Benjamin Inbar
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, 4th Fl, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Kamilah Castro
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, 4th Fl, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), Neurologic Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 Saint Nicholas Terrace, 4th Fl, New York, NY, 10031, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Pappalardo JL, Zhang L, Pecsok MK, Perlman K, Zografou C, Raddassi K, Abulaban A, Krishnaswamy S, Antel J, van Dijk D, Hafler DA. Transcriptomic and clonal characterization of T cells in the human central nervous system. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabb8786. [PMID: 32948672 PMCID: PMC8567322 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb8786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells provide critical immune surveillance to the central nervous system (CNS), and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is thought to be a main route for their entry. Further characterization of the state of T cells in the CSF in healthy individuals is important for understanding how T cells provide protective immune surveillance without damaging the delicate environment of the CNS and providing tissue-specific context for understanding immune dysfunction in neuroinflammatory disease. Here, we have profiled T cells in the CSF of healthy human donors and have identified signatures related to cytotoxic capacity and tissue adaptation that are further exemplified in clonally expanded CSF T cells. By comparing profiles of clonally expanded T cells obtained from the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy donors, we report that clonally expanded T cells from the CSF of patients with MS have heightened expression of genes related to T cell activation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Pappalardo
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Maggie K Pecsok
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kelly Perlman
- Montreal Neurologic Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chrysoula Zografou
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ahmad Abulaban
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Smita Krishnaswamy
- Departments of Genetics and Computer Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jack Antel
- Montreal Neurologic Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David van Dijk
- Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), Cardiovascular Research Center, and Computer Science, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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8
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Visigalli D, Capodivento G, Basit A, Fernández R, Hamid Z, Pencová B, Gemelli C, Marubbi D, Pastorino C, Luoma AM, Riekel C, Kirschner DA, Schenone A, Fernández JA, Armirotti A, Nobbio L. Exploiting Sphingo- and Glycerophospholipid Impairment to Select Effective Drugs and Biomarkers for CMT1A. Front Neurol 2020; 11:903. [PMID: 32982928 PMCID: PMC7477391 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A), Schwann cells exhibit a preponderant transcriptional deficiency of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. This perturbed lipid metabolism affects the peripheral nerve physiology and the structure of peripheral myelin. Nevertheless, the identification and functional characterization of the lipid species mainly responsible for CMT1A myelin impairment currently lack. This is critical in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy since lipids are many and complex molecules which play essential roles in the cell, including the structural components of cellular membranes, cell signaling, and membrane trafficking. Moreover, lipids themselves are able to modify gene transcription, thereby affecting the genotype-phenotype correlation of well-defined inherited diseases, including CMT1A. Here we report for the first time a comprehensive lipid profiling in experimental and human CMT1A, demonstrating a previously unknown specific alteration of sphingolipid (SP) and glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism. Notably, SP, and GP changes even emerge in biological fluids of CMT1A rat and human patients, implying a systemic metabolic dysfunction for these specific lipid classes. Actually, SP and GP are not merely reduced; their expression is instead aberrant, contributing to the ultrastructural abnormalities that we detailed by X-ray diffraction in rat and human internode myelin. The modulation of SP and GP pathways in myelinating dorsal root ganglia cultures clearly sustains this issue. In fact, just selected molecules interacting with these pathways are able to modify the altered geometric parameters of CMT1A myelinated fibers. Overall, we propose to exploit the present SP and GP metabolism impairment to select effective drugs and validate a set of reliable biomarkers, which remain a challenge in CMT1A neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Visigalli
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Capodivento
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Abdul Basit
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Zeeshan Hamid
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbora Pencová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Chiara Gemelli
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- DIMES, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Oncologia Cellulare Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pastorino
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Angelo Schenone
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Nobbio
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino, UO Clinica Neurologica, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Urinary Cell Transcriptome Profiling and Identification of ITM2A, SLAMF6, and IKZF3 as Biomarkers of Acute Rejection in Human Kidney Allografts. Transplant Direct 2020; 6:e588. [PMID: 32766436 PMCID: PMC7377920 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of a shared gene expression pattern between T cell–mediated rejection (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in human kidney allografts may help prioritize targets for the treatment of both types of acute rejection.
