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Stefanović M, Jovanović I, Živković M, Stanković A. Pathway analysis of peripheral blood CD8+ T cell transcriptome shows differential regulation of sphingolipid signaling in multiple sclerosis and glioblastoma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305042. [PMID: 38861512 PMCID: PMC11166308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and glioblastoma (GBM) are CNS diseases in whose development and progression immune privilege is intimately important, but in a relatively opposite manner. Maintenance and strengthening of immune privilege have been shown to be an important mechanism in glioblastoma immune evasion, while the breakdown of immune privilege leads to MS initiation and exacerbation. We hypothesize that molecular signaling pathways can be oppositely regulated in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells of MS and glioblastoma patients at a transcriptional level. We analyzed publicly available data of the peripheral blood CD8+ T cell MS vs. control (MSvsCTRL) and GBM vs. control (GBMvsCTRL) differentially expressed gene (DEG) contrasts with Qiagen's Ingenuity pathway analysis software (IPA). We have identified sphingolipid signaling pathway which was significantly downregulated in the GBMvsCTRL and upregulated in the MSvsCTRL. As the pathway is important for the CD8+ T lymphocytes CNS infiltration, this result is in line with our previously stated hypothesis. Comparing publicly available lists of differentially expressed serum exosomal miRNAs from MSvsCTRL and GBMvsCTRL contrasts, we have identified that hsa-miR-182-5p has the greatest potential effect on sphingolipid signaling regarding the number of regulated DEGs in the GBMvsCTRL contrast, while not being able to find any relevant potential sphingolipid signaling target transcripts in the MSvsCTRL contrast. We conclude that the sphingolipid signaling pathway is a top oppositely regulated pathway in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from GBM and MS, and might be crucial for the differences in CNS immune privilege maintenance of investigated diseases, but further experimental research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Afify R, Brutkiewicz RR. The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:913-923. [PMID: 38365015 PMCID: PMC10999338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Reham Afify
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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3
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Körtge A, Breitrück A, Doß S, Hofrichter J, Nelz SC, Krüsemann H, Wasserkort R, Fitzner B, Hecker M, Mitzner S, Zettl UK. The Utility of Miniaturized Adsorbers in Exploring the Cellular and Molecular Effects of Blood Purification: A Pilot Study with a Focus on Immunoadsorption in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2590. [PMID: 38473836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoadsorption (IA) has proven to be clinically effective in the treatment of steroid-refractory multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. We used miniaturized adsorber devices with a tryptophan-immobilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel sorbent to mimic the IA treatment of patients with MS in vitro. The plasma was screened before and after adsorption with regard to disease-specific mediators, and the effect of the IA treatment on the migration of neutrophils and the integrity of the endothelial cell barrier was tested in cell-based models. The in vitro IA treatment with miniaturized adsorbers resulted in reduced plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines. We also found a reduced migration of neutrophils towards patient plasma treated with the adsorbers. Furthermore, the IA-treated plasma had a positive effect on the endothelial cell barrier's integrity in the cell culture model. Our findings suggest that IA results in a reduced infiltration of cells into the central nervous system by reducing leukocyte transmigration and preventing blood-brain barrier breakdown. This novel approach of performing in vitro blood purification therapies on actual patient samples with miniaturized adsorbers and testing their effects in cell-based assays that investigate specific hypotheses of the pathophysiology provides a promising platform for elucidating the mechanisms of action of those therapies in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Körtge
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Breitrück
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandra Doß
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Hofrichter
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie-Charlotte Nelz
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Krüsemann
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Reinhold Wasserkort
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brit Fitzner
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Mitzner
- Department of Extracorporeal Therapy Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Center for Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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Nair AL, Groenendijk L, Overdevest R, Fowke TM, Annida R, Mocellin O, de Vries HE, Wevers NR. Human BBB-on-a-chip reveals barrier disruption, endothelial inflammation, and T cell migration under neuroinflammatory conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1250123. [PMID: 37818458 PMCID: PMC10561300 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1250123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective barrier that ensures a homeostatic environment for the central nervous system (CNS). BBB dysfunction, inflammation, and immune cell infiltration are hallmarks of many CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis and stroke. Physiologically relevant human in vitro models of the BBB are essential to improve our understanding of its function in health and disease, identify novel drug targets, and assess potential new therapies. We present a BBB-on-a-chip model comprising human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) cultured in a microfluidic platform that allows parallel culture of 40 chips. In each chip, a perfused HBMEC vessel was grown against an extracellular matrix gel in a membrane-free manner. BBBs-on-chips were exposed to varying concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) to mimic inflammation. The effect of the inflammatory conditions was studied by assessing the BBBs-on-chips' barrier function, cell morphology, and expression of cell adhesion molecules. Primary human T cells were perfused through the lumen of the BBBs-on-chips to study T cell adhesion, extravasation, and migration. Under inflammatory conditions, the BBBs-on-chips showed decreased trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability to sodium fluorescein, and aberrant cell morphology in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, we observed increased expression of cell adhesion molecules and concomitant monocyte adhesion. T cells extravasated from the inflamed blood vessels and migrated towards a C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradient. T cell adhesion was significantly reduced and a trend towards decreased migration was observed in presence of Natalizumab, an antibody drug that blocks very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate a high-throughput microfluidic model of the human BBB that can be used to model neuroinflammation and assess anti-inflammatory and barrier-restoring interventions to fight neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Lekshmi Nair
