1
|
Aboutaleb AS, Allam A, Zaky HS, Harras MF, Farag FSAA, Abdel-Sattar SA, El-Said NT, Ahmed HI, Abd El-Mordy FM. Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-nociceptive effect of myricitrin against reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model in rats: Implication of SIRT1 and miRNAs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118623. [PMID: 39059685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, also termed sapodilla or chikoo, is a significant plant in ethnomedicine because of its long history of traditional medical applications. In diverse cultures, sapodilla is believed to protect against oxidative stress, inflammation, and some chronic diseases because of its high antioxidant content. The naturally occurring antioxidant myricitrin (MYR) flavonoid is primarily found in the leaves and other plant parts of sapodilla and it is well-known for having therapeutic qualities and possible health advantages. AIM OF THE STUDY To appraise the possible impact of MYR on a rat model of reserpine-induced fibromyalgia (FM) and explore its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation and identification of MYR with more than 99% purity from Manilkara zapota leaves were primarily done and confirmed through chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. To develop FM model, reserpine (RSP) was injected daily (1 mg/kg, s.c.) for three successive days. Then, MYR (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and pregabalin (PGB, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) were given daily for another five days. Behavioral changes were assessed through open field test (OFT), hot plate test, and forced swimming test (FST). Further analyses of different brain parameters and signaling pathways were performed to assess monoamines levels, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptotic changes as well as silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) expressions. RESULTS From High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the methanol extract of sapodilla leaves contains 166.17 μg/ml of MYR. Results of behavioral tests showed a significant improvement in RSP-induced nociceptive stimulation, reduced locomotion and exploration and depressive-like behavior by MYR. Biochemical analyses showed that MYR significantly ameliorated the RSP-induced imbalance in brain monoamine neurotransmitters. In addition, MYR significantly attenuated oxidative stress elicited by RSP via up-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expressions, enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content in brain. The RSP-provoked inflammatory response was also diminished by MYR treatment as shown by a significant decreased NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome expression along with reduced levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic activity of MYR was demonstrated by a marked rise in Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)/B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ratio by lowering Bcl-2 while increasing BAX levels. In addition, MYR treatment significantly boosted the expression of SIRT1 deacetylase in RSP-treated animals. Interestingly, molecular docking showed the ability of MYR to form a stable complex in the binding site of SIRT1. Regarding miRNAs, MYR effectively ameliorated RSP-induced changes in miR-320 and miR-107 gene expressions. CONCLUSION Our findings afford new insights into the anti-nociceptive profile of MYR in the RSP-induced FM model in rats. The underlying mechanisms involved direct binding and activation of SIRT1 to influence different signaling cascades, including Nrf2 and NF-κB/NLRP3 together with modulation of miRNAs. However, more in-depth studies are needed before proposing MYR as a new clinically relevant drug in the management of FM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amany S Aboutaleb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Albatoul Allam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba S Zaky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa F Harras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Sayed Abdel-Aal Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Somaia A Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nermin T El-Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatalla I Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Mohamed Abd El-Mordy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang L, Li Z, Lv Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Y, Yu C. Unveiling disulfidptosis-related biomarkers and predicting drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20185. [PMID: 39215110 PMCID: PMC11364544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the predominant form of dementia, and disulfidptosis is the latest reported mode of cell death that impacts various disease processes. This study used bioinformatics to analyze genes associated with disulfidptosis in Alzheimer's disease comprehensively. Based on the public datasets, the differentially expressed genes associated with disulfidptosis were identified, and immune cell infiltration was investigated through correlation analysis. Subsequently, hub genes were determined by a randomforest model. A prediction model was constructed using logistic regression. In addition, the drug-target affinity was predicted by a graph neural network model, and the results were validated by molecular docking. Five hub genes (PPEF1, NEUROD6, VIP, NUPR1, and GEM) were identified. The gene set showed significant enrichment for AD-related pathways. The logistic regression model demonstrated an AUC of 0.952, with AUC values of 0.916 and 0.864 in validated datasets. The immune infiltration analysis revealed significant heterogeneity between the Alzheimer's disease and control groups. High-affinity drugs for hub genes were identified. Through our study, a disease prediction model was constructed using potential biomarkers, and drugs targeting the genes were predicted. These results contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengtai Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yitong Lv
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | | | - Yifan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yingji Li
- ICE Bioscience Inc., Beijing, 100176, China.
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Xu S, Pan X, Xin W, Cao W, Ma W, Li L, Shen Q, Li Z. Psoralen protects neurons and alleviates neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization via inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112493. [PMID: 38897126 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is closely associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Psoralen has potential for the treatment of many diseases, however, the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen have been unclear. This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of psoralen and its regulation of microglial M1/M2 polarization. The LPS-induced mice model was used to test anti-neuroinflammatory effects, regulatory effects on microglia polarization, and neuroprotective effects of psoralen in vivo. The LPS-induced BV2 model was used to test the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and the regulatory effects and mechanisms on microglial M1/M2 polarization of psoralen in vitro. PC12 cell model induced by conditioned medium of BV2 cells was used to validate the protective effects of psoralen against neuroinflammation-induced neuronal damage. These results showed that psoralen inhibited the expression of iNOS, CD86, and TNF-α, and increased the expression of Arg-1, CD206, and IL-10. These results indicated that psoralen inhibited the M1 microglial phenotype and promoted the M2 microglial phenotype. Further studies showed that psoralen inhibited the phosphorylation of Fyn and PKCδ, thereby inhibiting activation of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways and suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia. Furthermore, psoralen reduced oxidative stress, neuronal damage, and apoptosis via inhibition of neuroinflammation. For the first time, this study showed that psoralen protected neurons and alleviated neuroinflammation by regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization, which may be mediated by inhibition of the Fyn-PKCδ pathway. Thus, psoralen may be a potential agent in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Sai Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenli Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenya Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, Chen L, Xing J, Shi X, Xu C. Reduction of TRPV1 expression on neurons due to downregulation of P2X7R in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion satellite glial cells under co-culture conditions. Biol Cell 2024:e2400021. [PMID: 39159475 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel that transmits extracellular signals and induces corresponding biological effects, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that maintains normal physiological functions; numerous studies showed that P2X7R and TRPV1 are associated with inflammatory reactions. RESULTS The effect of P2X7R knockdown in satellite glial cells (SGCs) on neuronal TRPV1 expression under high glucose and high free fat (HGHF) environment was investigated. P2X7 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was utilized to downregulate P2X7R in SGCs, and treated and untreated SGCs were co-cultured with neuronal cell lines. The expression levels of inflammatory factors and signaling pathways in SGCs and neurons were measured using Western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results suggested that P2X7 shRNA reduced the expression levels of P2X7R protein and mRNA in SGCs surrounding DRG neurons and downregulated the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta via the Ca2+/p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Additionally, the downregulation of P2X7R might decrease TRPV1 expression in neurons via the Ca2+/PKC-ɛ/p38 MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Reducing P2X7R expression in SCGs in an HGHF environment could decrease neuronal TRPV1 expression via the Ca2+/PKC-ɛ/p38 MAPK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
- College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Juping Xing
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Xiangchao Shi
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
- The Clinical Medical School, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nagayach A, Bhaskar R, Ghosh S, Singh KK, Han SS, Sinha JK. Advancing the understanding of diabetic encephalopathy through unravelling pathogenesis and exploring future treatment perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102450. [PMID: 39134179 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE), a significant micro-complication of diabetes, manifests as neurochemical, structural, behavioral, and cognitive alterations. This condition is especially dangerous for the elderly because aging raises the risk of neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment, both of which can be made worse by diabetes. Despite its severity, diagnosis of this disease is challenging, and there is a paucity of information on its pathogenesis. The pivotal roles of various cellular pathways, activated or influenced by hyperglycemia, insulin sensitivity, amyloid accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, brain vasculopathy, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, are widely recognized for contributing to the potential causes of diabetic encephalopathy. We also reviewed current pharmacological strategies for DE encompassing a comprehensive approach targeting metabolic dysregulations and neurological manifestations. Antioxidant-based therapies hold promise in mitigating oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage, while anti-diabetic drugs offer neuroprotective effects through diverse mechanisms, including modulation of insulin signaling pathways and neuroinflammation. Additionally, tissue engineering and nanomedicine-based approaches present innovative strategies for targeted drug delivery and regenerative therapies for DE. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in translating these therapeutic interventions into clinical practice, including long-term safety, scalability, and regulatory approval. Further research is warranted to optimize these approaches and address remaining gaps in the management of DE and associated neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301 India
| | - Krishna Kumar Singh
- Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Rajiv Gandhi InfoTech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang M, Liang C, Chen X, Cai Y, Cui L. Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1718-1727. [PMID: 38103237 PMCID: PMC10960290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Esmaealzadeh N, Miri MS, Mavaddat H, Peyrovinasab A, Ghasemi Zargar S, Sirous Kabiri S, Razavi SM, Abdolghaffari AH. The regulating effect of curcumin on NF-κB pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of the underlying mechanisms. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:2125-2151. [PMID: 38769198 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are part of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders that indicate their presence with neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Several pathophysiological factors and biomarkers are involved in this inflammatory process causing these neurological disorders. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is an inflammation element, which induced transcription and appears to be one of the important players in physiological procedures, especially nervous disorders. NF-κB can impact upon series of intracellular actions and induce or inhibit many inflammation-related pathways. Multiple reports have focused on the modification of NF-κB activity, controlling its expression, translocation, and signaling pathway in neurodegenerative disorders and injuries like Alzheimer's disease (AD), spinal cord injuries (SCI), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Curcumin has been noted to be a popular anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory substance and is the foremost natural compound produced by turmeric. According to various studies, when playing an anti-inflammatory role, it interacts with several modulating proteins of long-standing disease signaling pathways and has an unprovocative consequence on pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review article determined to figure out curcumin's role in limiting the promotion of neurodegenerative disease via influencing the NF-κB signaling route. Preclinical studies were gathered from plenty of scientific platforms including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to evaluate this hypothesis. Extracted findings from the literature review explained the repressing impact of Curcumin on the NF-κB signaling pathway and, occasionally down-regulating the cytokine expression. Yet, there is an essential need for further analysis and specific clinical experiments to fully understand this subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Esmaealzadeh
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Traditional Persian Medicine and Complementary Medicine (PerCoMed) Student Association, Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdis Sadat Miri
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Mavaddat
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Peyrovinasab
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghasemi Zargar
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Sirous Kabiri
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehrad Razavi
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prajapati SK, Pathak A, Samaiya PK. Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1231-1254. [PMID: 39046584 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Bhavdiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Ayodhya, UP, India
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
| | - Arjit Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet K Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, 452003, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jain S, Murmu A, Patel S. Elucidating the therapeutic mechanism of betanin in Alzheimer's Disease treatment through network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1175-1187. [PMID: 38995496 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Betanin, a natural compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown promise in mitigating Alzheimer's disease (AD) by reducing amyloid plaque production. Employing network pharmacology, this study aimed to elucidate betanin's therapeutic mechanism in AD treatment. Through integrated analyses utilizing SwissTargetPrediction, STITCH, BindingDB, Therapeutic Target Database (TTD), and OMIM databases, potential protein targets of betanin in AD were predicted. Gene ontology analysis facilitated the identification of 49 putative AD targets. Subsequent gene enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed associations between these targets and AD. Network pharmacology techniques and molecular docking aided in prioritizing essential genes, with APP, CASP7, ITPR1, CASP8, CASP3, ITPR3, and NF-KB1 emerging as top candidates. The results provide novel insights into betanin's therapeutic efficacy, shedding light on its potential clinical application in AD treatment. By targeting key genes implicated in AD pathology, betanin demonstrates promise as a valuable addition to existing therapeutic strategies. This holistic approach emphasizes the relevance of network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis in understanding natural chemical disease therapy processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, India
| | - Ankita Murmu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, India
| | - Saraswati Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Codocedo JF, Mera-Reina C, Bor-Chian Lin P, Fallen PB, Puntambekar SS, Casali BT, Jury-Garfe N, Martinez P, Lasagna-Reeves CA, Landreth GE. Therapeutic targeting of immunometabolism reveals a critical reliance on hexokinase 2 dosage for microglial activation and Alzheimer's progression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114488. [PMID: 39002124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activated microglia undergo a reprogramming of cellular metabolism necessary to power their cellular activities during disease. Thus, selective targeting of microglial immunometabolism might be of therapeutic benefit for treating AD. In the AD brain, the levels of microglial hexokinase 2 (HK2), an enzyme that supports inflammatory responses by promoting glycolysis, are significantly increased. In addition, HK2 displays non-metabolic activities that extend its inflammatory role beyond glycolysis. The antagonism of HK2 affects microglial phenotypes and disease progression in a gene-dose-dependent manner. HK2 complete loss fails to improve pathology by exacerbating inflammation, while its haploinsufficiency reduces pathology in 5xFAD mice. We propose that the partial antagonism of HK2 is effective in slowing disease progression by modulating NF-κB signaling through its cytosolic target, IKBα. The complete loss of HK2 affects additional inflammatory mechanisms related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Claudia Mera-Reina
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peter Bor-Chian Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Paul B Fallen
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brad T Casali
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nur Jury-Garfe
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Azargoonjahromi A. The duality of amyloid-β: its role in normal and Alzheimer's disease states. Mol Brain 2024; 17:44. [PMID: 39020435 PMCID: PMC11256416 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that gradually impairs cognitive abilities, disrupts memory retention, and impedes daily functioning by impacting the cells of the brain. A key characteristic of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, which play pivotal roles in disease progression. These plaques initiate a cascade of events including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, tau pathology, oxidative stress, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupted calcium homeostasis. Aβ accumulation is also closely associated with other hallmark features of AD, underscoring its significance. Aβ is generated through cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and plays a dual role depending on its processing pathway. The non-amyloidogenic pathway reduces Aβ production and has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the amyloidogenic pathway leads to the production of Aβ peptides, including Aβ40 and Aβ42, which contribute to neurodegeneration and toxic effects in AD. Understanding the multifaceted role of Aβ, particularly in AD, is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies that target Aβ metabolism, aggregation, and clearance with the aim of mitigating the detrimental consequences of the disease. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and functions of Aβ under normal and abnormal conditions, particularly in AD, by examining both its beneficial and detrimental effects.
Collapse
|
12
|
Firdous SM, Pal S, Khanam S, Zakir F. Behavioral neuroscience in zebrafish: unravelling the complexity of brain-behavior relationships. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03275-5. [PMID: 38970686 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews the utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system for exploring neurobehavioral phenomena in preclinical research, focusing on physiological processes, disorders, and neurotoxicity biomarkers. A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted to summarize the various behavioral characteristics of zebrafish. The study examined the etiological agents used to induce neurotoxicity and the biomarkers involved, including Aβ42, tau, MMP-13, MAO, NF-Кβ, and GFAP. Additionally, the different zebrafish study models and their responses to neurobehavioral analysis were discussed. The review identified several key biomarkers of neurotoxicity in zebrafish, each impacting different aspects of neurogenesis, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Aβ42 was found to alter neuronal growth and stem cell function. Tau's interaction with tubulin affected microtubule stability and led to tauopathies under pathological conditions. MMP-13 was linked to oxidative assault and sensory neuron degeneration. MAO plays a role in neurotransmitter metabolism and neurotoxicity conversion. NF-Кβ was involved in pro-inflammatory pathways, and GFAP was indicative of neuroinflammation and astroglial activation. Zebrafish provide a valuable model for neurobehavioral research, adhering to the "3Rs" philosophy. Their neurotoxicity biomarkers offer insights into the mechanisms of neurogenesis, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This model system aids in evaluating physiological and pathological conditions, enhancing our understanding of neurobehavioral phenomena and potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohammed Firdous
- Department of Pharmacology, Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology & AHS, Uluberia, Howrah, 711316, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sourav Pal
- P.G. Institute of Medical Sciences, Dhurabila, Dhamkuria, Paschim Medinipur: 72:1201, Chandrakona Town, West Bengal, India
| | - Sofia Khanam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Foziyah Zakir
- Department of B.Pharm (Ayurveda), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soni S, Lukhey MS, Thawkar BS, Chintamaneni M, Kaur G, Joshi H, Ramniwas S, Tuli HS. A current review on P2X7 receptor antagonist patents in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders: a patent review on antagonists. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4643-4656. [PMID: 38349395 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is defined by an activated microglial state linked to all neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease that affects the brain and spinal cord). P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are ATP-activated ion-gated channels present on microglial surfaces. Prolonged ATP release under pathological settings results in sustained P2X7R activation, which leads to inflammasome development and cytokine release. P2X7R and its enabling roles have recently been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, making it a potential research subject. This research provides an overview of current patents for chemicals, biologics, and medicinal applications. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO, Espacenet), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) databases were searched for patents using the keywords "P2X7R and Neuroinflammation." During the study period from 2015 to 2021, 103 patents were examined. The countries that protected these innovations were the United States, PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty states), Europe, Canada, Australia, and India. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV had the most applications, followed by Acetelion Pharmaceuticals LTD., Renovis Inc., Kelly Michael G, Kincaid Jhon, Merck Patent GMBH, H Lundbeck A/S, and many more. The P2X7R is a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer, pain disorders, and inflammation. For P2X7 R, several compounds have been discovered and are presently the subject of clinical trial investigations. This study featured patents for P2X7R antagonists, which help treat conditions including neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simran Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Mihir S Lukhey
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Baban S Thawkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400614, India
| | - Meena Chintamaneni
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India.
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Seema Ramniwas
- University Centre for Research and Development, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues FDS, Newton WR, Tassinari ID, da Cunha Xavier FH, Marx A, de Fraga LS, Wright K, Guedes RP, Bambini-Jr V. Cannabidiol prevents LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and iNOS activity in BV2 microglia cells via CB2 receptors and PPARγ. Neurochem Int 2024; 177:105769. [PMID: 38761855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation stands as a critical player in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological disorders, with microglial cells playing a central role in orchestrating the inflammatory landscape within the central nervous system. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained attention for its potential to elicit anti-inflammatory responses in microglia, offering promising perspectives for conditions associated with neuroinflammation. Here we investigated whether the NLRP3 inflammasome and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are involved in the protective effects of CBD, and if their modulation is dependent on cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and PPARγ signalling pathways. We found that treatment with CBD attenuated pro-inflammatory markers in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged BV2 microglia in a CB2- and PPARγ-dependent manner. At a molecular level, CBD inhibited the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses by suppressing iNOS and NLRP3/Caspase-1-dependent signalling cascades, resulting in reduced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations. Notably, the protective effects of CBD on NLRP3 expression, Caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β concentration were partially hindered by the antagonism of both CB2 receptors and PPARγ, while iNOS expression and NO secretion were dependent exclusively on PPARγ activation, with no CB2 involvement. Interestingly, CBD exhibited a protective effect against TNF-α increase, regardless of CB2 or PPARγ activation. Altogether, these findings indicate that CB2 receptors and PPARγ mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD on the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, iNOS activity and, ultimately, on microglial phenotype. Our results highlight the specific components responsible for the potential therapeutic applications of CBD on neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda da Silva Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| | - William Robert Newton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom; Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Adél Marx
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Karen Wright
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| | - Renata Padilha Guedes
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Victorio Bambini-Jr
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mei SY, Zhang N, Wang MJ, Lv PR, Liu Q. Microglial purinergic signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8. [PMID: 38910192 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The prevalent features of AD pathogenesis are the appearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which cause microglial activation, synaptic deficiency, and neuronal loss. Microglia accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Purinergic signaling has been shown to play a complex and tight interplay with the chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia, which is an important mechanism for regulating microglia activation. Here, we review recent evidence for interactions between AD, microglia, and purinergic signaling and find that the purinergic P2 receptors pertinently expressed on microglia are the ionotropic receptors P2X4 and P2X7, and the subtypes of P2YRs expressed by microglia are metabotropic receptors P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13. The adenosine P1 receptors expressed in microglia include A1R, A2AR, and A2BR. Among them, the activation of P2X4, P2X7, and adenosine A1, A2A receptors expressed in microglia can aggravate the pathological process of AD, whereas P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors expressed by microglia can induce neuroprotective effects. However, A1R activation also has a strong neuroprotective effect and has a significant anti-inflammatory effect in chronic neuroinflammation. These receptors regulate a variety of pathophysiological processes in AD, including APP processing, Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review also provides key pharmacological advances in purinergic signaling receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Mei
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jing Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ran Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Middle Section of Shi-Ji Avenue, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712046, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhong S, Zhou Q, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Liu J, Chang X, Wang H. Relationship between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways-role in neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116698. [PMID: 38713946 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity can cause a range of symptoms and disorders in humans, including neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, nerve conduction abnormalities, neuroinflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cognitive deficits. The cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and NF-κB pathway are two important signaling pathways involved in the innate immune response. The cGAS-STING pathway is activated by the recognition of intracellular DNA, which triggers the production of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines play a role in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. The NF-κB pathway is activated by various stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral particle components, and neurotoxins. NF-κB activation may lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote neuroinflammation and cause neuronal damage. A potential interaction exists between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways, and NF-κB activation blocks STING degradation by inhibiting microtubule-mediated STING transport. This review examines the progress of research on the roles of these pathways in neurotoxicity and their interrelationships. Understanding the mechanisms of these pathways will provide valuable therapeutic insights for preventing and controlling neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyin Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Qiongli Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jirui Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu YS, Xiang J, Lin SJ. Functional role of P2X7 purinergic receptor in cancer and cancer-related pain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10019-w. [PMID: 38771429 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have revealed that the ATP-gated ion channel purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays an important role in tumor progression and the pathogenesis of cancer pain. P2X7R requires activation by extracellular ATP to perform its regulatory role functions. During tumor development or cancer-induced pain, ATP is released from tumor cells or other cells in the tumor microenvironment (such as tumor-associated immune cells), which activates P2X7R, opens ion channels on the cell membrane, affects intracellular molecular metabolism, and regulates the activity of tumor cells. Furthermore, peripheral organs and receptors can be damaged during tumor progression, and P2X7R expression in nerve cells (such as microglia) is significantly upregulated, enhancing sensory afferent information, sensitizing the central nervous system, and inducing or exacerbating pain. These findings reveal that the ATP-P2X7R signaling axis plays a key regulatory role in the pathogenesis of tumors and cancer pain and also has a therapeutic role. Accordingly, in this study, we explored the role of P2X7R in tumors and cancer pain, discussed the pharmacological properties of inhibiting P2X7R activity (such as the use of antagonists) or blocking its expression in the treatment of tumor and cancer pain, and provided an important evidence for the treatment of both in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Si-Jian Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City, 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo B, Li L, Song XD, Chen HX, Yun DB, Wang L, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-7 attenuates secondary brain injury following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via inhibition of NLRP3. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107670. [PMID: 38438086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying brain injury resulting from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remain incompletely elucidated, and efficacious therapeutic interventions to enhance the prognosis of ICH patients are currently lacking. Previous research indicates that MicroRNA-7 (miR-7) can suppress the expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), thereby modulating neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. However, the potential regulatory effects miR-7 on NLRP3 inflammasome after ICH are yet to be established. This study aims to ascertain whether miR-7 mitigates secondary brain injury following experimental ICH by inhibiting NLRP3 and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS An ICH model was established by stereotaxically injecting 100 μL of autologous blood into the right basal ganglia of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Subsequently, these rats were allocated into three groups: sham, ICH + Vehicle, and ICH + miR-7, each comprising 18 animals. Twelve hours post-modeling, rats received intraventricular injections of 10 μL physiological saline, 10 μL phosphate, and 10 μL phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 0.5 nmol of miR-7 mimics, respectively. Neurological function was assessed on day three post-modeling, followed by euthanasia for brain tissue collection. Brain water content was determined using the dry-wet weight method. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in cerebral tissues surrounding the hematoma was analyzed through immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays. These cytokines were re-evaluated using Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, bioinformatics tools were employed to predict miR-7's binding to NLRP3. A wild-type luciferase reporter gene vector and a corresponding mutant vector were constructed, followed by transfection of miR-7 mimics into HEK293T cells to assess luciferase activity. RESULTS Our study demonstrates that the administration of miR-7 mimics markedly reduced neurological function scores and attenuated brain edema in rats following ICH. A significant upregulation of NLRP3 expression in microglia/macrophage adjacent to the hematoma was observed, substantially reduced after the treatment with miR-7 mimics. Furthermore, this intervention ameliorated neurodegenerative changes and effectively decreased the protein and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and Caspase1, in the cerebral tissues proximate to the hematomas. In addition, miR-7 mimics distinctly inhibited the luciferase activity associated with the wild-type reporter gene, an effect not mirrored in its mutant variant. CONCLUSIONS The miR-7 suppressed NLRP3 expression in microglia/macrophage to reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to conducting certain neuroprotection post-ICH in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, No.181 Hanyu Road, Shapingba District 400000, Chongqing City, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Hua-Xuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - De-Bo Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, No. 97 Renmin South Road, Shunqing District 637000, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao Y, Qin Y, Hu X, Chen X, Jiang YP, Jin XJ, Li G, Li ZH, Yang JH, Cui SY, Zhang YH. Sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spores ameliorated early depression-like behavior in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1406127. [PMID: 38720779 PMCID: PMC11076787 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1406127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ganoderma lucidum: (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a medicinal and edible homologous traditional Chinese medicine that is used to treat various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and mood disorders. We previously reported that the sporoderm-removed G. lucidum spore extract (RGLS) prevented learning and memory impairments in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD), but the effect of RGLS on depression-like behaviors in this model and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. Method: The present study investigated protective effects of RGLS against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ)-induced depression in a rat model of sAD and its underlying mechanism. Effects of RGLS on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in ICV-STZ rats were assessed in the forced swim test, sucrose preference test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, and open field test. Results: Behavioral tests demonstrated that RGLS (360 and 720 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated ICV-STZ-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Immunofluorescence, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results further demonstrated that ICV-STZ rats exhibited microglia activation and neuroinflammatory response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and RGLS treatment reversed these changes, reflected by the normalization of morphological changes in microglia and the expression of NF-κB, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Golgi staining revealed that treatment with RGLS increased the density of mushroom spines in neurons. This increase was associated with elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic protein in the mPFC. Discussion: In a rat model of ICV-STZ-induced sAD, RGLS exhibits antidepressant-like effects, the mechanism of which may be related to suppression of the inflammatory response modulated by the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the mPFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Li