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10
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Sádaba MC, Rothhammer V, Muñoz Ú, Sebal C, Escudero E, Kivisäkk P, Garcia Sanchez MI, Izquierdo G, Hauser SL, Baranzini SE, Oksenberg JR, Álvarez-Lafuente R, Bakshi R, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Serum antibodies to phosphatidylcholine in MS. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2020; 7:e765. [PMID: 32518205 PMCID: PMC7309529 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies reactive with phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lactosylceramide (LC) as biomarkers in MS. METHODS We developed an ultrasensitive ELISA technique to analyze serum IgG and IgM antibodies to LC and PC, which we used to analyze samples from 362 patients with MS, 10 patients with non-MS myelin diseases (Non-MSMYDs), 11 patients with nonmyelin neurologic diseases (Non-MYNDs), and 80 controls. MS serum samples included clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, n = 17), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS, n = 62), secondary progressive MS (SPMS, n = 50), primary progressive MS (PPMS, n = 37), and benign MS (BENMS, n = 36). RESULTS We detected higher levels of serum IgM antibodies to PC (IgM-PC) in MS than control samples; patients with CIS and RRMS showed higher IgM-PC levels than patients with SPMS, PPMS, and BENMS and controls. MS and control samples did not differ in serum levels of IgM antibodies reactive with LC, nor in IgG antibodies reactive with LC or PC. CONCLUSIONS Serum IgM-PC antibodies are elevated in patients with MS, particularly during the CIS and RRMS phases of the disease. Thus, serum IgM-PC is a candidate biomarker for early inflammatory stages of MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that serum antibodies to PC are elevated in patients with MS. The study is rated Class III because of the case control design and the risk of spectrum bias: antibody levels in patients with MS were compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cruz Sádaba
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA.
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Úrsula Muñoz
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Cristina Sebal
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Esther Escudero
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Maria Isabel Garcia Sanchez
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jorge R Oksenberg
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Roberto Álvarez-Lafuente
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- From the Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (M.C.S., V.R., P.K., R.B., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Facultad de Medicina (M.C.S., U.M., C.S., E.E.), Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (INMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid; Molecular Biology Service and MS Unit (M.I.G.S., G.I.), University of Sevilla; Department of Neurology (S.L.H., S.E.B., J.R.O.), University of California, San Francisco; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) (R.Á.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; and The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT (F.J.Q.), Cambridge, MA.
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11
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van Kruining D, Luo Q, van Echten-Deckert G, Mielke MM, Bowman A, Ellis S, Oliveira TG, Martinez-Martinez P. Sphingolipids as prognostic biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric diseases and their emerging role in lipidomic investigation methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:232-244. [PMID: 32360155 PMCID: PMC7665829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric disorders and an imbalance in sphingolipid levels is associated with disease. Although early diagnosis and intervention of these disorders would clearly have favorable long-term outcomes, no diagnostic tests currently exist that can accurately identify people at risk. Reliable prognostic biomarkers that are easily accessible would be beneficial to determine therapy and treatment response in clinical trials. Recent advances in lipidomic investigation methods have greatly progressed the knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders over the past decades although more longitudinal studies are needed to understand its exact role in these disorders to be used as potential tools in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders and explore recent advances in investigation methods. Finally, the potential of sphingolipid metabolism products and signaling molecules as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostic, or surrogate markers of treatment response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Kruining
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Qian Luo
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhild van Echten-Deckert
- LIMES Institute for Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry, Kekulé-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Bowman
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Shane Ellis
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS/3B's, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
The search for an ideal multiple sclerosis biomarker with good diagnostic value, prognostic reference and an impact on clinical outcome has yet to be realized and is still ongoing. The aim of this review is to establish an overview of the frequent biomarkers for multiple sclerosis that exist to date. The review summarizes the results obtained from electronic databases, as well as thorough manual searches. In this review the sources and methods of biomarkers extraction are described; in addition to the description of each biomarker, determination of the prognostic, diagnostic, disease monitoring and treatment response values besides clinical impact they might possess. We divided the biomarkers into three categories according to the achievement method: laboratory markers, genetic-immunogenetic markers and imaging markers. We have found two biomarkers at the time being considered the gold standard for MS diagnostics. Unfortunately, there does not exist a single solitary marker being able to present reliable diagnostic value, prognostic value, high sensitivity and specificity as well as clinical impact. We need more studies to find the best biomarker for MS.
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13
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Mengesha T, Squires N, Oas J, Imitola J. A possible link between intracranial lipomas and localization-related relapses in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 38:101502. [PMID: 31715501 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial lipomas are congenital malformations representing less than 0.5% of intracranial tumors. They are found incidentally and are asymptomatic in the majority of patients. Here we present three patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS) and intracranial lipomas (IL). The patients showed increased flares and burden of disabling and worsening MS symptoms with cognitive, neurovestibular dysfunction, and gait alterations associated with the localization of the Lipoma. The parenchyma near the Lipomas showed areas of demyelination and atrophy. We postulate that the location and content of the Lipomas may participate in the pathophysiology of MS symptoms in these patients. We conclude that in concurrent IL and MS, the lipomas localization may provoke incapacitating relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mengesha
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United states; The James Comprehensive Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH United States
| | - Natalie Squires
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United states; The James Comprehensive Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH United States
| | - John Oas
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United states; The James Comprehensive Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH United States
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis and Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United states; The James Comprehensive Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH United States.