- MIMETAS BV, Oegstgeest, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helga E. de Vries
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience – Neuroinfection and Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hu H, Cai J, Qi D, Li B, Yu L, Wang C, Bajpai AK, Huang X, Zhang X, Lu L, Liu J, Zheng F. Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Group I Pulmonary Hypertension Based on Machine Learning and Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098050. [PMID: 37175757 PMCID: PMC10178909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of processes and pathways have been reported in the development of Group I pulmonary hypertension (Group I PAH); however, novel biomarkers need to be identified for a better diagnosis and management. We employed a robust rank aggregation (RRA) algorithm to shortlist the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Group I PAH patients and controls. An optimal diagnostic model was obtained by comparing seven machine learning algorithms and was verified in an independent dataset. The functional roles of key DEGs and biomarkers were analyzed using various in silico methods. Finally, the biomarkers and a set of key candidates were experimentally validated using patient samples and a cell line model. A total of 48 key DEGs with preferable diagnostic value were identified. A gradient boosting decision tree algorithm was utilized to build a diagnostic model with three biomarkers, PBRM1, CA1, and TXLNG. An immune-cell infiltration analysis revealed significant differences in the relative abundances of seven immune cells between controls and PAH patients and a correlation with the biomarkers. Experimental validation confirmed the upregulation of the three biomarkers in Group I PAH patients. In conclusion, machine learning and a bioinformatics analysis along with experimental techniques identified PBRM1, CA1, and TXLNG as potential biomarkers for Group I PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Cardial Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Daoxi Qi
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Boyu Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Yu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Akhilesh K Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardial Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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6
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Conway S, Saxena S, Baecher-Allan C, Krishnan R, Houtchens M, Glanz B, Saraceno TJ, Polgar-Turcsanyi M, Bose G, Bakshi R, Bhattacharyya S, Galetta K, Kaplan T, Severson C, Singhal T, Stazzone L, Zurawski J, Paul A, Weiner HL, Healy BC, Chitnis T. Preserved T cell but attenuated antibody response in MS patients on fingolimod and ocrelizumab following 2nd and 3rd SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2023; 9:20552173231165196. [PMID: 37057191 PMCID: PMC10086198 DOI: 10.1177/20552173231165196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited knowledge about T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) after 3 doses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine. Objectives Assess the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody and T cell responses in MS patients and healthy controls (HCs) after 2 doses (2-vax) and 3 doses (3-vax) of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Methods We studied seroconversion rates and T cell responses by flow cytometry in HC and MS patients on fingolimod or ocrelizumab. Results After 2-vax, 8/33 (24.2%) patients in ocrelizumab group, 5/7 (71.4%) in fingolimod group, and 29/29 (100%) in HC group (P = 5.7 × 10-11) seroconverted. After 3-vax, 9/22 (40.9%) patients in ocrelizumab group, 19/21 (90.5%) in fingolimod group, and 7/7 (100%) in HC group seroconverted (P = 0.0003). The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 peptide reactive total CD4+ T cells increased in HC and ocrelizumab group but not in fingolimod group after 2-vax and 3-vax (P < 0.0001). The percentage of IFNγ and TNFα producing total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased in fingolimod group as compared to HC and ocrelizumab group after 2-vax and 3-vax (P < 0.0001). Conclusions MS patients on ocrelizumab and fingolimod had attenuated humoral responses, but preserved cytokine producing T cell responses compared to HCs after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Clinical Trials Registration NCT05060354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Conway
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shrishti Saxena
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clare Baecher-Allan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajesh Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Houtchens
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Glanz
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taylor J Saraceno
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariann Polgar-Turcsanyi
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gauruv Bose
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rohit Bakshi
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shamik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristin Galetta
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Severson
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tarun Singhal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn Stazzone
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Zurawski
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anu Paul
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian C Healy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lin LY, Juillard P, Hawke S, Marsh-Wakefield F, Grau GE. Oral Cladribine Impairs Intermediate, but Not Conventional, Monocyte Transmigration in Multiple Sclerosis Patients across a Model Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076487. [PMID: 37047460 PMCID: PMC10094666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease in which the immune system damages components of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the destruction of myelin and the formation of demyelinating plaques. This often occurs in episodic “attacks” precipitated by the transmigration of leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and repeated episodes of demyelination lead to substantial losses of axons within and removed from plaques, ultimately leading to progressive neurological dysfunction. Within leukocyte populations, macrophages and T and B lymphocytes are the predominant effectors. Among current immunotherapies, oral cladribine’s impact on lymphocytes is well characterised, but little is known about its impact on other leukocytes such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). The aim of this study was to determine the transmigratory ability of monocyte and DC subsets in healthy subjects and untreated and cladribine-treated relapse-remitting MS (RRMS) patients using a well-characterised model of the BBB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects were added to an in vitro transmigration assay to assess cell migration. Our findings show that while prior treatment with oral cladribine inhibits the migration of intermediate monocytes, it has no impact on the transmigration of DC subsets. Overall, our data indicate a previously unrecognised role of cladribine on intermediate monocytes, known to accumulate in the brain active MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Y. Lin
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre Juillard
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Human Cancer and Viral Immunology Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.M.-W.); (G.E.G.)
