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Rahman SO, Hussain S, Alzahrani A, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. Effect of statins on amyloidosis in the rodent models of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the preclinical meta-analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147115. [PMID: 32918868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown contrasting results in determining efficacy of statins against amyloid beta accumulation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of statin in AD. METHOD We searched PubMed and Embase for relevant preclinical studies. A meta-analysis of the statin's efficacy on amyloidosis and cognitive impairment was performed. Also, stratified analysis was performed on several covariates including the type of statin used, gender and age of rodents and duration of statin therapy, to account for the reported heterogeneity in the results obtained. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018102557). RESULT 17 studies including 22 comparisons, containing a sample size of 446 rodents, participated in the meta-analysis of statin's effect on overall Aβ deposition. Although the effect of statin on overall Aβ deposition was found to be protective (p < 0.00001) but as we categorized the efficacy of statin on different Aβ species (soluble and insoluble Aβ40/42) and Aβ plaque load, we found that significance in the protection decreased. A stratified meta-analysis demonstrated a significant role in the duration of statin supplements and rodent's age on the heterogeneity of the results. Statin administered to rodents for the longest duration (>6 months) and younger rodents (<6 months of age) demonstrated significant efficacy of statin on Aβ deposition. CONCLUSION Statin showed reduction in Aβ level but stratified analysis revealed that this effect of statin was dependent on rodent's age and duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Salman Hussain
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Pleiotropic effects of statins on brain cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183340. [PMID: 32387399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting with cholesterol homeostasis, the first part of the review addresses various aspects of cholesterol metabolism in neuronal and glial cells and the mutual crosstalk between the two cell types, particularly the transport of cholesterol from its site of synthesis to its target loci in neuronal cells, discussing the multiple mechanistic aspects and transporter systems involved. Statins are next analyzed from the point of view of their chemical structure and its impingement on their pharmacological properties and permeability through cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier in particular. The following section then discusses the transcriptional effects of statins and the changes they induce in brain cell genes associated with a variety of processes, including cell growth, signaling and trafficking, uptake and synthesis of cholesterol. We review the effects of statins at the cellular level, analyzing their impact on the cholesterol composition of the nerve and glial cell plasmalemma, neurotransmitter receptor mobilization, myelination, dendritic arborization of neurons, synaptic vesicle release, and cell viability. Finally, the role of statins in disease is exemplified by Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases and some forms of epilepsy, both in animal models and in the human form of these pathologies.
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Cacabelos R. Pleiotropy and promiscuity in pharmacogenomics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related risk factors. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer's disease are current consumers of polypharmacy with a high risk for drug–drug interactions. Antidementia drugs and other pharmacological treatments for vascular risk factors associated with dementia exert pleiotropic effects which are promiscuously regulated by different gene products. The aim of this review is to highlight the influence of genes involved in pharmacogenetics (i.e., pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter and pleiotropic genes) as major determinants of response to treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Patients harboring poor or ultrarapid geno-phenotypes display more irregular profiles in drug efficacy and safety than extensive or intermediate metabolizers. Polymorphic variants of genes associated with lipid metabolism influence the therapeutic response to hypolipemic agents. Understanding these effects is very useful for optimizing polytherapy in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science & Genomic Medicine, Corunna, Spain
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Continental University Medical School, Huancayo, Peru
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Martins YA, Tsuchida CJ, Antoniassi P, Demarchi IG. Efficacy and Safety of the Immunization with DNA for Alzheimer's Disease in Animal Models: A Systematic Review from Literature. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:195-217. [PMID: 30480238 PMCID: PMC6159633 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that does not have a proven cure; however, one of the most promising strategies for its treatment has been DNA vaccines. OBJECTIVE The present review is aimed to report the new developments of the efficacy and safety of DNA vaccines for AD in animal models. METHOD The method PRISMA was used for this review. The article search was made in the electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, and Scopus using the descriptors ''Alzheimer disease" and ''Vaccine, DNA". Articles published between January 2001 and September 2017 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. RESULTS Upon the consensus, the researchers identified 28 original articles. The studies showed satisfying results as for the decrease of amyloid plaques in mouse, rabbits, and monkeys brains using mostly the DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11, mainly with a gene gun. In addition to a reduction in tau by the first DNA vaccine (AV-1980D) targeting this protein. The use of adjuvants and boosters also had positive results as they increased the destruction of the amyloid plaques and induced an anti-inflammatory response profile without side effects. CONCLUSION The results of DNA vaccines targeting the amyloid-β and the tau protein with or without adjuvants and boosters were promising in reducing amyloid plaques and tau protein without side effects in animals. Although there are many vaccines being tested in animals, few reach clinical trials. Thus, as a future perspective, we suggest that clinical studies should be conducted with vaccines that have been promising in animal models (e.g., DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11).