- Zhejiang ShouXianGu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wuyi, China
| | - Ji-Hong Yang
- Zhejiang ShouXianGu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wuyi, China
| | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fan Z, Wang K, Zhao X, Sun X. P2X7 receptor: A receptor closely linked with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220775. [PMID: 38585633 PMCID: PMC10998679 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a dysregulated host response to infection resulting in life-threatening organ dysfunction. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is the main manifestation of sepsis. Inflammation, peroxidation stress injury, and apoptosis are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of SAE. A growing body of evidence has proved that P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a cationic channel receptor that is widely distributed in the body, plays a major role in the occurrence and development of inflammatory injury. Therefore, this review mainly describes the activation of P2X7R in sepsis, which leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the cerebral vasculature, the destruction of the blood-brain barrier, the activation of microglial cells in the brain, the apoptosis of brain cells, and other damage processes. This review also illustrates the potential therapeutic value of P2X7R inhibition in SAE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Fan
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
| | - Kaifang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
- The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang261021, Shandong, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Shandong Provincial Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Anesthesia, School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang261053, Shandong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xian710038, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li ZY, Dai YX, Wu ZM, Li G, Pu PM, Hu CW, Zhou LY, Zhu K, Shu B, Wang YJ, Cui XJ, Yao M. Network pharmacology analysis and animal experiment validation of neuroinflammation inhibition by total ginsenoside in treating CSM. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155073. [PMID: 38417244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative pathology that affects both upper and lower extremity mobility and sensory function, causing significant pressure on patients and society. Prior research has suggested that ginsenosides may have neuroprotective properties in central nervous system diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanism of ginsenosides for CSM have yet to be investigated. PURPOSE This study aims to analyze the composition of ginsenosides using UPLC-MS, identify the underlying mechanism of ginsenosides in treating CSM using network pharmacology, and subsequently confirm the efficacy and mechanism of ginsenosides in rats with chronic spinal cord compression. METHODS UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to obtain mass spectrum data of ginsenoside samples. The chemical constituents of the samples were analyzed by consulting literature reports and relevant databases. Ginsenoside and CSM targets were obtained from the TCMSP, OMIM, and GeneCards databases. GO and KEGG analyses were conducted, and a visualization network of ginsenosides-compounds-key targets-pathways-CSM was constructed, along with molecular docking of key bioactive compounds and targets, to identify the signaling pathways and proteins associated with the therapeutic effects of ginsenosides on CSM. Chronic spinal cord compression rats were intraperitoneally injected with ginsenosides (50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and methylprednisolone for 28 days, and motor function was assessed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides for CSM. The expression of proteins associated with TNF, IL-17, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, and NLRP3 signaling pathways was assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. RESULTS Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, 37 compounds were identified from ginsenoside samples. Furthermore, ginsenosides-compounds-key targets-pathways-CSM visualization network indicated that ginsenosides may modulate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and Apoptosis by targeting AKT1, TNF, MAPK1, CASP3, IL6, and IL1B, exerting a therapeutic effect on CSM. By attenuating neuroinflammation through the TNF, IL-17, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, ginsenosides restored the motor function of rats with CSM, and ginsenosides 150 mg/kg showed better effect. This was achieved by reducing the phosphorylation of NF-κB and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. CONCLUSIONS The results of network pharmacology indicate that ginsenosides can inhibit neuroinflammation resulting from spinal cord compression through multiple pathways and targets. This finding was validated through in vivo tests, which demonstrated that ginsenosides can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasomes via multiple signaling pathways, additionally, it should be noted that 150 mg/kg was a relatively superior dose. This study is the first to verify the intrinsic molecular mechanism of ginsenosides in treating CSM by combining pharmacokinetics, network pharmacology, and animal experiments. The findings can provide evidence for subsequent clinical research and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yao Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Dai
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Ming Wu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Min Pu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cai-Wei Hu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Aliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li W, He H, Du M, Gao M, Sun Q, Wang Y, Lu H, Ou S, Xia C, Xu C, Zhao Q, Sun H. Quercetin as a promising intervention for rat osteoarthritis by decreasing M1-polarized macrophages via blocking the TRPV1-mediated P2X7/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2024; 38:1990-2006. [PMID: 38372204 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by an imbalance between M1 and M2 polarized synovial macrophages. Quercetin has shown protective effects against OA by altering M1/M2-polarized macrophages, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, rat chondrocytes were treated with 10 ng/mL of IL-1β. To create M1-polarized macrophages in vitro, rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (rBMDMs) were treated with 100 ng/mL LPS. To mimic OA conditions observed in vivo, a co-culture system of chondrocytes and macrophages was established. ATP release assays, immunofluorescence assays, Fluo-4 AM staining, Transwell assays, ELISA assays, and flow cytometry were performed. Male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to create an OA model. Histological analyses, including H&E, and safranin O-fast green staining were performed. Our data showed a quercetin-mediated suppression of calcium ion influx and ATP release, with concurrent downregulation of TRPV1 and P2X7 in the chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Activation of TRPV1 abolished the quercetin-mediated effects on calcium ion influx and ATP release in chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. In the co-culture system, overexpression of P2X7 in macrophages attenuated the quercetin-mediated effects on M1 polarization, migration, and inflammation. Either P2X7 or NLRP3 knockdown attenuated IL-1β-induced M1/M2 polarization, migration, and inflammation. Moreover, overexpression of TRPV1 reduced the quercetin-mediated suppressive effects on OA by promoting M1/M2-polarized macrophages in vivo. Collectively, our data showed that quercetin-induced suppression of TRPV1 leads to a delay in OA progression by shifting the macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 subtypes via modulation of the P2X7/NLRP3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hebei He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijie Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanyu Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuanji Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changliang Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changpeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongtao Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Lv Y. LncTCONS_00058568 is involved in the pathophysiologic processes mediated by P2X7R in the lower thoracic spinal cord after acute kidney injury. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23563. [PMID: 38498358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301622rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a prevalent clinical syndrome, involves the participation of the nervous system in neuroimmune regulation. However, the intricate molecular mechanism that governs renal function regulation by the central nervous system (CNS) is complex and remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we found that the upregulated expression of lncTCONS_00058568 in lower thoracic spinal cord significantly ameliorated AKI-induced renal tissue injury, kidney morphology, inflammation and apoptosis, and suppressed renal sympathetic nerve activity. Mechanistically, the purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) was overexpressed in AKI rats, whereas lncTCONS_00058568 was able to suppress the upregulation of P2X7R. In addition, RNA sequencing data revealed differentially expressed genes associated with nervous system inflammatory responses after lncTCONS_00058568 was overexpressed in AKI rats. Finally, the overexpression of lncTCONS_00058568 inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways in spinal cord. Taken together, the results from the present study show that lncTCONS_00058568 overexpression prevented renal injury probably by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity mediated by P2X7R in the lower spinal cord subsequent to I/R-AKI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongman Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo Y, Mao T, Fang Y, Wang H, Yu J, Zhu Y, Shen S, Zhou M, Li H, Hu Q. Comprehensive insights into potential roles of purinergic P2 receptors on diseases: Signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00123-1. [PMID: 38565403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2 receptors, which can be divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors, mediate cellular signal transduction of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphate. Based on the wide expression of purinergic P2 receptors in tissues and organs, their significance in homeostatic maintenance, metabolism, nociceptive transmission, and other physiological processes is becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that targeting purinergic P2 receptors to regulate biological functions and signal transmission holds significant promise for disease treatment. AIM OF REVIEW This review highlights the detailed mechanisms by which purinergic P2 receptors engage in physiological and pathological progress, as well as providing prospective strategies for discovering clinical drug candidates. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purinergic P2 receptors regulate complex signaling and molecular mechanisms in nervous system, digestive system, immune system and as a result, controlling physical health states and disease progression. There has been a significant rise in research and development focused on purinergic P2 receptors, contributing to an increased number of drug candidates in clinical trials. A few influential pioneers have laid the foundation for advancements in the evaluation, development, and of novel purinergic P2 receptors modulators, including agonists, antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions and combination strategies, despite the different scaffolds of these drug candidates. These advancements hold great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes by specifically targeting purinergic P2 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yafei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiayue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shige Shen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hu RD, Zhu WL, Lin WY, Qiu YH, Wu GL, Ding XY, Yang ZK, Feng Q, Zhang RR, Qiao LJ, Cai YF, Zhang SJ. Ethanol extract of Evodia lepta Merr. ameliorates cognitive impairment through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in scopolamine-treated mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2385-2397. [PMID: 38284892 PMCID: PMC10911362 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Evodia lepta Merr. (Evodia lepta) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, which has been widely used in herbal tea. We previously reported that the coumarin compounds from the root of Evodia lepta exhibited neuroprotective effects. However, whether Evodia lepta could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome in dementia was still unknown. In this study, the components of the Evodia lepta extract were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF HRMS. We employed a scopolamine-treated mouse model. Evodia lepta extract (10 or 20 mg/kg) and donepezil were treated by gavage once a day for 14 consecutive days. Following the behavioral tests, oxidative stress levels were measured. Then, Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis were used to evaluate the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome. 14 major components of the Evodia lepta extract were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF HRMS. The results of Morris water maze, object recognition task and open field test indicated that Evodia lepta extract could ameliorate cognitive impairment in scopolamine-treated mice. Evodia lepta extract improved cholinergic system. Moreover, Evodia lepta extract improved the expressions of PSD95 and BDNF. Evodia lepta extract suppressed neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. In addition, Evodia lepta extract inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus of scopolamine-treated mice. Evodia lepta extract could protect against cognitive impairment by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in scopolamine-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Dan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Yao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Yu-Hui Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Guang-Liang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Li-Jun Qiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Ye-Feng Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510435, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tewari M, Michalski S, Egan TM. Modulation of Microglial Function by ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors: Studies in Rat, Mice and Human. Cells 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38247852 PMCID: PMC10814008 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are a family of seven ATP-gated ion channels that trigger physiological and pathophysiological responses in a variety of cells. Five of the family members are sensitive to low concentrations of extracellular ATP, while the P2X6 receptor has an unknown affinity. The last subtype, the P2X7 receptor, is unique in requiring millimolar concentrations to fully activate in humans. This low sensitivity imparts the agonist with the ability to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers the innate immune response in response to the elevated levels of extracellular ATP that accompany inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we focus on microglia because they are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, and they activate in response to ATP or its synthetic analog, BzATP. We start by introducing purinergic receptors and then briefly consider the roles that microglia play in neurodevelopment and disease by referencing both original works and relevant reviews. Next, we move to the role of extracellular ATP and P2X receptors in initiating and/or modulating innate immunity in the central nervous system. While most of the data that we review involve work on mice and rats, we highlight human studies of P2X7R whenever possible.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang H, Hu Y, Kong B, Zhou Y, Shuai W. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment mitigates ventricular arrhythmias via inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in heart failure rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111317. [PMID: 38048669 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic overactivation plays an important role in heart failure (HF)-induced ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation could contribute to sympathetic overactivation. A previous study demonstrated that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) could inhibit neuroinflammation. However, whether LIPUS could attenuate HF-induced VAs via inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remains largely unknown. METHODS Forth Sprague-Dawley male rats were averagely randomized into four groups: CTL (control) group, CTL + LIPUS group, HF group and HF + LIPUS. Surgical ligation of the coronary artery was used for induction of HF. In vivo electrophysiological study was performed to check VAs susceptibility. Left stellate ganglion (LSG) neural activity and heart rate variability (HRV) were used to test sympathetic nerve activity. RESULTS Compared to the HF group, LIPUS treatment significantly ameliorated HF-induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. In addition, LIPUS treatment markedly inhibited HF-induced VAs susceptibility and reversed gap junction remodeling. LIPUS treatment obviously inhibited microglial activation and neuroinflammation in PVN, sympathetic hyperactivity in the LSG and proinflammatory cytokines releases in the ventricle. P2X7/NLRP3 signaling pathway may be involved in the anti-arrhythmic effect of LIPUS treatment following HF. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that LIPUS treatment protected against HF-induced VAs via alleviating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, sympathetic overactivation and proinflammatory cytokines releases through inhibiting P2X7/NLRP3 signaling. This study provides novel insight into the therapeutic potential of LIPUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yugang Hu
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanxiang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Wei Shuai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gebril HM, Aryasomayajula A, de Lima MRN, Uhrich KE, Moghe PV. Nanotechnology for microglial targeting and inhibition of neuroinflammation underlying Alzheimer's pathology. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:2. [PMID: 38173014 PMCID: PMC10765804 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to have a multifactorial etiology. The hallmark of AD is progressive neurodegeneration, which is characterized by the deepening loss of memory and a high mortality rate in the elderly. The neurodegeneration in AD is believed to be exacerbated following the intercoupled cascades of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, uncontrolled microglial activation, and neuroinflammation. Current therapies for AD are mostly designed to target the symptoms, with limited ability to address the mechanistic triggers for the disease. In this study, we report a novel nanotechnology based on microglial scavenger receptor (SR)-targeting amphiphilic nanoparticles (NPs) for the convergent alleviation of fibril Aβ (fAβ) burden, microglial modulation, and neuroprotection. METHODS We designed a nanotechnology approach to regulate the SR-mediated intracellular fAβ trafficking within microglia. We synthesized SR-targeting sugar-based amphiphilic macromolecules (AM) and used them as a bioactive shell to fabricate serum-stable AM-NPs via flash nanoprecipitation. Using electron microscopy, in vitro approaches, ELISA, and confocal microscopy, we investigated the effect of AM-NPs on Aβ fibrilization, fAβ-mediated microglial inflammation, and neurotoxicity in BV2 microglia and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. RESULTS AM-NPs interrupted Aβ fibrilization, attenuated fAβ microglial internalization via targeting the fAβ-specific SRs, arrested the fAβ-mediated microglial activation and pro-inflammatory response, and accelerated lysosomal degradation of intracellular fAβ. Moreover, AM-NPs counteracted the microglial-mediated neurotoxicity after exposure to fAβ. CONCLUSIONS The AM-NP nanotechnology presents a multifactorial strategy to target pathological Aβ aggregation and arrest the fAβ-mediated pathological progression in microglia and neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoda M Gebril
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Aravind Aryasomayajula
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | | | - Kathryn E Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Prabhas V Moghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sharma C, Mazumder A. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Molecular Drug Targets for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:45-56. [PMID: 38305393 DOI: 10.2174/0118715249263300231116062740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an onset and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to various genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Recent research has revealed several potential targets for drug development, such as the prevention of Aβ production and removal, prevention of tau hyperphosphorylation, and keeping neurons alive. Drugs that target numerous ADrelated variables have been developed, and early results are encouraging. This review provides a concise map of the different receptor signaling pathways associated with Alzheimer's Disease, as well as insight into drug design based on these pathways. It discusses the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, aging, Aβ turnover, thiol groups, and mitochondrial activities, and their role in the disease. It also reviews the potential drug targets, in vivo active agents, and docking studies done in AD and provides prospects for future drug development. This review intends to provide more clarity on the molecular processes that occur in Alzheimer's patient's brains, which can be of use in diagnosing and preventing the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Sharma
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Mazumder
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), 19 Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida-201306, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dong X, Zhang H, Duan P, Liu K, Yu Y, Wei W, Wang W, Liu Y, Cheng Q, Liang X, Huo Y, Yan L, Yu A, Dai H. An injectable and adaptable hydrogen sulfide delivery system for modulating neuroregenerative microenvironment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi1078. [PMID: 38117891 PMCID: PMC10732521 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration is a complex physiological process. Single-function nerve scaffolds often struggle to quickly adapt to the imbalanced regenerative microenvironment, leading to slow nerve regeneration and limited functional recovery. In this study, we demonstrate a "pleiotropic gas transmitter" strategy based on endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger the on-demand H2S release at the defect area for transected peripheral nerve injury (PNI) repair through concurrent neuroregeneration and neuroprotection processing. This H2S delivery system consists of an H2S donor (peroxyTCM) encapsulated in a ROS-responsive polymer (mPEG-PMet) and loaded into a temperature-sensitive poly (amino acid) hydrogel (mPEG-PA-PP). This multi-effect combination strategy greatly promotes the regeneration of PNI, attributed to the physiological effects of H2S. These effects include the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress, protection of nerve cells, promotion of angiogenesis, and the restoration of normal mitochondrial function. The adaptive release of pleiotropic messengers to modulate the tissue regeneration microenvironment offers promising peripheral nerve repair and tissue engineering opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yifeng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenying Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanfang Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lesan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Biomedical Materials and Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Andrade VHBD, M Rodrigues EY, Dias NAF, Ferreira GFC, Carvalho DBD, das Neves AR, Coronel PMV, Yonekawa MKA, Parisotto EB, Santos EAD, Souza AS, Paredes-Gamero EJ, de Sousa KS, Souza LLD, Resstel LBM, Baroni ACM, Lagatta DC. Neuroprotective Profile of Triazole Grandisin Analogue against Amyloid-Beta Oligomer-Induced Cognitive Impairment. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4298-4310. [PMID: 38048522 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by accumulation of amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) in the brain, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cognitive decline. Grandisin, a tetrahydrofuran neolignan, exhibits relevant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Interestingly, grandisin-based compounds were shown to prevent AβO-induced neuronal death in vitro. However, no study has assessed the effect of these compounds on the AD animal model. This study focuses on a triazole grandisin analogue (TGA) synthesized using simplification and bioisosteric drug design, which resulted in improved potency and solubility compared with the parent compound. This study aimed to investigate the possible in vivo effects of TGA against AβO-induced AD. Male C57/Bl6 mice underwent stereotaxic intracerebroventricular AβO (90 μM) or vehicle injections. 24 h after surgery, animals received intraperitoneal treatment with TGA (1 mg/kg) or vehicle, administered on a 14 day schedule. One day after treatment completion, a novel object recognition task (NORT) was performed. Memantine (10 mg/kg) was administered as a positive control. NORT retention sessions were performed on days 8 and 16 after AβO injection. Immediately after retention sessions, animals were euthanized for cortex and hippocampus collection. Specimens were subjected to oxidative stress and cytokine analyses. TGA reduced the level of cortex/hippocampus lipoperoxidation and prevented cognitive impairment in AβO-injected mice. Additionally, TGA reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in the hippocampus. By contrast, memantine failed to prevent cortex/hippocampus lipid peroxidation, recognition memory decline, and AβO-induced increases in TNF and IFN-γ levels in the hippocampus. Thus, memantine was unable to avoid the AβO-induced persistent cognitive impairment. The results showed that TGA may prevent memory impairment by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in AβO-injected mice. Moreover, TGA exhibited a persistent neuroprotective effect compared to memantine, reflecting an innovative profile of this promising agent against neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor H B de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Erick Y M Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Nayara A F Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F C Ferreira
