1
|
Wei Y, Zhong S, Yang H, Wang X, Lv B, Bian Y, Pei Y, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Luo D, Wang F, Sun H, Chen Y. Current therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A review on past and future therapeutic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116496. [PMID: 38759454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the first and second motoneurons (MNs), associated with muscle weakness, paralysis and finally death. The exact etiology of the disease still remains unclear. Currently, efforts to develop novel ALS treatments which target specific pathomechanisms are being studied. The mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis involve multiple factors, such as protein aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation etc. Unfortunately, to date, there are only two FDA-approved drugs for ALS, riluzole and edavarone, without curative treatment for ALS. Herein, we give an overview of the many pathways and review the recent discovery and preclinical characterization of neuroprotective compounds. Meanwhile, drug combination and other therapeutic approaches are also reviewed. In the last part, we analyze the reasons of clinical failure and propose perspective on the treatment of ALS in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huajing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingbing Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of TCM External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Daying Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernan-Godoy M, Rouaux C. From Environment to Gene Expression: Epigenetic Methylations and One-Carbon Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2024; 13:967. [PMID: 38891099 PMCID: PMC11171807 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiology of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is complex and considered multifactorial. The majority of ALS cases are sporadic, but familial cases also exist. Estimates of heritability range from 8% to 61%, indicating that additional factors beyond genetics likely contribute to ALS. Numerous environmental factors are considered, which may add up and synergize throughout an individual's lifetime building its unique exposome. One level of integration between genetic and environmental factors is epigenetics, which results in alterations in gene expression without modification of the genome sequence. Methylation reactions, targeting DNA or histones, represent a large proportion of epigenetic regulations and strongly depend on the availability of methyl donors provided by the ubiquitous one-carbon (1C) metabolism. Thus, understanding the interplay between exposome, 1C metabolism, and epigenetic modifications will likely contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying altered gene expression related to ALS and to developing targeted therapeutic interventions. Here, we review evidence for 1C metabolism alterations and epigenetic methylation dysregulations in ALS, with a focus on the impairments reported in neural tissues, and discuss these environmentally driven mechanisms as the consequences of cumulative exposome or late environmental hits, but also as the possible result of early developmental defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Rouaux
- Inserm UMR_S 1329, Strasbourg Translational Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Université de Strasbourg, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000 Strasbourg, France;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin CY, Vanoverbeke V, Trent D, Willey K, Lee YS. The Spatiotemporal Expression of SOCS3 in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mice. Brain Sci 2024; 14:564. [PMID: 38928564 PMCID: PMC11201580 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons from the brain and spinal cord. The excessive neuroinflammation is thought to be a common determinant of ALS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is pathologically upregulated after injury/diseases to negatively regulate a broad range of cytokines/chemokines that mediate inflammation; however, the role that SOCS3 plays in ALS pathogenesis has not been explored. Here, we found that SOCS3 protein levels were significantly increased in the brainstem of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-G93A ALS mice, which is negatively related to a progressive decline in motor function from the pre-symptomatic to the early symptomatic stage. Moreover, SOCS3 levels in both cervical and lumbar spinal cords of ALS mice were also significantly upregulated at the pre-symptomatic stage and became exacerbated at the early symptomatic stage. Concomitantly, astrocytes and microglia/macrophages were progressively increased and reactivated over time. In contrast, neurons were simultaneously lost in the brainstem and spinal cord examined over the course of disease progression. Collectively, SOCS3 was first found to be upregulated during ALS progression to directly relate to both increased astrogliosis and increased neuronal loss, indicating that SOCS3 could be explored to be as a potential therapeutic target of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, LRI, NB3-90, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu N, Wang X. The level of homocysteine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:1185-1192. [PMID: 36422727 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences of the level of homocysteine (Hcy) between ALS patients and controls. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, and other databases were searched systematically up to October 2022 for relevant reports about the level of Hcy, folic acid, and vitamin B12 (VB12) among ALS patients. Two reviewers screened and selected the titles and abstracts of the studies independently during the database searches and performed full-text reviews and extracted available data. The MD (mean difference) and 95%CI (credibility interval) of the level of Hcy, folic acid, and VB12 between ALS group and control group were calculated. RESULTS Pooled results of nine studies including 812 ALS patients and 2632 controls showed that the MD in plasma levels of HCY between ALS patients and controls was 1.56 (95%CI: - 0.07, 3.19) μmol/L with remarkable heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). The mean CSF levels of Hcy among ALS patients were significantly higher than that of controls (MD: 0.23, 95%CI: 0.21, 0.24 μmol/L) with no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). No significant difference in the plasma level of folic acid (MD: - 0.52, 95%CI: - 1.89, 0.84 ng/mL) or VB12 (MD: - 9.76, 95%CI: - 83.41, 63.89) was found between ALS patients and controls. CONCLUSION There was no significant difference in the plasma level of Hcy, folic acid, or VB12 between ALS patients and controls. The CSF level of Hcy among ALS population was remarkably higher than that among controls. Vitamin supplements including folate and VB12 might be recommended to ALS patients with the complication of deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xubiao Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, Yang Q, Liu Z, Zhang R, Yu H, Wang M, Chen S, Xu G, Shao Y, Le W. Integrative analysis of metabolomics and proteomics unravels purine metabolism disorder in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106110. [PMID: 37001614 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with progressive paralysis of limbs and bulb in patients, the cause of which remains unclear. Accumulating studies suggest that motor neuron degeneration is associated with systemic metabolic impairment in ALS. However, the metabolic reprogramming and underlying mechanism in the longitudinal progression of the disease remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular changes at both metabolic and proteomic levels during disease progression to identify the most critical metabolic pathways and underlying mechanisms involved in ALS pathophysiological changes. Utilizing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, we analyzed the metabolites' levels of plasma, lumbar spinal cord, and motor cortex from SOD1G93A mice and wildtype (WT) littermates at different stages. To elucidate the regulatory network underlying metabolic changes, we further analyzed the proteomics profile in the spinal cords of SOD1G93A and WT mice. A group of metabolites implicated in purine metabolism, methionine cycle, and glycolysis were found differentially expressed in ALS mice, and abnormal expressions of enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways were also confirmed. Notably, we first demonstrated that dysregulation of purine metabolism might contribute to the pathogenesis and disease progression of ALS. Furthermore, we discovered that fatty acid metabolism, TCA cycle, arginine and proline metabolism, and folate-mediated one‑carbon metabolism were also significantly altered in this disease. The identified differential metabolites and proteins in our study could complement existing data on metabolic reprogramming in ALS, which might provide new insight into the pathological mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets of ALS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Goncharova PS, Davydova TK, Popova TE, Novitsky MA, Petrova MM, Gavrilyuk OA, Al-Zamil M, Zhukova NG, Nasyrova RF, Shnayder NA. Nutrient Effects on Motor Neurons and the Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3804. [PMID: 34836059 PMCID: PMC8622539 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease with the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and the brain stem. The etiology and pathogenesis of ALS are being actively studied, but there is still no single concept. The study of ALS risk factors can help to understand the mechanism of this disease development and, possibly, slow down the rate of its progression in patients and also reduce the risk of its development in people with a predisposition toward familial ALS. The interest of researchers and clinicians in the protective role of nutrients in the development of ALS has been increasing in recent years. However, the role of some of them is not well-understood or disputed. The objective of this review is to analyze studies on the role of nutrients as environmental factors affecting the risk of developing ALS and the rate of motor neuron degeneration progression. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Springer, Clinical keys, Google Scholar, and E-Library databases for publications using keywords and their combinations. We analyzed all the available studies published in 2010-2020. DISCUSSION We analyzed 39 studies, including randomized clinical trials, clinical cases, and meta-analyses, involving ALS patients and studies on animal models of ALS. This review demonstrated that the following vitamins are the most significant protectors of ALS development: vitamin B12, vitamin E > vitamin C > vitamin B1, vitamin B9 > vitamin D > vitamin B2, vitamin B6 > vitamin A, and vitamin B7. In addition, this review indicates that the role of foods with a high content of cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, urates, and purines plays a big part in ALS development. CONCLUSION The inclusion of vitamins and a ketogenic diet in disease-modifying ALS therapy can reduce the progression rate of motor neuron degeneration and slow the rate of disease progression, but the approach to nutrient selection must be personalized. The roles of vitamins C, D, and B7 as ALS protectors need further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina S. Goncharova
- Center of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.G.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Tatiana K. Davydova
- Center of Neurogenerative Disorders, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; (T.K.D.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Tatiana E. Popova
- Center of Neurogenerative Disorders, Yakut Science Centre of Complex Medical Problems, 677000 Yakutsk, Russia; (T.K.D.); (T.E.P.)
| | - Maxim A. Novitsky
- Center of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.G.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Marina M. Petrova
- Center for Collective Using “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Oksana A. Gavrilyuk
- Center for Collective Using “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (O.A.G.)
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia G. Zhukova
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Regina F. Nasyrova
- Center of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.G.); (M.A.N.)
| | - Natalia A. Shnayder
- Center of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (P.S.G.); (M.A.N.)