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Beyond adjuvants: Antagonizing inflammation to enhance vaccine immunity. Vaccine 2016; 33 Suppl 2:B55-9. [PMID: 26022570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of the first vaccine over 200 years ago, vaccines have saved millions of lives and have become the most cost-effective modern medical intervention. However, over 70 years ago, Freund recognized that the effectiveness of the vaccine-induced immune responses could be vastly improved via the co-delivery of inflammation-induced agents, giving birth to the adjuvant field. Since the first description of adjuvants, revolutionary discoveries, including the discovery of dendritic cells and pattern recognition receptors, that drive remarkably different biological profiles, have opened the landscape of opportunities for the development of novel adjuvants able to trigger a remarkably diverse inflammatory profiles, thereby qualitatively and quantitatively skewing adaptive immunity in a tailored manner against target pathogens. However, mounting data point to a critical role for pre-existing inflammation as a predictor of vaccine responsiveness. Thus, in this review we will discuss novel opportunities by which pre-existing inflammation may be modulated, skewed, or tuned via next-generation vaccine approaches to enhanced vaccine-induced immunity in the elderly, immunocompromised, or subjects with chronic diseases.
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Zhou X, Li Y, Shi X, Ma C. An overview on therapeutics attenuating amyloid β level in Alzheimer's disease: targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cholesterol levels. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:246-69. [PMID: 27158324 PMCID: PMC4846881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common underlying cause of dementia, and novel drugs for its treatment are needed. Of the different theories explaining the development and progression of AD, "amyloid hypothesis" is the most supported by experimental data. This hypothesis states that the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that congregate with formation and deposition of Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Risk factors including neurotransmitter modulation, chronic inflammation, metal-induced oxidative stress and elevated cholesterol levels are key contributors to the disease progress. Current therapeutic strategies abating AD progression are primarily based on anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The AChE inhibitor, donepezil, is proven to strengthen cognitive functions and appears effective in treating moderate to severe AD patients. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, is also useful, and its combination with donepezil demonstrated a strong stabilizing effect in clinical studies on AD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delayed the onset and progression of AD and attenuated cognitive dysfunction. Based upon epidemiological evidence and animal studies, antioxidants emerged as potential AD preventive agents; however, clinical trials revealed inconsistencies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling demonstrated pleiotropic functions of the hypolipidemic class of drugs, statins, potentially contributing towards the prevention of AD. In addition, targeting the APP processing pathways, stimulating neuroprotective signaling mechanisms, using the amyloid anti-aggregants and Aβ immunotherapy surfaced as well-tested strategies in reducing the AD-like pathology. Overall, this review covers mechanism of inducing the Aβ formation, key risk factors and major therapeutics prevalent in the AD treatment nowadays. It also delineates the need for novel screening approaches towards identifying drugs that may prevent or at least limit the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Li
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
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Kou J, Yang J, Lim JE, Pattanayak A, Song M, Planque S, Paul S, Fukuchi KI. Catalytic immunoglobulin gene delivery in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 51:43-56. [PMID: 24733587 PMCID: PMC4198531 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) in the brain is hypothesized to be a causal event leading to dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ vaccination removes Aβ deposits from the brain. Aβ immunotherapy, however, may cause T cell- and/or Fc-receptor-mediated brain inflammation and relocate parenchymal Aβ deposits to blood vessels leading to cerebral hemorrhages. Because catalytic antibodies do not form stable immune complexes and Aβ fragments produced by catalytic antibodies are less likely to form aggregates, Aβ-specific catalytic antibodies may have safer therapeutic profiles than reversibly-binding anti-Aβ antibodies. Additionally, catalytic antibodies may remove Aβ more efficiently than binding antibodies because a single catalytic antibody can hydrolyze thousands of Aβ molecules. We previously isolated Aβ-specific catalytic antibody, IgVL5D3, with strong Aβ-hydrolyzing activity. Here, we evaluated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of brain-targeted IgVL5D3 gene delivery via recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) in an AD mouse model. One single injection of rAAV9-IgVL5D3 into the right ventricle of AD model mice yielded widespread, high expression of IgVL5D3 in the unilateral hemisphere. IgVL5D3 expression was readily detectable in the contralateral hemisphere but to a much lesser extent. IgVL5D3 expression was also confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid. Prophylactic and therapeutic injection of rAAV9-IgVL5D3 reduced Aβ load in the ipsilateral hippocampus of AD model mice. No evidence of hemorrhages, increased vascular amyloid deposits, increased proinflammatory cytokines, or infiltrating T-cells in the brains was found in the experimental animals. AAV9-mediated anti-Aβ catalytic antibody brain delivery can be prophylactic and therapeutic options for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Kou
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Jeong-Eun Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Abhinandan Pattanayak
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Min Song
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
| | - Stephanie Planque
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sudhir Paul
- Chemical Immunology Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois 61656, USA
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Chronic heart damage following doxorubicin treatment is alleviated by lovastatin. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:47-56. [PMID: 25462173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer efficacy of anthracyclines is limited by cumulative dose-dependent early and delayed cardiotoxicity resulting in congestive heart failure. Mechanisms responsible for anthracycline-induced heart damage are controversially discussed and effective preventive measures are preferable. Here, we analyzed the influence of the lipid lowering drug lovastatin on anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity three month after treatment of C57BL/6 mice with five low doses of doxorubicin (5×3mg/kg BW; i.p.). Doxorubicin increased the cardiac mRNA levels of BNP, IL-6 and CTGF, while the expression of ANP remained unchanged. Lovastatin counteracted these persisting cardiac stress responses evoked by the anthracycline. Doxorubicin-induced fibrotic alterations were neither detected by histochemical collagen staining of heart sections nor by analysis of the mRNA expression of collagens. Extensive qRT-PCR-array based analyses revealed a large increase in the mRNA level of heat shock protein Hspa1b in doxorubicin-treated mice, which was mitigated by lovastatin co-treatment. Electron microscopy together with qPCR-based analysis of mitochondrial DNA content indicate that lovastatin attenuates doxorubicin-stimulated hyperproliferation of mitochondria. This was not paralleled by increased expression of oxidative stress responsive genes or senescence-associated proteins. Echocardiographic analyses disclosed that lovastatin protects from the doxorubicin-induced decrease in the left ventricular posterior wall diameter (LVPWD), while constrictions in fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) evoked by doxorubicin were not amended by the statin. Taken together, the data suggest beneficial effects of lovastatin against doxorubicin-induced delayed cardiotoxicity. Clinical studies are preferable to scrutinize the usefulness of statins for the prevention of anthracycline-induced late cardiotoxicity.
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Gelzleichter TR, Halpern W, Erwin R, Baruch A, Leabman M, Forrest AS, Satterwhite CM, Peng K, Chilton J, Stevens D. Combined Administration of RG7652, a Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibody Against PCSK9, and Atorvastatin Does Not Result in Reduction of Immune Function. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:470-80. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Sun JH, Yu JT, Tan L. The Role of Cholesterol Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:947-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bustamante A, Montaner J. Statin Therapy Should Not be Discontinued in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2013; 44:2060-1. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Bustamante
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- From the Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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