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14
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Paul A, Comabella M, Gandhi R. Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a029058. [PMID: 29500303 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease with a complex clinical course characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Diagnosis of MS most commonly includes finding lesions in at least two separate areas of the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of available treatments for MS. An optimal treatment is usually based on a personalized approach determined by an individual patient's prognosis and treatment risks. Biomarkers that can predict disability progression, monitor ongoing disease activity, and assess treatment response are integral in making important decisions regarding MS treatment. This review describes MS biomarkers that are currently being used in clinical practice; it also reviews and consolidates published findings from clinically relevant potential MS biomarkers in recent years. The work also discusses the challenges of validating and application of biomarkers in MS clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Paul
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Department of Neurology, MS Centre of Catalonia, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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15
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Scolnick B. Hypothesis: Clues From Mammalian Hibernation for Treating Patients With Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2159. [PMID: 30483182 PMCID: PMC6240652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis is that anorexia nervosa (AN) is a biologically driven disorder, and mammalian hibernation may offer clues to its pathogenesis. Using this approach, this hypothesis offers suggestions for employing heart rate variability as an early diagnostic test for AN; employing the ketogenic diet for refeeding patients, attending to omega 3:6 ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the refeeding diet; and exploring clinical trials of the endocannabinoid-like agent, palmitoylethanolamde for patients with AN. This hypothesis also explores the role of lipids and autoimmune phenomena in AN, and suggest a lipodomics study to search for antibodies in the serum on patients with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scolnick
- Psychology and Brain Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Lötsch J, Schiffmann S, Schmitz K, Brunkhorst R, Lerch F, Ferreiros N, Wicker S, Tegeder I, Geisslinger G, Ultsch A. Machine-learning based lipid mediator serum concentration patterns allow identification of multiple sclerosis patients with high accuracy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14884. [PMID: 30291263 PMCID: PMC6173715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on increasing evidence suggesting that MS pathology involves alterations in bioactive lipid metabolism, the present analysis was aimed at generating a complex serum lipid-biomarker. Using unsupervised machine-learning, implemented as emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, swarm intelligence and Minimum Curvilinear Embedding, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising serum concentrations of d = 43 different lipid-markers of various classes. The structure coincided largely with the clinical diagnosis, indicating that the data provide a basis for the creation of a biomarker (classifier). This was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning, implemented as random forests and computed ABC analysis-based feature selection. Bayesian statistics-based biomarker creation was used to map the diagnostic classes of either MS patients (n = 102) or healthy subjects (n = 301). Eight lipid-markers passed the feature selection and comprised GluCerC16, LPA20:4, HETE15S, LacCerC24:1, C16Sphinganine, biopterin and the endocannabinoids PEA and OEA. A complex classifier or biomarker was developed that predicted MS at a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of approximately 95% in training and test data sets, respectively. The present successful application of serum lipid marker concentrations to MS data is encouraging for further efforts to establish an MS biomarker based on serum lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Lerch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans - Meerwein - Straße 22, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Wicker
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Theodor - Stern - Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alfred Ultsch
- DataBionics Research Group, University of Marburg, Hans - Meerwein - Straße 22, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Wheeler MA, Rothhammer V, Quintana FJ. Control of immune-mediated pathology via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12383-12389. [PMID: 28615443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r116.767723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases. Although numerous genetic factors contributing to autoimmunity have been identified in recent years, our knowledge on environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the mechanisms involved is still limited. In this context, the diet, microbiome, geographical location, as well as environmental pollutants have been shown to modulate autoimmune disease development. These environmental factors interact with cellular components of the immune system in distinct and defined ways and can influence immune responses at the transcriptional and protein level. Moreover, endogenous metabolites generated from basic cellular processes such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation also contribute to the shaping of the immune response. In this minireview, we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the modulation of the immune response by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor whose activity is regulated by small molecules provided by diet, commensal flora, environmental pollutants, and metabolism. We focus on the role of AhR in integrating signals from the diet and the intestinal flora to modulate ongoing inflammation in the central nervous system, and we also discuss the potential therapeutic value of AhR agonists for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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18
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Machine-Learned Data Structures of Lipid Marker Serum Concentrations in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Differ from Those in Healthy Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061217. [PMID: 28590455 PMCID: PMC5486040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid signaling has been suggested to be a major pathophysiological mechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). With the increasing knowledge about lipid signaling, acquired data become increasingly complex making bioinformatics necessary in lipid research. We used unsupervised machine-learning to analyze lipid marker serum concentrations, pursuing the hypothesis that for the most relevant markers the emerging data structures will coincide with the diagnosis of MS. Machine learning was implemented as emergent self-organizing feature maps (ESOM) combined with the U*-matrix visualization technique. The data space consisted of serum concentrations of three main classes of lipid markers comprising eicosanoids (d = 11 markers), ceramides (d = 10), and lyosophosphatidic acids (d = 6). They were analyzed in cohorts of MS patients (n = 102) and healthy subjects (n = 301). Clear data structures in the high-dimensional data space were observed in eicosanoid and ceramides serum concentrations whereas no clear structure could be found in lysophosphatidic acid concentrations. With ceramide concentrations, the structures that had emerged from unsupervised machine-learning almost completely overlapped with the known grouping of MS patients versus healthy subjects. This was only partly provided by eicosanoid serum concentrations. Thus, unsupervised machine-learning identified distinct data structures of bioactive lipid serum concentrations. These structures could be superimposed with the known grouping of MS patients versus healthy subjects, which was almost completely possible with ceramides. Therefore, based on the present analysis, ceramides are first-line candidates for further exploration as drug-gable targets or biomarkers in MS.