- Center for Collective Using “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (O.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, Liu Z, Sun W, Yuan Y, Jiao B, Zhang X, Shen L, Jiang H, Xia K, Tang B, Wang J. Association Between Vitamins and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Center-Based Survey in Mainland China. Front Neurol 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 32625160 PMCID: PMC7314934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, conflicting results about the role of vitamins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been reported along with a lack of systematic studies on all types of serum vitamins in patients with ALS. Moreover, extensive studies have been conducted on vitamins in other neurodegenerative diseases; however, whether serum vitamin alterations in ALS are similar to those in other neurodegenerative diseases remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a study involving a large Chinese cohort of patients with ALS to address this gap. In this study, 202 patients with ALS, 214 with a neurodegenerative disease that mimicked ALS (mimics), and 208 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum vitamins of all subjects were examined under fasting state in Clinical Laboratory. As a result, we found that higher vitamin A and E levels and lower vitamin B2, B9, and C levels were in patients with ALS compared to healthy controls, and that high vitamin A and E levels, and low vitamin B2, B9, and C levels were associated with an increased risk for ALS. In addition, serum vitamin C was lower in early-onset ALS patients compared to those in late-onset ALS patients; however, there was no significant correlation between serum vitamins and age at onset, sites at onset, disease duration, or disease severity of ALS. We also found that patients with ALS showed similar vitamin alterations to mimics, with the exception of vitamin E. In summary, our study adds information to the literature on the role of vitamins in ALS and provides support for clinical guidance regarding dietary changes and vitamin supplements in patients with ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weining Sun
- General Practice, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pourhanifeh MH, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Asemi Z. The Effect of Resveratrol on Neurodegenerative Disorders: Possible Protective Actions Against Autophagy, Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2178-2191. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190717110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the loss of neuronal function is rapidly
increasing. The pathogenesis of the majority of these diseases is not entirely clear, but current evidence has
shown the possibility that autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved. The present
review summarizes the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on neurodegenerative disorders, based on the especially
molecular biology of these diseases. The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were
searched for studies published in English until March 30th, 2019 that contained data for the role of inflammation,
oxidative stress, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the neurodegenerative disorders. There are also studies documenting
the role of molecular processes in the progression of central nervous system diseases. Based on current evidence,
resveratrol has potential properties that may reduce cell damage due to inflammation. This polyphenol
affects cellular processes, including autophagy and the apoptosis cascade under stressful conditions. Current
evidence supports the beneficial effects of resveratrol on the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Craenen K, Verslegers M, Baatout S, Abderrafi Benotmane M. An appraisal of folates as key factors in cognition and ageing-related diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:722-739. [PMID: 30729795 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1549017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is often consumed as a food supplement and can be found in fortified staple foods in various western countries. Even though FA supplementation during pregnancy is known to prevent severe congenital anomalies in the developing child (e.g., neural tube defects), much less is known about its influence on cognition and neurological functioning. In this review, we address the advances in this field and situate how folate intake during pregnancy, postnatal life, adulthood and in the elderly affects cognition. In addition, an association between folate status and ageing, dementia and other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is discussed. While its role in the incidence and severity of these diseases is becoming apparent, the underlying action of folates and related metabolites remains elusive. Finally, the potential of FA as a nutraceutical has been proposed, although the efficacy will highly depend on the interplay with other micronutrients, the disease stage and the duration of supplementation. Hence, the lack of consistent data urges for more animal studies and (pre)clinical trials in humans to ascertain a potential beneficial role for folates in the treatment or amelioration of cognitive decline and ageing-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Craenen