| | - Georges E. Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.M.-W.); (G.E.G.)
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8
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Aglas-Leitner FT, Juillard P, Juillard A, Byrne SN, Hawke S, Grau GE, Marsh-Wakefield F. Mass cytometry reveals cladribine-induced resets among innate lymphoid cells in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20411. [PMID: 36437270 PMCID: PMC9701791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a comprehensive mass cytometry analysis of peripheral innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets in relapsing/remitting MS (RRMS) patients prior to and after onset of cladribine tablets (CladT). ILC analysis was conducted on CyTOF data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients before, 2 and 6 months after onset of CladT, and non-MS controls. Dimensionality reduction was used for immunophenotyping ILC subsets. CladT reduced all ILC subsets, except for CD56bright NK cells and ILC2. Furthermore, CD38+ NK cell and CCR6+ ILC3 were excluded from CladT-induced immune cell reductions. Post-CladT replenishment by immature ILC was noted by increased CD5+ ILC1 proportions at 2 months, and boosted CD38-CD56bright NK cell numbers at 6 months. CladT induce immune cell depletion among ILC but exclude CD56bright NK cells and ILC2 subsets, as well as CD38+ NK cell and CCR6+ ILC3 immunophenotypes. Post-CladT ILC expansions indicate ILC reconstitution towards a more tolerant immune system phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Aglas-Leitner
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ,grid.22937.3d0000 0000 9259 8492Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Juillard
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A. Juillard
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. N. Byrne
- grid.452919.20000 0001 0436 7430Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XFaculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. Hawke
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ,Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, Australia
| | - G. E. Grau
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - F. Marsh-Wakefield
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XVascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ,grid.248902.50000 0004 0444 7512Liver Injury & Cancer Group, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XHuman Cancer & Viral Immunology Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ,grid.248902.50000 0004 0444 7512Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
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9
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Ford RK, Juillard P, Hawke S, Grau GE, Marsh-Wakefield F. Cladribine Reduces Trans-Endothelial Migration of Memory T Cells across an In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206006. [PMID: 36294327 PMCID: PMC9604596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) induced by immune dysregulation. Cladribine has been championed for its clinical efficacy with relatively minor side effects in treating MS. Although it is proposed that cladribine exerts an anti-migratory effect on lymphocytes at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in addition to its lymphocyte-depleting and modulating effects, this has not been properly studied. Here, we aimed to determine if cladribine treatment influences trans-endothelial migration of T cell subsets across an inflamed BBB. Human brain endothelial cells stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines were used to mimic the BBB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from healthy controls, untreated and cladribine-treated MS patients. The trans-endothelial migration of CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) and CD8+ central memory T (TCM) cells was reduced in cladribine-treated MS patients. CD28 expression was decreased on both CD4+ TEM and CD8+ TCM cells, suggesting lowered peripheral activation of these cells thereby maintaining the integrity of the BBB. In addition, these cells have likely reconstituted following cladribine treatment, revealing a long-term anti-migratory effect. These results highlight new mechanisms by which cladribine acts to control MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Ford
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre Juillard
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Hawke
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Central West Neurology and Neurosurgery, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.E.G.); (F.M.-W.)
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Human Cancer and Viral Immunology Laboratory, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.E.G.); (F.M.-W.)
