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Li G, Tang L, Hou C, Wang Z, Gao Y, Dou S, Mo R, Hao Y, Gao Z, Li Y, Dong J, Zhang J, Shen B, Wang R, Han G. Peripheral Injection of Tim-3 Antibody Attenuates VSV Encephalitis by Enhancing MHC-I Presentation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667478. [PMID: 34025669 PMCID: PMC8138436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is the most common cause of encephalitis. It is responsible for high morbidity rates, permanent neurological sequelae, and even high mortality rates. The host immune response plays a critical role in preventing or clearing invading pathogens, especially when effective antiviral treatment is lacking. However, due to blockade of the blood-brain barrier, it remains unclear how peripheral immune cells contribute to the fight against intracerebral viruses. Here, we report that peripheral injection of an antibody against human Tim-3, an immune checkpoint inhibitor widely expressed on immune cells, markedly attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) encephalitis, marked by decreased mortality and improved neuroethology in mice. Peripheral injection of Tim-3 antibody enhanced the recruitment of immune cells to the brain, increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) on macrophages, and as a result, promoted the activation of VSV-specific CD8+ T cells. Depletion of macrophages abolished the peripheral injection-mediated protection against VSV encephalitis. Notably, for the first time, we found a novel post-translational modification of MHC-I by Tim-3, wherein, by enhancing the expression of MARCH9, Tim-3 promoted the proteasome-dependent degradation of MHC-I via K48-linked ubiquitination in macrophages. These results provide insights into the immune response against intracranial infections; thus, manipulating the peripheral immune cells with Tim-3 antibody to fight viruses in the brain may have potential applications for combating viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiding Wang
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaijie Dou
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongliang Mo
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenfang Gao
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Di Benedetto G, Burgaletto C, Carta AR, Saccone S, Lempereur L, Mulas G, Loreto C, Bernardini R, Cantarella G. Beneficial effects of curtailing immune susceptibility in an Alzheimer's disease model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:166. [PMID: 31409354 PMCID: PMC6693231 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no effective therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease, the most common, multifactorial form of dementia, characterized by anomalous amyloid accumulation in the brain. Growing evidence points to neuroinflammation as a major promoter of AD. We have previously shown that the proinflammatory cytokine TNFSF10 fuels AD neuroinflammation, and that its immunoneutralization results in improved cognition in the 3xTg-AD mouse. METHODS Here, we hypothesize that inflammatory hallmarks of AD might parallel with central and peripheral immune response dysfunction. To verify such hypothesis, we used a triple transgenic mouse model of AD. 3xTg-AD mice were treated for 12 months with an anti-TNFSF10 antibody, and thereafter immune/inflammatory markers including COX2, iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α, CD3, GITR, and FoxP3 (markers of regulatory T cells) were measured in the spleen as well as in the hippocampus. RESULTS Spleens displayed accumulation of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42), as well as high expression of Treg cell markers FoxP3 and GITR, in parallel with the increased levels of inflammatory markers COX2, iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α, and blunted IL-10 expression. Moreover, CD3 expression was increased in the hippocampus, consistently with FoxP3 and GITR. After chronic treatment of 3xTg-AD mice with an anti-TNFSF10 antibody, splenic FoxP3, GITR, and the above-mentioned inflammatory markers expression was restored to basal levels, while expression of IL-10 was increased. A similar picture was observed in the hippocampus. Such improvement of peripheral and CNS inflammatory/immune response was associated with decreased microglial activity in terms of TNFα production, as well as decreased expression of both amyloid and phosphorylated tau protein in the hippocampus of treated 3xTg-AD mice. Interestingly, we also reported an increased expression of both CD3 and FoxP3, in sections from human AD brain. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that neuroinflammation in the brain of 3xTg-AD mice triggered by TNFSF10 might result in a more general overshooting of the immune response. Treatment with an anti-TNFSF10 antibody blunted inflammatory processes both in the spleen and hippocampus. These data confirm the detrimental role of TNFSF10 in neurodegeneration, and corroborate the hypothesis of the anti-TNFSF10 strategy as a potential treatment to improve outcomes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Benedetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laurence Lempereur
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy & Histology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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3