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19
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Hallamaa R, Batchu K. Phospholipid analysis in sera of horses with allergic dermatitis and in matched healthy controls. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:45. [PMID: 26932514 PMCID: PMC4774145 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids have become an important target for searching new biomarkers typical of different autoimmune and allergic diseases. The most common allergic dermatitis of the horse is related to stings of insects and is known as insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) or summer eczema, referring to its recurrence during the summer months. This intense pruritus has certain similarities with atopic dermatitis of humans. The treatment of IBH is difficult and therefore new strategies for therapy are needed. Autoserum therapy based on the use of serum phospholipids has recently been introduced for horses. So far, serum lipids relating to these allergic disorders have been poorly determined. The main aim of this study was to analyse phospholipid profiles in the sera of horses with allergic dermatitis and in their healthy controls and to further assess whether these lipid profiles change according to the clinical status after therapy. Methods Sera were collected from 10 horses with allergic dermatitis and from 10 matched healthy controls both before and 4 weeks after the therapy of the affected horses. Eczema horses were treated with an autogenous preparation made from a horse’s own serum and used for oral medication. Samples were analysed for their phospholipid content by liquid chromatography coupled to a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Data of phospholipid concentrations between the groups and over the time were analysed by using the Friedman test. Correlations between the change of concentrations and the clinical status were assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation test. Results The major phospholipid classes detected were phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Eczema horses had significantly lower total concentrations of PC (p < 0.0001) and SM (p = 0.0115) than their healthy controls. After a 4-week therapy, no significant differences were found between the groups. Changes in SM concentrations correlated significantly with alterations in clinical signs (p = 0.0047). Conclusions Horses with allergic dermatitis have an altered phospholipid profile in their sera as compared with healthy horses and these profiles seem to change according to their clinical status. Sphingomyelin seems to have an active role in the course of equine insect bite hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija Hallamaa
- Veterinary Clinic, Nummela, Finland. .,University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Krishna Batchu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bakshi R, Yeste A, Patel B, Tauhid S, Tummala S, Rahbari R, Chu R, Regev K, Kivisäkk P, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Serum lipid antibodies are associated with cerebral tissue damage in multiple sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e200. [PMID: 26894204 PMCID: PMC4747479 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether peripheral immune responses as measured by serum antigen arrays are linked to cerebral MRI measures of disease severity in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum samples were obtained from patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 21) and assayed using antigen arrays that contained 420 antigens including CNS-related autoantigens, lipids, and heat shock proteins. Normalized compartment-specific global brain volumes were obtained from 3-tesla MRI as surrogates of atrophy, including gray matter fraction (GMF), white matter fraction (WMF), and total brain parenchymal fraction (BPF). Total brain T2 hyperintense lesion volume (T2LV) was quantified from fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Results: We found serum antibody patterns uniquely correlated with BPF, GMF, WMF, and T2LV. Furthermore, we identified immune signatures linked to MRI markers of neurodegeneration (BPF, GMF, WMF) that differentiated those linked to T2LV. Each MRI measure was correlated with a specific set of antibodies. Strikingly, immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to lipids were linked to brain MRI measures. Based on the association between IgG antibody reactivity and each unique MRI measure, we developed a lipid index. This comprised the reactivity directed against all of the lipids associated with each specific MRI measure. We validated these findings in an additional independent set of patients with MS (n = 14) and detected a similar trend for the correlations between BPF, GMF, and T2LV vs their respective lipid indexes. Conclusions: We propose serum antibody repertoires that are associated with MRI measures of cerebral MS involvement. Such antibodies may serve as biomarkers for monitoring disease pathology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bakshi
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ada Yeste
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bonny Patel
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shahamat Tauhid
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Subhash Tummala
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roya Rahbari
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Renxin Chu
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keren Regev