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10
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Targeting CD38 in Neoplasms and Non-Cancer Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174169. [PMID: 36077708 PMCID: PMC9454480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD38 remains an interesting target for anticancer therapy. Its relatively high abundance in neoplasms and crucial impact on NAD+/cADPR metabolism and the activity of T cells allows for changing the immune response in autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, and finally the induction of cell death. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity is responsible for cell death induced by targeting the tumor with anti-CD38 antibodies, such as daratumumab. A wide range of laboratory experiments and clinical trials show an especially promising role of anti-CD38 therapy against multiple myeloma, NK cell lymphomas, and CD19- B-cell malignancies. More studies are required to include more diseases in the therapeutic protocols involving the modulation of CD38 activity. Abstract CD38 is a myeloid antigen present both on the cell membrane and in the intracellular compartment of the cell. Its occurrence is often enhanced in cancer cells, thus making it a potential target in anticancer therapy. Daratumumab and isatuximab already received FDA approval, and novel agents such as MOR202, TAK079 and TNB-738 undergo clinical trials. Also, novel therapeutics such as SAR442085 aim to outrank the older antibodies against CD38. Multiple myeloma and immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis may be effectively treated with anti-CD38 immunotherapy. Its role in other hematological malignancies is also important concerning both diagnostic process and potential treatment in the future. Aside from the hematological malignancies, CD38 remains a potential target in gastrointestinal, neurological and pulmonary system disorders. Due to the strong interaction of CD38 with TCR and CD16 on T cells, it may also serve as the biomarker in transplant rejection in renal transplant patients. Besides, CD38 finds its role outside oncology in systemic lupus erythematosus and collagen-induced arthritis. CD38 plays an important role in viral infections, including AIDS and COVID-19. Most of the undergoing clinical trials focus on the use of anti-CD38 antibodies in the therapy of multiple myeloma, CD19- B-cell malignancies, and NK cell lymphomas. This review focuses on targeting CD38 in cancer and non-cancerous diseases using antibodies, cell-based therapies and CD38 inhibitors. We also provide a summary of current clinical trials targeting CD38.
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Zarobkiewicz MK, Morawska I, Kowalska W, Halczuk P, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak AA. PECAM-1 Is Down-Regulated in γδT Cells during Remission, but Up-Regulated in Relapse of Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113210. [PMID: 35683597 PMCID: PMC9181399 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. PECAM-1 and NKRP1A are both involved in the vascular transmigration of T lymphocytes. Vascular transmigration is a crucial process in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Methods and aim. The current paper presents an analysis of PECAM-1 and NKRP1A expression on γδ T cells. Expression of PECAM-1 and NKRP1A on subsets of γδ T cells was performed with flow cytometry. Results. Based on the flow cytometry data, PECAM1 was slightly differentially modulated on γδ T cells—it was up-regulated during relapse, but down-regulated during remission. Moreover, a significant downregulation of CD3 expression was noted on γδ T cells from MS patients, most notably during relapse. Conclusions. This may be a sign of the overall activation of γδ T cells in the course of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K. Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (W.K.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.Z.); (A.A.B.-J.)
| | - Izabela Morawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (W.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (W.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Paweł Halczuk
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (W.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Agnieszka A. Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (I.M.); (W.K.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.Z.); (A.A.B.-J.)
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12
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Williams-Medina A, Deblock M, Janigro D. In vitro Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Tools in Translational Medicine. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 2:623950. [PMID: 35047899 PMCID: PMC8757867 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.623950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical progress has historically depended on scientific discoveries. Until recently, science was driven by technological advancements that, once translated to the clinic, fostered new treatments and interventions. More recently, technology-driven medical progress has often outpaced laboratory research. For example, intravascular devices, pacemakers for the heart and brain, spinal cord stimulators, and surgical robots are used routinely to treat a variety of diseases. The rapid expansion of science into ever more advanced molecular and genetic mechanisms of disease has often distanced laboratory-based research from day-to-day clinical realities that remain based on evidence and outcomes. A recognized reason for this hiatus is the lack of laboratory tools that recapitulate the clinical reality faced by physicians and surgeons. To overcome this, the NIH and FDA have in the recent past joined forces to support the development of a "human-on-a-chip" that will allow research scientists to perform experiments on a realistic replica when testing the effectiveness of novel experimental therapies. The development of a "human-on-a-chip" rests on the capacity to grow in vitro various organs-on-a-chip, connected with appropriate vascular supplies and nerves, and our ability to measure and perform experiments on these virtually invisible organs. One of the tissue structures to be scaled down on a chip is the human blood-brain barrier. This review gives a historical perspective on in vitro models of the BBB and summarizes the most recent 3D models that attempt to fill the gap between research modeling and patient care. We also present a summary of how these in vitro models of the BBB can be applied to study human brain diseases and their treatments. We have chosen NeuroAIDS, COVID-19, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease as examples of in vitro model application to neurological disorders. Major insight pertaining to these illnesses as a consequence of more profound understanding of the BBB can reveal new avenues for the development of diagnostics, more efficient therapies, and definitive clarity of disease etiology and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Williams-Medina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Flocel, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Deblock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Flocel, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
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