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Lind L, Eriksson K, Grahn A. Chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system complications caused by varicella-zoster virus. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:42. [PMID: 30777092 PMCID: PMC6378740 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a common viral agent causing central nervous system (CNS) infections including encephalitis, meningitis, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Neurological complications occur frequently despite antiviral treatment. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokines are involved in the neuroinflammatory response during CNS infection. Their role in VZV CNS infections and how they differ between different CNS entities caused by VZV are poorly investigated. METHODS We analyzed the levels of 30 chemokines and 9 MMPs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 66 patients with VZV CNS infections diagnosed by detection of VZV DNA in CSF and concomitant neurological symptoms and compared with a control group (n = 24). RESULTS Levels of CCL19, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were significantly increased and surpassing the levels in serum when analyzing all patients with VZV CNS infections whereas CXCL11 was only increased in CSF of patients with VZV meningitis. MMP-2-levels were highly elevated in CSF of all 66 VZV patients. The patients with encephalitis had the most significantly increased levels of MMPs in CSF, and MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-12 were exclusively increased in this group, whereas MMP-9 in CSF was increased in the patients with VZV meningitis. CONCLUSIONS We show that both chemokines and MMPs are elevated in the CSF of patients with VZV CNS infections. Encephalitis and meningitis patients differed with respect to other chemokines (CXCL11) and MMPs (MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12), indicating that different location of the virus gives rise to qualitative differences in the ensuing inflammatory response. In addition, the pronounced increase of MMPs in CSF of the patients with encephalitis suggests an association to the severity of this manifestation, compared to VZV meningitis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. The role of MMPs in association to chemokines should be further investigated to evaluate their significance in the neuropathogenesis of VZV CNS infections and as a potential target for new treatment alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Grahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Keck F, Khan D, Roberts B, Agrawal N, Bhalla N, Narayanan A. Mitochondrial-Directed Antioxidant Reduces Microglial-Induced Inflammation in Murine In Vitro Model of TC-83 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110606. [PMID: 30400156 PMCID: PMC6266753 DOI: 10.3390/v10110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an arbovirus that is associated with robust inflammation that contributes to neurodegenerative phenotypes. In addition to triggering central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, VEEV will also induce mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in increased cellular apoptosis. In this study, we utilize the TC-83 strain of VEEV to determine the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in mediating inflammation elicited by murine brain microglial cells. Using an in vitro model, we show that murine microglia are susceptible to TC-83 infection, and that these cells undergo mitochondrial stress as the result of infection. We also indicate that bystander microglia contribute more significantly to the overall inflammatory load than directly infected microglia. Use of a mitochondrial targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone mesylate, greatly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines released by both direct infected and bystander microglia. Our data suggest that release of interleukin-1β, a key instigator of neuroinflammation during VEEV infection, may be the direct result of accumulating mitochondrial stress. This data improves our understanding inflammation elicited by murine microglia and will aid in the development of more accurate in vitro and in vivo murine model of VEEV-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Keck
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Daud Khan
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Brian Roberts
- Leidos Health Sciences, 5202 Presidents Court, Suite 110, Frederick, MD 21704, USA.
| | - Nitin Agrawal
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Nishank Bhalla
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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Ciavarra RP, Machida M, Lundberg PS, Gauronskas P, Wellman LL, Steel C, Aflatooni JO, Sanford LD. Controllable and uncontrollable stress differentially impact pathogenicity and survival in a mouse model of viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:130-141. [PMID: 29580714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal instillation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) into mice given controllable stress (modeled by escapable foot shock, ES) resulted in enhanced pathogenicity and decreased survival relative to infected mice given uncontrollable stress (modeled by inescapable foot shock, IS) and non-shocked control mice. Survival likely reflected differential cytokine gene expression that may have been regulated by miR146a, a predicted stress-responsive upstream regulator. Controllability also enhanced the accumulation of brain T resident memory cells that persisted long after viral clearance. The unexpected facilitatory effect of ES on antiviral neuroimmune responses and pathogenicity may arise from differential immunoactivating and immunosuppressive effects of uncontrollable and controllable stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ciavarra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular and Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States.