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium.,Biology Department, Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Liu Y, Liu X, Li S, Cheng C, Chen S, Le W. Dynamic changes of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis during microglial activation and motor neuron loss in the spinal cord of ALS mouse model. Transl Neurodegener 2018; 7:35. [PMID: 30607245 PMCID: PMC6309063 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-018-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuron-microglia communication plays a crucial role in the motor neurons (MNs) death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Neurons can express chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1), which mediates microglial activation via interacting with its sole receptor CX3CR1 in microglia. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dynamic changes of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis during microglial activation and MNs loss in SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Methods qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescent staining were used to examine the mRNA and protein levels and localization of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in the anterior horn region of spinal cord in both SOD1G93A mice and their age-matched wild type (WT) littermates at 40, 60, 90 and 120 days of age. The M1/M2 microglial activation in the spinal cord tissues of SOD1G93A mice and WT mice were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining of M1/M2 markers and further confirmed by qPCR analysis of M1/M2-related cytokines. Results The immunofluorescent staining revealed that CX3CL1 was predominately expressed in MNs, while CX3CR1 was highly expressed in microglia in the anterior horn region of spinal cord. Compared with age-matched WT mice, CX3CL1 mRNA level was elevated at 40 days but decreased at 90 and 120 days in the anterior horn region of spinal cords in ALS mice. Consistently, CX3CR1 mRNA level was increased at 90 and 120 days. Western blot assay further confirmed the dynamic changes of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis in ALS mice. Additionally, the levels of M1/M2 markers of microglia and their related cytokines in the anterior horn region of spinal cord in ALS mice were increased at 90 and 120 days. Moreover, while M1-related cytokines in ALS mice were persistently increased at 120 days, the upregulated M2-related cytokines started to decline at 120 days, suggesting an altered microglial activation. Conclusions Our data revealed the dynamic changes of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and an imbalanced M1/M2 microglial activation during ALS pathological progression. These findings may help identify potential molecular targets for ALS therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40035-018-0138-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, 024000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Liu
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China
| | - Song Li
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- 4Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Weidong Le
- 1Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China.,2Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang JJ, Zhou QM, Chen S, Le WD. Repurposing carbamazepine for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in SOD1-G93A mouse model. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1163-1174. [PMID: 29656576 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect and mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) on the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in SOD1-G93A mouse model. METHODS Starting from 64 days of age, SOD1-G93A mice were orally administered with CBZ at 200 mg/kg once daily until death. The disease onset and life span of SOD1-G93A mice were recorded. Motor neurons (MNs) in anterior horn of spinal cord were quantified by Nissl staining and SMI-32 immunostaining. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH), modified Gomori trichrome (MGT), and α-bungarotoxin-ATTO-488 staining were also performed to evaluate muscle and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) damage. Expressions of aggregated SOD1 protein and autophagy-related proteins were further detected by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Carbamazepine treatment could delay the disease onset and extend life span of SOD1-G93A mice by about 14.5% and 13.9%, respectively. Furthermore, CBZ treatment reduced MNs loss by about 46.6% and ameliorated the altered muscle morphology and NMJ. Much more interestingly, mechanism study revealed that CBZ treatment activated autophagy via AMPK-ULK1 pathway and promoted the clearance of mutant SOD1 aggregation. CONCLUSION Our findings uncovered the therapeutic effects of CBZ against disease pathogenesis in SOD1-G93A mice, indicating a promising clinical utilization of CBZ in ALS therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Qin-Ming Zhou
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cai M, Lee KW, Choi SM, Yang EJ. TDP-43 modification in the hSOD1(G93A) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Neurol Res 2014; 37:253-62. [PMID: 25213598 DOI: 10.1179/1743132814y.0000000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset disease that produces gradual motor neuron cell death in the spinal cord (SP). Recently, transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43), a critical component of insoluble ubiquitinated inclusions, has received attention in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and ALS. TDP-43 modifications, including hyperphosphorylation, truncation, and ubiquitination, have been reported in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the pathogenic mechanism of TDP-43 in ALS is unclear. To determine the association between TDP-43 and neurotoxicity in an ALS model, we characterized TDP-43 expression in hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice (Tg) as an ALS animal model. TDP-43 was expressed by astrocytes and microglial cells in the SP of hSOD1(G93A) transgenic mice. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated and truncated TDP-43 increased in the SP of ALS mice compared with age-matched non-Tg. Furthermore, the serum iron concentration and expression of transferrin, a homeostasis-related iron protein, in the SP were increased relative to non-Tg. The protein expression level of HO-1 related to oxidative stress was increased in the SP of hSOD1(G93A) Tg relative to non-Tg. We show that an increase of TDP-43 modification, including phosphorylation or truncation, associates with dysfunctional iron homeostasis and an increase in oxidative stress in the SP of symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) Tg. These findings suggest that modified TDP-43 may be involved in motor neuron death in the SP of a SOD1(G93A)-expressing familial ALS (fALS) animal model.