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Diego B de Carvalho
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Amarith R das Neves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Paola M V Coronel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Murilo K A Yonekawa
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (INBIO-UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Parisotto
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Edson A Dos Santos
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (INBIO-UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Albert S Souza
- Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (INBIO-UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Kamylla S de Sousa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Letícia L de Souza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano C M Baroni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Davi C Lagatta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79051-470, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang J, Ru QM, Yu XH, Wang C, Li K, Han CZY, Li N, Zhao J, Wood JN, Liu X, Wang R, Wang Y. Direct inhibition of microglial activation by a μ receptor selective agonist alleviates inflammatory-induced pain hypersensitivity. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176182. [PMID: 37951488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are widely used in the treatment of moderate and severe pain. Nociceptive stimulation has been reported to potentially promote microglial activation and neuroinflammation, which also causes chronic pain sensitization. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether the novel μ receptor agonist MEL-0614 could inhibit activated microglia directly and the associated signaling pathway. Mice were administered lipopolysaccharide and formalin to induce allodynia. Von Frey test was used to detect the anti-allodynia effect of MEL-0614 before and after LPS and formalin injection. In the spinal cord, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and microglial activation were determined after MEL-0614 administration. BV2 and primary microglia were cultured to further explore the effect of MEL-0614 on LPS-induced microglial activation and key signaling pathways involved. MEL-0614 partially prevented and reversed allodynia induced by LPS and formalin in vivo, which was not inhibited by the μ receptor antagonist CTAP. Minocycline was effective in reversing the established allodynia. MEL-0614 also downregulated the activation of microglia and related proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord. Additionally, in BV2 and primary microglia, MEL-0614 inhibited the LPS-induced upregulation of proinflammatory factors, which was unaffected by CTAP. The NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) related signaling pathway may be involved in the interaction between MEL-0614 and microglia. The opioid agonist MEL-0614 inhibited the activation of microglia and the subsequent upregulation of proinflammatory factors both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, this effect is partially mediated by the μ receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Min Ru
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao-Zhen-Yi Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cui X, Zong S, Song W, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xia P, Wang X, Zhao H, Wang L, Lu Z. Omaveloxolone ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice by stabilizing the STAT3 pathway. Life Sci 2023; 335:122261. [PMID: 37951537 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the availability and the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of omaveloxolone (RTA408) on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study employed network pharmacology to assess the feasibility of drug treatment of AD. To determine the cognitive status and emotional state of APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice after the RTA408 treatment, three classical behavioral experiments (water maze, Y-maze, and open field test) were conducted. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were utilized to evaluate hippocampal neuronal status and amyloid (Aβ) deposition in mice. RNA-seq and transcription factor prediction analyses were performed to explore the potential molecular mechanisms regulating the therapeutic effects of RTA408. Molecular docking was employed to predict the direct drug targets. To validate these molecular mechanisms, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed in two instrumental cell lines, i.e., mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) and microglia (BV2). RESULTS RTA408 was revealed with the capability to reduce Aβ plaque deposition and to restore damaged neurons in the hippocampal region of APP/PS1 mice, ultimately leading to an improvement in cognitive function. This beneficial effect was achieved by balancing the STAT3 pathway. Specifically, RTA408 facilitated the activations of both STAT3/OXR1 and NRF2/ARE axes, thereby enhancing the compromised resistance in neurons to oxidative stress. RTA408 inhibited the NFκB/IL6/STAT3 pathway, effectively countering the neuroinflammation triggered by microglial activation. CONCLUSION RTA408 is revealed with promising potential in the treatment of AD based on preclinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wenao Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Pengcheng Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sevastre-Berghian AC, Ielciu I, Bab T, Olah NK, Neculicioiu VS, Toma VA, Sevastre B, Mocan T, Hanganu D, Bodoki AE, Roman I, Lucaciu RL, Hangan AC, Hașaș AD, Decea RM, Băldea I. Betula pendula Leaf Extract Targets the Interplay between Brain Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and NFkB Pathways in Amyloid Aβ 1-42-Treated Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2110. [PMID: 38136229 PMCID: PMC10740548 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as the primary and most common cause of dementia in the middle-aged and elderly population worldwide. Chemical analyses of B. pendula leaf extract (BPE), performed using spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods (LC/MS), revealed high amounts of polyphenol carboxylic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, trans-p-coumaric, ferulic, and salicylic acids), as well as flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin, hyperoside, quercetin, and quercitrin). Four groups of Wistar rats were used in this experiment (n = 7/group): control (untreated), Aβ1-42 (2 μg/rat intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), Aβ1-42 + BPE (200 mg/Kg b.w.), and DMSO (10 μL/rat). On the first day, one dose of Aβ1-42 was intracerebroventricularly administered to animals in groups 2 and 3. Subsequently, BPE was orally administered for the next 15 days to group 3. On the 16th day, behavioral tests were performed. Biomarkers of brain oxidative stress Malondialdehyde (MDA), (Peroxidase (PRx), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxid dismutase (SOD) and inflammation (cytokines: tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2)) in plasma and hippocampus homogenates were assessed. Various protein expressions (Phospho-Tau (Ser404) (pTau Ser 404), Phospho-Tau (Ser396) (pTau Ser 396), synaptophysin, and the Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) signaling pathway) were analyzed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus. The results show that BPE diminished lipid peroxidation and neuroinflammation, modulated specific protein expression, enhanced the antioxidant capacity, and improved spontaneous alternation behavior, suggesting that it has beneficial effects in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.-B.); (T.M.); (R.M.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Irina Ielciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Timea Bab
- PlantExtrakt Ltd., Rădaia, 407059 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.B.); (N.-K.O.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Neli-Kinga Olah
- PlantExtrakt Ltd., Rădaia, 407059 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.B.); (N.-K.O.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Vlad Sever Neculicioiu
- Department of Microbiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Alexandru Toma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400371 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bogdan Sevastre
- Department of Clinical and Paraclinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.S.); (A.-D.H.)
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.-B.); (T.M.); (R.M.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Daniela Hanganu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andreea Elena Bodoki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.E.B.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Ioana Roman
- Department of Experimental Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Research, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Liana Lucaciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Corina Hangan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.E.B.); (A.C.H.)
| | - Alina-Diana Hașaș
- Department of Clinical and Paraclinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (B.S.); (A.-D.H.)
| | - Roxana Maria Decea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.-B.); (T.M.); (R.M.D.); (I.B.)
| | - Ioana Băldea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.-B.); (T.M.); (R.M.D.); (I.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maugeri A, Russo C, Patanè GT, Barreca D, Mandalari G, Navarra M. The Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB Underlies the Neuroprotective Capacity of a Cinnamon/Curcumin/Turmeric Spice Blend in Aβ-Exposed THP-1 Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:7949. [PMID: 38138438 PMCID: PMC10745857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an increased level of β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition in the brain, yet the exact etiology remains elusive. Nowadays, treatments only target symptoms, thus the search for novel strategies is constantly stimulated, and looking to natural substances from the plant kingdom. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a spice blend composed of cinnamon bark and two different turmeric root extracts (CCSB) in Aβ-exposed THP-1 cells as a model of neuroinflammation. In abiotic assays, CCSB demonstrated an antioxidant capacity up to three times stronger than Trolox in the ORAC assay, and it reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by the amyloid fragment in THP-1 cells by up to 39.7%. Moreover, CCSB lowered the Aβ stimulated secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 by up to 24.9% and 43.4%, respectively, along with their gene expression by up to 25.2% and 43.1%, respectively. The mechanism involved the mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK, JNK and p38, whose phosphorylation was reduced by up to 51.5%, 73.7%, and 58.2%, respectively. In addition, phosphorylation of p65, one of the five components forming NF-κB, was reduced by up to 86.1%. Our results suggest that CCSB can counteract the neuroinflammatory stimulus induced by Aβ-exposure in THP-1 cells, and therefore can be considered a potential candidate for AD management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Maugeri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Caterina Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.T.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Tancredi Patanè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.T.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.T.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.T.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Michele Navarra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.R.); (G.T.P.); (D.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Codocedo JF, Mera-Reina C, Lin PBC, Puntambekar SS, Casali BT, Jury N, Martinez P, Lasagna-Reeves CA, Landreth GE. Therapeutic targeting of immunometabolism in Alzheimer's disease reveals a critical reliance on Hexokinase 2 dosage on microglial activation and disease progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566270. [PMID: 38014106 PMCID: PMC10680613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis and neuroinflammation are prominent features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disease-responsive microglia meet their increased energy demand by reprogramming metabolism, specifically, switching to favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, targeting of microglial immunometabolism might be of therapeutic benefit for treating AD, providing novel and often well understood immune pathways and their newly recognized actions in AD. We report that in the brains of 5xFAD mice and postmortem brains of AD patients, we found a significant increase in the levels of Hexokinase 2 (HK2), an enzyme that supports inflammatory responses by rapidly increasing glycolysis. Moreover, binding of HK2 to mitochondria has been reported to regulate inflammation by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that its inflammatory role extends beyond its glycolytic activity. Here we report, that HK2 antagonism selectively affects microglial phenotypes and disease progression in a gene-dose dependent manner. Paradoxically, complete loss of HK2 fails to improve AD progression by exacerbating inflammasome activity while its haploinsufficiency results in reduced pathology and improved cognition in the 5XFAD mice. We propose that the partial antagonism of HK2, is effective in slowed disease progression and inflammation through a non-metabolic mechanism associated with the modulation of NFKβ signaling, through its cytosolic target IKBα. The complete loss of HK2 affects additional inflammatory mechanisms associated to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Claudia Mera-Reina