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center (R.B., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.C., H.L.W.) and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases (R.B., A.Y., B.P., R.R., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.), Neurology (R.B., A.Y., B.P., S. Tauhid, S. Tummala, R.R., R.C., K.R., P.K., H.L.W., F.J.Q.) and Radiology (R.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Sun X, Bakhti M, Fitzner D, Schnaars M, Kruse N, Coskun Ü, Kremser C, Willecke K, Kappos L, Kuhle J, Simons M. Quantified CSF antibody reactivity against myelin in multiple sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:1116-23. [PMID: 26734662 PMCID: PMC4693593 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synthesis of clonal IgG is a consistent feature of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Whether oligoclonal bands (OCBs) represent unspecific disease bystanders or active components in MS pathology is an open question. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantify and compare the reactivity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies from patients with and without MS. Methods We collected CSF from 262 patients from two different cohorts, which included 148 patients with MS and 114 with other neurological diseases (OND). We established a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL)‐based assay to measure CSF antibody reactivity against purified myelin particles and biotin anchored liposomes. The diagnostic value of the ECL score against myelin particles was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curves. Results CSF from patients with MS have higher reactivity toward purified myelin particles as compared to those with OND with OCBs. Using liposomes with defined lipid compositions and myelin particles from ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) knockout mice, we find that some of the CSF antibody reactivity is directed against cerebrosides. Conclusion The ECL‐based assay system expands the currently available toolbox for the detection of autoantibodies in MS and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen 37075 Germany; Department of Neurology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Mostafa Bakhti
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen 37075 Germany; Department of Neurology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany; Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen 37075 Germany; Department of Neurology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Mareike Schnaars
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen 37075 Germany; Department of Neurology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Niels Kruse
- Department of Neuropathology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany
| | - Ünal Coskun
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus at the TU Dresden Fetscherstrasse 74 Dresden 01307 Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Dresden Germany; Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics Dresden 01307 Germany
| | - Christiane Kremser
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn Carl-Troll-Strasse 31 Bonn 53115 Germany
| | - Klaus Willecke
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn Carl-Troll-Strasse 31 Bonn 53115 Germany
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine University Hospital Basel Basel 4031 Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Departments of Neurology and Biomedicine University Hospital Basel Basel 4031 Switzerland
| | - Mikael Simons
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen 37075 Germany; Department of Neurology University of Göttingen Göttingen 37075 Germany
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Abstract
The term "autoimmunity" refers to a pathological condition in which the immunological tolerance of self-antigens is broken through, cross-reactive T cells are activated, and autoantibodies are produced by B cells. The intricate interplay among those aberrantly activated immune cells as well as inflammatory cytokines secreted by them contributes to the development of proinflammatory cascade which eventually leads to the occurrence of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and organ damage. Autoimmune diseases occupy a broad spectrum of human diseases with more than 70 different disorders and afflict approximately 5-8 % of the world's population. AIDs can be categorized into organ-specific and systemic. Although the exact mechanism of AIDs remains elusive, it is generally believed that both genetic polymorphism and environmental exposure are involved in the development of AIDs. Aberrant epigenetic marks are also identified in patients with AIDs. In addition, dysregulation of innate immune system and molecular mimicry are indicated to play important roles in the initiation and maintenance of autoreactive inflammation. Based on the progress made in elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying AIDs, novel biomarkers for prediction, early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response, and therapeutic strategies are proposed, which represents a promising future in the battle against AIDs. However, challenges remain regarding the clinical application of these potential new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Renmin Middle Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People's Republic of China,
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Abstract
Ideal therapy for inflammatory disease in the nervous system would preserve normal immune function, while suppressing only the pathologic immune responses that damage tissue and allowing for repair. In principle, antigen-specific therapy would eradicate unwanted adaptive immune responses-antibody and T-cell mediated--while preserving the integrity of other adaptive responses to infectious agents and retaining the ability to fight malignancy. However, at this time, for multiple sclerosis (MS) we do not have compelling evidence that would support any particular dominant immune response to any specific antigen or even a limited group of antigens. In fact, there are adaptive immune responses to a wide swathe of proteins and lipids found on neurons and myelin in MS. Unless controlling a few of the known immune responses is sufficient, antigen-specific therapy in MS may not have enough of an impact to modulate clinical outcome. However, in other neuroinflammatory conditions, such as neuromyelitis optica, the adaptive immune response is highly focused. Trials of antigen-specific therapy for neuroinflammatory disease might first be tested in diseases with a more limited adaptive immune response like neuromyelitis optica. The likelihood of a significant success for this therapeutic strategy might then ensue.