| | - Mayumi Machida
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Patric S Lundberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Phillip Gauronskas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Christina Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Justin O Aflatooni
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
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6
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Thomas K, Metz I, Tumani H, Brück W, Ziemssen T. 6-sulpho LacNAc(+) dendritic cells accumulate in various inflammatory, but not ischaemic conditions of the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 42:394-8. [PMID: 26844946 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Thomas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Metz
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Tumani
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - W Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - T Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Ciavarra RP, Lundberg P, Machida M, Ambrozewicz MA, Wellman LL, Breving K, Steel C, Sanford LD. Early gene activation initiates neuroinflammation prior to VSV neuroinvasion: Impact on antiviral responses and sleep. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 303:31-42. [PMID: 28041664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is rapidly and persistently suppressed during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) encephalitis in C57Bl/6J (B6) mice. REM sleep suppression was associated with a complex global brain chemokine/cytokine response with bimodal kinetics although regionally distinct cytokine profiles were readily identified. Cytokine mRNA was translated either immediately or suppressed until the pathogen was cleared from the CNS. Innate signaling pathway (TLRs, RIG-I) activation occurred rapidly and sequentially prior to VSV neuroinvasion suggesting that antiviral states are quickly established in the CNS in advance of viral pathogen penetration. Il1β suppressed REM sleep mimicking aspects of VSV-induced sleep alterations whereas some robustly induced chemokines may be protective of REM. Thus, multiple brain chemokines may mediate sleep across VSV encephalitis via differential somnogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ciavarra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States.
| | - Patric Lundberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Mayumi Machida
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Marta A Ambrozewicz
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Kimberly Breving
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Christina Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
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Mesquita L, Bruhn F, Maiorka P, Howerth E. Expression Kinetics of RANTES and MCP-1 in the Brain of Deer Mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) Infected with Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey Virus. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:326-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Manohar S, Dahar K, Adler HJ, Dalian D, Salvi R. Noise-induced hearing loss: Neuropathic pain via Ntrk1 signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 75:101-12. [PMID: 27473923 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe noise-induced damage to the inner ear leads to auditory nerve fiber degeneration thereby reducing the neural input to the cochlear nucleus (CN). Paradoxically, this leads to a significant increase in spontaneous activity in the CN which has been linked to tinnitus, hyperacusis and ear pain. The biological mechanisms that lead to an increased spontaneous activity are largely unknown, but could arise from changes in glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission or neuroinflammation. To test this hypothesis, we unilaterally exposed rats for 2h to a 126dB SPL narrow band noise centered at 12kHz. Hearing loss measured by auditory brainstem responses exceeded 55dB from 6 to 32kHz. The mRNA from the exposed CN was harvested at 14 or 28days post-exposure and qRT-PCR analysis was performed on 168 genes involved in neural inflammation, neuropathic pain and glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission. Expression levels of mRNA of Slc17a6 and Gabrg3, involved in excitation and inhibition respectively, were significantly increased at 28days post-exposure, suggesting a possible role in the CN spontaneous hyperactivity associated with tinnitus and hyperacusis. In the pain and inflammatory array, noise exposure upregulated mRNA expression levels of four pain/inflammatory genes, Tlr2, Oprd1, Kcnq3 and Ntrk1 and decreased mRNA expression levels of two more genes, Ccl12 and Il1β. Pain/inflammatory gene expression changes via Ntrk1 signaling may induce sterile inflammation, neuropathic pain, microglial activation and migration of nerve fibers from the trigeminal, cuneate and vestibular nuclei into the CN. These changes could contribute to somatic tinnitus, hyperacusis and otalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilvelan Manohar
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
| | - Kimberly Dahar
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Henry J Adler
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Ding Dalian
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing & Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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11