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peter Bor-Chian Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brad T Casali
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nur Jury
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang S, Xu CL, Luo T, Wang HQ. Effects of Jatrorrhizine on inflammatory response induced by H 2O 2 in microglia by regulating the MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5725-5737. [PMID: 37338804 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-induced neuroinflammation is a contributing factor to neurodegenerative diseases. Jatrorrhizine (JAT), an alkaloid isolated from Huanglian, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects against various neurodegenerative diseases, but its impact on microglia-induced neuroinflammation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of JAT in MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model using microglia (N9 cells). We divided cells into six groups, including control, JAT, H2O2, H2O2 + 5 μmol/L JAT, H2O2 + 10 μmol/L JAT, and H2O2 + 20 μmol/L minocycline groups. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay and TNF-α levels were detected with an ELISA Kit. Western blot was used to detect NLRP3, HMGB1, NF-κB, p-NF-κB, ERK, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, p-JNK, JNK, IL-1β, and IL-18 expressions. Our results showed that JAT intervention improved H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in N9 cells and reduced the elevated expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, p-ERK/ERK, p-p38/p38, p-JNK/JNK, p-p65/p65, NLRP3, and HMGB1 in H2O2 group. Furthermore, treatment with ERK inhibitor SCH772984 specifically blocked ERK phosphorylation, resulting in decreased protein levels of p-NF-κB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in H2O2 group. These results suggest that the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway may regulate the protein levels of NLRP3. Overall, our study indicates that JAT may have a protective effect on H2O2-treated microglia via inhibition the MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and could be a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Cai-Li Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hua-Qiao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li M, Wang M, Wen Y, Zhang H, Zhao G, Gao Q. Signaling pathways in macrophages: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e349. [PMID: 37706196 PMCID: PMC10495745 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play diverse roles in development, homeostasis, and immunity. Accordingly, the dysfunction of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and progression of various diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and atherosclerosis. The protective or pathogenic effect that macrophages exert in different conditions largely depends on their functional plasticity, which is regulated via signal transduction such as Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, Wnt and Notch pathways, stimulated by environmental cues. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways in macrophages have been gradually elucidated, providing more alternative therapeutic targets for diseases treatment. Here, we provide an overview of the basic physiology of macrophages and expound the regulatory pathways within them. We also address the crucial role macrophages play in the pathogenesis of diseases, including autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, infectious diseases, and cancer, with a focus on advances in macrophage-targeted strategies exploring modulation of components and regulators of signaling pathways. Last, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions of macrophage-targeted therapy in clinical applications. We hope that this comprehensive review will provide directions for further research on therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage signaling pathways, which are promising to improve the efficacy of disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Mengjie Wang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuanjia Wen
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Guang‐Nian Zhao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qinglei Gao
- Department of Gynecological OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyCancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education)Tongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Weaver DF. Druggable targets for the immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1645-1661. [PMID: 37731705 PMCID: PMC10507808 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading threats to the health and socioeconomic well-being of humankind. Though research to develop disease modifying therapies for AD has traditionally focussed on the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, this approach has failed to yield a definitively curative agent. Accordingly, the search for additional or alternative approaches is a medicinal chemistry priority. Dysfunction of the brain's neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis has emerged as a leading contender. Neuroimmunity however is mechanistically complex, rendering the recognition of candidate receptors a challenging task. Herein, a review of the role of neuroimmunity in the biomolecular pathogenesis of AD is presented with the identification of a 'druggable dozen' targets; in turn, each identified target represents one or more discrete receptors centred on a common biochemical mechanism. The druggable dozen is composed of both cellular and molecular messenger targets, with a 'targetable ten' microglial targets as well as two cytokine-based targets. For each target, the underlying molecular basis, with a consideration of strengths and weaknesses, is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 60 Leonard Avenue Toronto ON M5T 0S8 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yin Y, Wei L, Caseley EA, Lopez‐Charcas O, Wei Y, Li D, Muench SP, Roger S, Wang L, Jiang L. Leveraging the ATP-P2X7 receptor signalling axis to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1346-1373. [PMID: 36924449 PMCID: PMC10947395 DOI: 10.1002/med.21952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an exceptional member of the P2X purinergic receptor family, with its activation requiring high concentrations of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) that are often associated with tissue damage and inflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS), it is highly expressed in glial cells, particularly in microglia. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of the P2X7 receptor in mediating neuroinflammation and other pathogenic events in a variety of traumatic CNS damage conditions, which lead to loss of neurological and cognitive functions. We raise the perspective on the steady progress in developing CNS-penetrant P2X7 receptor-specific antagonists that leverage the ATP-P2X7 receptor signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate traumatic CNS damage and related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Yin
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Linyu Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Emily A. Caseley
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Osbaldo Lopez‐Charcas
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Dongliang Li
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Steve P. Muench
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sebastian Roger
- EA4245, Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Lin‐Hua Jiang
- Sino‐UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Department of Physiology and PathophysiologyXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Katola FO, Olajide OA. Nimbolide Targets Multiple Signalling Pathways to Reduce Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5450-5467. [PMID: 37314658 PMCID: PMC10415506 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nimbolide, a limonoid compound found in the neem plant, was investigated for effects on neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cultured BV-2 cells were treated with nimbolide (125, 250 and 500 nM) followed by stimulation with LPS (100 ng/ml). Results showed that nimbolide caused a significant reduction in the levels of TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, NO/iNOS and PGE2/COX-2 in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. Further experiments revealed that LPS-induced increased expression of phospho-p65 and phospho-IκBα proteins were reduced in the presence of nimbolide. Also, LPS-induced NF-κB acetylation, increased binding to consensus sites and transactivation, as well as phosphorylation of p38 and JNK MAPKs were reduced by nimbolide. Reduction of cellular ROS generation by nimbolide was accompanied by a reduction in gp91phox protein levels, while antioxidant effects were also observed through elevation in protein levels of HO-1 and NQO-1. It was observed that treatment of BV-2 microglia with nimbolide resulted in reduced levels of cytoplasmic Nrf2, which was accompanied by increased levels in the nucleus. Furthermore, treatment with this compound resulted in increased binding of Nrf2 to antioxidant responsive element (ARE) consensus sites accompanied by enhanced ARE luciferase activity. Knockdown experiments revealed a loss of anti-inflammatory activity by nimbolide in cells transfected with Nrf2 siRNA. Treatment with nimbolide resulted in nuclear accumulation of SIRT-1, while siRNA knockdown of SIRT-1 resulted in the reversal of anti-inflammatory activity of nimbolide. It is proposed that nimbolide reduces neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia through mechanisms resulting in dual inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. It is also proposed that activation of Nrf2 antioxidant mechanisms may be contributing to its anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Folashade O Katola
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tamburini B, Badami GD, La Manna MP, Shekarkar Azgomi M, Caccamo N, Dieli F. Emerging Roles of Cells and Molecules of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11922. [PMID: 37569296 PMCID: PMC10418700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response that marks Alzheimer's disease (neuroinflammation) is considered a double-edged sword. Microglia have been shown to play a protective role at the beginning of the disease. Still, persistent harmful stimuli further activate microglia, inducing an exacerbating inflammatory process which impairs β-amyloid peptide clearance capability and leads to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Moreover, microglia also appear to be closely involved in the spread of tau pathology. Soluble TREM2 also represents a crucial player in the neuroinflammatory processes. Elevated levels of TREM2 in cerebrospinal fluid have been associated with increased amyloid plaque burden, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the intricate relationship between innate immunity and Alzheimer's disease will be a promising strategy for future advancements in diagnosis and new therapeutic interventions targeting innate immunity, by modulating its activity. Still, additional and more robust studies are needed to translate these findings into effective treatments. In this review, we focus on the role of cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) and molecules (TREM2, tau, and β-amyloid) of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and their possible exploitation as disease biomarkers and targets of therapeutical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Tamburini
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (G.D.B.); (M.P.L.M.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Modrego PJ, de Cerio LD, Lobo A. The Interface between Depression and Alzheimer's Disease. A Comprehensive Approach. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2023; 26:315-325. [PMID: 37970263 PMCID: PMC10645209 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_326_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are frequent interacting diseases in the elderly with a negative impact on the quality of life of patients and caregivers. Late-life depression may be regarded either as an early symptom of AD or a risk factor for AD, depending on the context. This review was focused on the latest developments in the fields of the neurobiological basis and treatment of depression in AD. We found that some plausible hypotheses are emerging to correlate with depression in AD, such as neuroinflammation and dysimmune regulation. It seems that depression is not related to amyloid deposition, but this issue is not completely resolved. The response to antidepressants is controversial according to the evidence from 10 small double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with antidepressants in AD patients with depression: four with sertraline, one with three arms (sertraline, mirtazapine, placebo), one with fluoxetine, one with imipramine, one with clomipramine, one with escitalopram, and one with vortioxetine. The total number of treated patients completing the trials was 638. The main criterion of a positive response was a reduction in the scores of clinical scales for depression of at least 50%. The weighted OR (odds ratio) was calculated with the method of Mantel-Haenszel: 1.29; 95% CI: 0.77-2.16. No significant differences were found compared with placebo. Antidepressants did not have a meaningful negative influence on cognition, which was measured with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in 18 clinical trials. Alternatives other than drugs are also discussed. Although there have been important advances in this field, pathophysiology and treatment deserve further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Modrego