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Raphael I, Webb J, Stuve O, Haskins W, Forsthuber T. Body fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: how far we have come and how they could affect the clinic now and in the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 11:69-91. [PMID: 25523168 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.991315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, which affects over 2.5 million people worldwide. Although MS has been extensively studied, many challenges still remain in regards to treatment, diagnosis and prognosis. Typically, prognosis and individual responses to treatment are evaluated by clinical tests such as the expanded disability status scale, MRI and presence of oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, none of these measures correlates strongly with treatment efficacy or disease progression across heterogeneous patient populations and subtypes of MS. Numerous studies over the past decades have attempted to identify sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment efficacy of MS. The objective of this article is to review and discuss the current literature on body fluid biomarkers in MS, including research on potential biomarker candidates in the areas of miRNA, mRNA, lipids and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- University of Texas San Antonio - Biology, San Antonio, TX, USA
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25
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Ljubisavljevic S. Oxidative Stress and Neurobiology of Demyelination. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:744-758. [PMID: 25502298 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a large amount of research which aims at defining the pathophysiology of human demyelination (i.e., multiple sclerosis), etiological bases of disease have been unknown so far. The point of intersection of all assumed etiological factors, which are mainly based upon immunological cascades, is neuroinflammation. The precise definition of the place and role of all pathogenetic factors in the occurrence and development of the disease is of crucial importance for understanding the clinical nature and for finding more effective therapeutic options. There are few studies whose results give more precise data about the role and the importance of other factors in neuroinflammation, besides immunological ones, with regard to clinical and paraclinical correlates of the disease. The review integrates results found in previously performed studies which have evaluated oxidative stress participation in early and late neuroinflammation. The largest number of studies indicates that the use of antioxidants affects the change of neuroinflammation course under experimental conditions, which is reflected in the reduction of the severity and the total reversibility in clinical presentation of the disease, the faster achieving of remission, and the delayed and slow course of neuroinflammation. Therapies based on the knowledge of redox biology targeting free radical generation hold great promise in modulation of the neuroinflammation and its clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Ljubisavljevic
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center Nis, Bul. Dr Zorana Djindjica 48, Nis, 18000, Serbia.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Bul. Dr Zorana Djindjica 81, Nis, 18000, Serbia.
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26
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Checa A, Khademi M, Sar DG, Haeggström JZ, Lundberg JO, Piehl F, Olsson T, Wheelock CE. Hexosylceramides as intrathecal markers of worsening disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 21:1271-9. [PMID: 25480867 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514561908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are important components of neurons and the myelin sheath whose levels are altered in multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sphingolipids can be used as markers of MS disease progression. METHODS Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we analysed sphingolipids in CSF from 134 individuals. The MS group included 65 patients divided into 41 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 24 progressive MS (ProgMS). In addition, a group of 13 early MS/clinically isolated syndrome (EarlyMS) and two control groups consisting of 38 individuals with other neurological diseases (OND) and 18 OND with signs of inflammation (iOND) were analysed. A follow-up study included 17 additional RRMS patients sampled at two time points 4.7±1.7 years apart. RESULTS Levels of sphingomyelin (SM)- and hexosylceramide (HexCer)-derived sphingolipids increased in the CSF of patients with MS independently of the fatty acid chain length in RRMS (p<0.05). Levels of palmitic acid (16:0)-containing HexCer (HexCer16:0) increased significantly in ProgMS compared with the OND (p<0.001), iOND (p<0.05) and EarlyMS (p<0.01) groups and correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale in RRMS in both studies (p=0.048; p=0.027). CONCLUSION HexCer16:0 is a promising candidate marker of disease progression in MS, especially in RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Checa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Sar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neuroimmunology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rahimi Z, Rahimi Z, Mohammadi F, Razazian N, Najafi F. Association of matrix metalloproteinase-7A-181G variants with the risk of multiple sclerosis. Per Med 2014; 11:727-733. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the influence of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) A-181G on the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurological disability. Patients & methods: The variants of MMP-7 were studied in 126 MS patients and 190 healthy controls. Results: The MMP-7 G allele and AG+GG genotype significantly increased the risk of MS in females (odds ratio: 1.59; p = 0.011) and patients with the age at disease onset of ≤19 years (odds ratio: 8.77; p = 0.038), respectively. Patients with clinical course of secondary progressive MS carriers of AG genotype had higher mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (4.9 ± 0.85; p = 0.01) compared with carriers of AA genotype (3.75 ± 0.41). Conclusion: The MMP-7 A-181G polymorphism might be associated with susceptibility to MS in females and individuals with the age at disease onset of ≤19 years and with neurological disability in secondary progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Razazian
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Mayo L, Trauger SA, Blain M, Nadeau M, Patel B, Alvarez JI, Mascanfroni ID, Yeste A, Kivisäkk P, Kallas K, Ellezam B, Bakshi R, Prat A, Antel JP, Weiner HL, Quintana FJ. Regulation of astrocyte activation by glycolipids drives chronic CNS inflammation. Nat Med 2014; 20:1147-56. [PMID: 25216636 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have complex roles in health and disease, thus it is important to study the pathways that regulate their function. Here we report that lactosylceramide (LacCer) synthesized by β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 6 (B4GALT6) is upregulated in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice during chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). LacCer acts in an autocrine manner to control astrocyte transcriptional programs that promote neurodegeneration. In addition, LacCer in astrocytes controls the recruitment and activation of microglia and CNS-infiltrating monocytes in a non-cell autonomous manner by regulating production of the chemokine CCL2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), respectively. We also detected high B4GALT6 gene expression and LacCer concentrations in CNS MS lesions. Inhibition of LacCer synthesis in mice suppressed local CNS innate immunity and neurodegeneration in EAE and interfered with the activation of human astrocytes in vitro. Thus, B4GALT6 regulates astrocyte activation and is a potential therapeutic target for MS and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Mayo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meghan Nadeau