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Appolinario CM, Allendorf SD, Peres MG, Fonseca CR, Vicente AF, Antunes JMADP, Pantoja JCF, Megid J. Evaluation of short-interfering RNAs treatment in experimental rabies due to wild-type virus. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:453-8. [PMID: 26254692 PMCID: PMC9427455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the efficacy of short-interfering RNAs targeting the nucleoprotein gene and also the brain immune response in treated and non-treated infected mice. Mice were inoculated with wild-type virus, classified as dog (hv2) or vampire bat (hv3) variants and both groups were treated or leaved as controls. No difference was observed in the lethality rate between treated and non-treated groups, although clinical evaluation of hv2 infected mice showed differences in the severity of clinical disease (p = 0.0006). Evaluation of brain immune response 5 days post-inoculation in treated hv2 group showed no difference among the analyzed genes, whereas after 10 days post-inoculation there was increased expression of 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 12, interferon gamma, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 associated with higher expression of N gene in the same period (p < 0.0001). In hv2 non-treated group only higher interferon beta expression was found at day 5. The observed differences in results of the immune response genes between treated and non-treated groups is not promising as they had neither impact on mortality nor even a reduction in the expression of N gene in siRNA treated animals. This finding suggests that the use of pre-designed siRNA alone may not be useful in rabies treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Michele Appolinario
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan Dora Allendorf
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Gea Peres
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Clovis Reynaldo Fonseca
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Acacia Ferreira Vicente
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo Azevedo de Paula Antunes
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Figueiredo Pantoja
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (DHVSP-FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Ansari AR, Wen L, Huang HB, Wang JX, Huang XY, Peng KM, Liu HZ. Lipopolysaccharide stimulation upregulated Toll-like receptor 4 expression in chicken cerebellum. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:145-50. [PMID: 26049167 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Le Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hai-Bo Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xi-Yao Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ke-Mei Peng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Xiao Y, Jin J, Zou Q, Hu H, Cheng X, Sun SC. Peli1 negatively regulates type I interferon induction and antiviral immunity in the CNS. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:34. [PMID: 26131354 PMCID: PMC4486122 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type I interferons (IFN-Is) serve as mediators of antiviral innate immunity and also regulate adaptive immune responses. The molecular mechanism that regulates virus-induced IFN-I production, particularly in tissue-resident immune cells, is incompletely understood. Results Here we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Peli1 as a negative regulator of IFN-I induction in microglia, innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Peli1 deficiency profoundly promoted IFN-β expression in microglia in response to in vitro stimulation by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands or a CNS-tropic virus, the vascular stomatitis virus (VSV). Upon intranasal infection with VSV, the Peli1-deficient mice displayed heightened in vivo IFN-I responses in the CNS, coupled with reduced brain viral titer and increased survival rate. Conclusions These results establish Peli1 as an innate immune regulator in the CNS that modulates the threshold of IFN-I responses against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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The many roads to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuroimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders. BMC Med 2015; 13:68. [PMID: 25889215 PMCID: PMC4382850 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in oxidative metabolism are a characteristic feature of many chronic illnesses not currently classified as mitochondrial diseases. Examples of such illnesses include bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, autism, and chronic fatigue syndrome. DISCUSSION While the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis appear to have widespread mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ATP production, the findings in patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, autism, depression, bipolar disorder schizophrenia and chronic fatigue syndrome are less consistent, likely reflecting the fact that these diagnoses do not represent a disease with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology. However, investigations have revealed the presence of chronic oxidative stress to be an almost invariant finding in study cohorts of patients afforded each diagnosis. This state is characterized by elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and/or reduced levels of glutathione, and goes hand in hand with chronic systemic inflammation with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SUMMARY This paper details mechanisms by which elevated levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species together with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines could conspire to pave a major road to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired oxidative metabolism seen in many patients diagnosed with these disorders.
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