- Servicio de Neurologia, Hospital Miguel Servet de Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang X, Chen X, Li Q, Ni BH, Wang W. Loganin reduces neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling. Toxicon 2023:107202. [PMID: 37348819 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The highly disabling nature of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and high cost of treatment and rehabilitation impose a burden on families and society. Loganin has potential medicinal value in alleviating neuroinflammation. This study aimed to explore whether loganin can be used to reduce SCI-induced neuroinflammation and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its action. An SCI rat model was developed to assess whether loganin promotes motor recovery after SCI. The anti-inflammatory effects of loganin on the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were identified by haematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The inflammatory effects of loganin were characterised using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory model in BV2 cells. For mechanistic exploration, the signalling pathways and target proteins of loganin action were predicted using bioinformatics and computational biology and then validated in cellular inflammation models. Loganin promoted animal motor recovery after SCI at the behavioural level, and it inhibited M1 differentiation of microglia and reduced NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammatory responses at the tissue level. Loganin inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells, and bioinformatics and computational biology suggested that loganin acts on the p65 protein through the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/NLRP3 signalling pathway. This was validated in a cellular model in which p65 trans-overexpression eliminated the downregulation of inflammatory factors by loganin. In conclusion, loganin reduces neuroinflammatory responses and promotes motor recovery after SCI. Loganin inhibits the NF-κB/NLRP3 signalling pathway by targeting the p65 protein to achieve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Outpatient Department, Air Force Jinan Base, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Bai-He Ni
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, Shandong, China; Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Miao J, Ma H, Yang Y, Liao Y, Lin C, Zheng J, Yu M, Lan J. Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1201982. [PMID: 37396657 PMCID: PMC10309009 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1201982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by protein aggregation in the brain. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microglia in AD pathogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of microglial involvement in AD, focusing on genetic determinants, phenotypic state, phagocytic capacity, neuroinflammatory response, and impact on synaptic plasticity and neuronal regulation. Furthermore, recent developments in drug discovery targeting microglia in AD are reviewed, highlighting potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. This review emphasizes the essential role of microglia in AD and provides insights into potential treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Miao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanpin Liao
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanxia Zheng
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muli Yu
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lan
- Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hao Z, Liu K, Zhou L, Chen P. Precious but convenient means of prevention and treatment: physiological molecular mechanisms of interaction between exercise and motor factors and Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1193031. [PMID: 37362440 PMCID: PMC10285460 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1193031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disproportionate to the severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the huge number of patients, the exact treatment and prevention of AD is still being explored. With increasing ageing, the search for means to prevent and treat AD has become a high priority. In the search for AD, it has been suggested that exercise may be one of the more effective and less costly means of preventing and treating AD, and therefore a large part of current research is aimed at exploring the effectiveness of exercise in the prevention and treatment of AD. However, due to the complexity of the specific pathogenesis of AD, there are multiple hypotheses and potential mechanisms for exercise interventions in AD that need to be explored. This review therefore specifically summarises the hypotheses of the interaction between exercise and AD from a molecular perspective, based on the available evidence from animal models or human experiments, and explores them categorised according to the pathologies associated with AD: exercise can activate a number of signalling pathways inhibited by AD (e.g., Wnt and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways) and reactivate the effects of downstream factors regulated by these signalling pathways, thus acting to alleviate autophagic dysfunction, relieve neuroinflammation and mitigate Aβ deposition. In addition, this paper introduces a new approach to regulate the blood-brain barrier, i.e., to restore the stability of the blood-brain barrier, reduce abnormal phosphorylation of tau proteins and reduce neuronal apoptosis. In addition, this paper introduces a new concept." Motor factors" or "Exerkines", which act on AD through autocrine, paracrine or endocrine stimulation in response to movement. In this process, we believe there may be great potential for research in three areas: (1) the alleviation of AD through movement in the brain-gut axis (2) the prevention and treatment of AD by movement combined with polyphenols (3) the continued exploration of movement-mediated activation of the Wnt signalling pathway and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Hao
- Department of Physical Education, Laoshan Campus, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kerui Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Daiyue Campus, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Daiyue Campus, Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Laoshan Campus, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee J, Hyun DH. The Interplay between Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040918. [PMID: 37107292 PMCID: PMC10135822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for life. Many enzymes require iron for appropriate function. However, dysregulation of intracellular iron homeostasis produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction and causes devastating effects on cells, leading to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death. In order to protect against harmful effects, the intracellular system regulates cellular iron levels through iron regulatory mechanisms, including hepcidin-ferroportin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)-transferrin, and ferritin-nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). During iron deficiency, DMT1-transferrin and ferritin-NCOA4 systems increase intracellular iron levels via endosomes and ferritinophagy, respectively. In contrast, repleting extracellular iron promotes cellular iron absorption through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. These processes are regulated by the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)/iron-responsive element (IRE) system and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Meanwhile, excessive ROS also promotes neuroinflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). NF-κB forms inflammasomes, inhibits silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1), and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Furthermore, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (4-HNE), the end-product of ferroptosis, promotes the inflammatory response by producing amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, and alpha-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. This interplay shows that intracellular iron homeostasis is vital to maintain inflammatory homeostasis. Here, we review the role of iron homeostasis in inflammation based on recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Montero-Cosme TG, Pascual-Mathey LI, Hernández-Aguilar ME, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Rojas-Durán F, Aranda-Abreu GE. Potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:544-559. [PMID: 37005970 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that amyloid precursor protein (APP), the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nicastrin (NCT), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) are closely related to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, recent evidence shows that neuroinflammation also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Although the mechanism is not clearly known, such inflammation could alter the activity of the aforementioned molecules. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory agents could slow the progression of the disease. Nimesulide, resveratrol, and citalopram are three anti-inflammatory agents that could contribute to a decrease in neuroinflammation and consequently to a decrease in the overexpression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau, as they possess anti-inflammatory effects that could regulate the expression of APP, BACE1, COX-2, NCT, and p-Tau of potent pro-inflammatory markers indirectly involved in the expression of APP, BACE1, NCT, COX-2, and p-Tau; therefore, their use could be beneficial as preventive treatment as well as in the early stages of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fausto Rojas-Durán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wei R, He JQ, Chen WH, Tam KY. Evaluations of the neuroprotective effects of a dual-target isoquinoline inhibitor in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137166. [PMID: 36889377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit neuropathological features, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurogenic fibrillary tangles. These features are thought to play important pathogenic roles, including neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis in the disease progression. Herein, we systematically evaluated a previously reported dual-target isoquinoline inhibitor (9S) for cholinesterase and Aβ aggregation in in vitro and in vivo models of AD. 9S exhibited neuroprotective effects in Aβ-induced and PHF6-induced PC12 cell models as well as in an okadaic acid-induced SH-SY5Y cell model, which were due to attenuated neuronal apoptosis through modulations of GSK-3β phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species. One-month administration of 9S to triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) female mice (aged 6 months) led to significant improvement in cognitive deficits. Whereas similar treatment regimens for older 3 × Tg-AD female mice (aged 10 months) showed negligible neuroprotective effects. These findings suggest the importance of therapeutic intervention at the early stage of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, PR China
| | - Jun-Qiu He
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, PR China.
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chiarini A, Gui L, Viviani C, Armato U, Dal Prà I. NLRP3 Inflammasome’s Activation in Acute and Chronic Brain Diseases—An Update on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Respect to Other Inflammasomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11040999. [PMID: 37189617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly prevalent acute and chronic human brain diseases are scourges for the elderly. Besides the lack of therapies, these ailments share a neuroinflammation that is triggered/sustained by different innate immunity-related protein oligomers called inflammasomes. Relevant neuroinflammation players such as microglia/monocytes typically exhibit a strong NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence the idea that NLRP3 suppression might solve neurodegenerative ailments. Here we review the recent Literature about this topic. First, we update conditions and mechanisms, including RNAs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, endogenous compounds, and ethnic/pharmacological agents/extracts regulating NLRP3 function. Second, we pinpoint NLRP3-activating mechanisms and known NLRP3 inhibition effects in acute (ischemia, stroke, hemorrhage), chronic (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, MS, ALS), and virus-induced (Zika, SARS-CoV-2, and others) human brain diseases. The available data show that (i) disease-specific divergent mechanisms activate the (mainly animal) brains NLRP3; (ii) no evidence proves that NLRP3 inhibition modifies human brain diseases (yet ad hoc trials are ongoing); and (iii) no findings exclude that concurrently activated other-than-NLRP3 inflammasomes might functionally replace the inhibited NLRP3. Finally, we highlight that among the causes of the persistent lack of therapies are the species difference problem in disease models and a preference for symptomatic over etiologic therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we posit that human neural cell-based disease models could drive etiological, pathogenetic, and therapeutic advances, including NLRP3’s and other inflammasomes’ regulation, while minimizing failure risks in candidate drug trials.
Collapse
|