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bonny Patel
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge I Alvarez
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Center for Excellence in Neuromics, Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ivan D Mascanfroni
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pia Kivisäkk
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith Kallas
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, University of Montreal and Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Research Lab, Center for Excellence in Neuromics, Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Mazuc E, Guglielmi L, Bec N, Parez V, Hahn CS, Mollevi C, Parrinello H, Desvignes JP, Larroque C, Jupp R, Dariavach P, Martineau P. In-cell intrabody selection from a diverse human library identifies C12orf4 protein as a new player in rodent mast cell degranulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104998. [PMID: 25122211 PMCID: PMC4133367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The high specificity of antibodies for their antigen allows a fine discrimination of target conformations and post-translational modifications, making antibodies the first choice tool to interrogate the proteome. We describe here an approach based on a large-scale intracellular expression and selection of antibody fragments in eukaryotic cells, so-called intrabodies, and the subsequent identification of their natural target within living cell. Starting from a phenotypic trait, this integrated system allows the identification of new therapeutic targets together with their companion inhibitory intrabody. We applied this system in a model of allergy and inflammation. We first cloned a large and highly diverse intrabody library both in a plasmid and a retroviral eukaryotic expression vector. After transfection in the RBL-2H3 rat basophilic leukemia cell line, we performed seven rounds of selection to isolate cells displaying a defect in FcεRI-induced degranulation. We used high throughput sequencing to identify intrabody sequences enriched during the course of selection. Only one intrabody was common to both plasmid and retroviral selections, and was used to capture and identify its target from cell extracts. Mass spectrometry analysis identified protein RGD1311164 (C12orf4), with no previously described function. Our data demonstrate that RGD1311164 is a cytoplasmic protein implicated in the early signaling events following FcεRI-induced cell activation. This work illustrates the strength of the intrabody-based in-cell selection, which allowed the identification of a new player in mast cell activation together with its specific inhibitor intrabody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Mazuc
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Guglielmi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Parez
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Chang S. Hahn
- Sanofi-Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Caroline Mollevi
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christian Larroque
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ray Jupp
- Sanofi-Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Piona Dariavach
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier2, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (PD); (PM)
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U896, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (PD); (PM)
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Vaughan K, Peters B, O'Connor KC, Martin R, Sette A. A molecular view of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis: what can we learn from the epitope data? J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:73-85. [PMID: 24365494 PMCID: PMC4784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An analysis to inventory all immune epitope data related to multiple sclerosis (MS) was performed using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The analysis revealed that MS related data represent >20% of all autoimmune data, and that studies of EAE predominate; only 22% of the references describe human data. To date, >5800 unique peptides, analogs, mimotopes, and/or non-protein epitopes have been reported from 861 references, including data describing myelin-containing, as well as non-myelin antigens. This work provides a reference point for the scientific community of the universe of available data for MS-related adaptive immunity in the context of EAE and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Moyano AL, Pituch K, Li G, van Breemen R, Mansson JE, Givogri MI. Levels of plasma sulfatides C18 : 0 and C24 : 1 correlate with disease status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2013; 127:600-4. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Moyano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Katarzyna Pituch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Guanan Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Jan E Mansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; College of Medicine; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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Ljubisavljevic S, Stojanovic I, Vojinovic S, Stojanov D, Stojanovic S, Kocic G, Savic D, Cvetkovic T, Pavlovic D. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma oxidative stress biomarkers in different clinical phenotypes of neuroinflammatory acute attacks. Conceptual accession: from fundamental to clinic. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:767-77. [PMID: 23677512 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is revealed as the main contributor in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation. Analyzing plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with different clinical phenotypes of neuroinflammation, defined as clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and those defined as relapsing remitting multiples sclerosis (RRMS), we tested peripheral and CNS oxidative stress intensity in these neuroinflammatory acute attacks. All obtained values changes were assessed regarding clinical and radiological features of CNS inflammation. The obtained results revealed an increase in malondialdehyde levels in plasma and CSF in CIS and RRMS patients compared to control values (p < 0.05). The obtained values were most prevailed in both study group, CIS and RRMS, in patients with severe clinical presentation (p < 0.05). Measured activities of catalase and total superoxide dismutase were higher in CIS and RRMS patients in plasma compared to control values (p < 0.05), parallel with an increased catalase activity and decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in CSF regarding values obtained in control group (p < 0.05). The positive correlations regarding clinical score were obtained for all tested biomarkers (p < 0.01). Although the positive correlations were observed in MDA levels in plasma and CSF, for both study patients, and their radiological findings (p < 0.01), and a negative correlation in plasma SOD activity and CIS patients' radiological findings (p < 0.01), no other similar correlations were obtained. These findings might be useful in providing the earliest antioxidative treatment in neuroinflammation aimed to preserve total and CNS antioxidative capacity parallel with delaying irreversible, later neurological disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Ljubisavljevic
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre Nis, Bul. Dr Zorana Djindjica 48, 18000, Nis, Serbia.
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CUZD1 and anti-CUZD1 antibodies as markers of cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:968041. [PMID: 23710207 PMCID: PMC3654630 DOI: 10.1155/2013/968041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CUZD1, the CUB, and zona pellucida-like domains-containing protein 1, is a newly identified antigen of pancreatic autoantibodies (PAB) giving a reticulogranular pattern in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, and in particular Crohn's disease. The exact mechanisms by which this pancreatic antigen becomes the target of IBD-specific pancreatic autoantibodies are unclear. At the same time, evolving data strongly support a role for CUZD1 in carcinogenesis. Human CUZD1 is mapped at chromosome 10q26.13 and the loss of this region is a frequent event in various malignant tumours. mRNA overexpression of CUZD1 has been noted in ovarian cancer and serum levels of CUZD1 are elevated in women with ovarian cancer and patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. CUZD1 appears to be one of the relatively few biomarkers that serve as both cancer biomarker and autoantigen of autoantibodies in an autoimmune disease unrelated to cancerous organs. This review discusses the role of CUZD1 in cancer and autoimmunity. We anticipate that a better understanding of the function of CUZD1 will help us to understand how it becomes the focus of an autoimmune attack specifically targeting the intestine and its enigmatic role in carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response involves the activation of heterogeneous populations of T cells and B cells that show different degrees of affinity and specificity for target antigens. Although several techniques have been developed to study the molecular pathways that control immunity, there is a need for high-throughput assays to monitor the specificity of the immune response. CONTENT Antigen microarrays provide a new tool to study the immune response. We reviewed the literature on antigen microarrays and their advantages and limitations, and we evaluated their use for the study of autoimmune diseases. Antigen arrays have been successfully used for several purposes in the investigation of autoimmune disorders: for disease diagnosis, to monitor disease progression and response to therapy, to discover mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to tailor antigen-specific therapies to the autoimmune response of individual patients. In this review we discuss the use of antigen microarrays for the study of 4 common autoimmune diseases and their animal models: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Antigen microarrays constitute a new tool for the investigation of the immune response in autoimmune disorders and also in other conditions such as tumors and allergies. Once current limitations are overcome, antigen microarrays have the potential to revolutionize the investigation and management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: An Up-to-Date Overview. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:340508. [PMID: 23401777 PMCID: PMC3564381 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the effort of establishing satisfactory biomarkers for multiple sclerosis has been proven to be very difficult, due to the clinical and pathophysiological complexities of the disease. Recent knowledge acquired in the domains of genomics-immunogenetics and neuroimmunology, as well as the evolution in neuroimaging, has provided a whole new list of biomarkers. This variety, though, leads inevitably to confusion in the effort of decision making concerning strategic and individualized therapeutics. In this paper, our primary goal is to provide the reader with a list of the most important characteristics that a biomarker must possess in order to be considered as reliable. Additionally, up-to-date biomarkers are further divided into three subgroups, genetic-immunogenetic, laboratorial, and imaging. The most important representatives of each category are presented in the text and for the first time in a summarizing workable table, in a critical way, estimating their diagnostic potential and their efficacy to correlate with phenotypical expression, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, disability, and therapeutical response. Special attention is given to the "gold standards" of each category, like HLA-DRB1∗ polymorphisms, oligoclonal bands, vitamin D, and conventional and nonconventional imaging techniques. Moreover, not adequately established but quite promising, recently characterized biomarkers, like TOB-1 polymorphisms, are further discussed.
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