Collapse
|
13
|
Calvo AC, Manzano R, Mendonça DMF, Muñoz MJ, Zaragoza P, Osta R. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a focus on disease progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925101. [PMID: 25157374 PMCID: PMC4137497 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was discovered and described in 1869 as a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neuron death is induced, a wide range of biomarkers have been selected to identify therapeutic targets. ALS shares altered molecular pathways with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases. However, the molecular targets that directly influence its aggressive nature remain unknown. What is the first link in the neurodegenerative chain of ALS that makes this disease so peculiar? In this review, we will discuss the progression of the disease from the viewpoint of the potential biomarkers described to date in human and animal model samples. Finally, we will consider potential therapeutic strategies for ALS treatment and future, innovative perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Calvo
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Deise M. F. Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, Biosciences Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenida Vereador Olimpio Grande, s/n, Centro, 49500-000 Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - María J. Muñoz
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Resveratrol ameliorates motor neuron degeneration and improves survival in SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:483501. [PMID: 25057490 PMCID: PMC4095711 DOI: 10.1155/2014/483501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol has recently been used as a supplemental treatment for several neurological and nonneurological diseases. It is not known whether resveratrol has neuroprotective effect on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To assess the effect of resveratrol on the disease, we tested this agent on an ALS model of SOD1G93A transgenic mouse. Rotarod measurement was performed to measure the motor function of the ALS mice. Nissl staining and SMI-32 immunofluorescent staining were used to determine motor neurons survival in the spinal cord of the ALS mice. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), and cytochrome oxidase (COX) staining were applied to pathologically analyze the skeletal muscles of the ALS mice. We found that resveratrol treatment significantly delayed the disease onset and prolonged the lifespan of the ALS mice. Furthermore, resveratrol treatment attenuated motor neuron loss, relieved muscle atrophy, and improved mitochondrial function of muscle fibers in the ALS mice. In addition, we demonstrated that resveratrol exerted these neuroprotective effects mainly through increasing the expression of Sirt1, consequently suppressing oxidative stress and downregulating p53 and its related apoptotic pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that resveratrol might provide a promising therapeutic intervention for ALS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Puentes F, Topping J, Kuhle J, van der Star BJ, Douiri A, Giovannoni G, Baker D, Amor S, Malaspina A. Immune reactivity to neurofilament proteins in the clinical staging of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:274-8. [PMID: 24078718 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament (NF) proteins detection in biological fluids as a by-product of axonal loss is technically challenging and to date relies mostly on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements. Plasma antibodies against NF proteins and particularly to their soluble light chain (NF-L) could be a more practical surrogate marker for disease staging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an invariably fatal and clinically heterogeneous neuromuscular disorder. METHODOLOGY We have used a recombinant neurofilament light chain (NF-L) protein for the ELISA detection of antibodies against NF proteins in plasma samples from a well-characterised cohort of ALS individuals (n:73). The use of an established functional rating scale and of a recently proposed staging of disease progression allowed stratification of the ALS cohort based on disease stage, site of onset, survival and speed of disease progression. RESULTS Antibody levels to NF proteins in plasma were significantly higher in ALS individuals compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). Higher NF plasma immunoreactivity was seen in advanced ALS cases (stage IVA-B) compared to earlier phases of the disease (p<0.05). There was no difference in anti-NF plasma antibodies between ALS individuals treated with riluzole and untreated patients; although riluzole-treated ALS cases with an earlier age of onset and with a shorter diagnostic delay displayed higher anti-NFL antibody levels compared to untreated ALS patients with similar features. CONCLUSIONS Immunoreactivity to plasma NF-L and homologous NF proteins is informative of the stage of disease progression in ALS. The determination of NF antibody levels in plasma could be added to the growing panel of disease-monitoring biomarkers in ALS targeting cytoskeletal antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Puentes
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, , London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tan HT, Ling LH, Dolor-Torres MC, Yip JWL, Richards AM, Chung MC. Proteomics discovery of biomarkers for mitral regurgitation caused by mitral valve prolapse. J Proteomics 2013; 94:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
17
|
Cai M, Choi SM, Song BK, Son I, Kim S, Yang EJ. Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans attenuates neuroinflammation in symptomatic hSOD1(G93A) mice. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:131. [PMID: 24168240 PMCID: PMC4231348 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective motor neuron death in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex. Neuroinflammation is one of several pathological causes of degenerating motor neurons and is induced by activated microglial cells and astrocytes in ALS. Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans (SSM) is utilized in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases, such as cancer, apoplexy, and epilepsy. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of SSM are currently unclear, even though SSM increases immune and antibiotic activity. Methods To determine the effects of SSM on symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice, SSM (2.5 μℓ/g) was injected bilaterally at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint three times per week for two weeks. The effects of SSM treatment on anti-neuroinflammation in the brainstem and spinal cord of hSOD1G93A mice were assessed via Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining, and immunohistochemistry using Iba-1, CD14, HO1, and NQO1 proteins was evaluated by Western blotting. Results In this study, we investigated whether SSM affects neuroinflammation in the spinal cord of symptomatic hSOD1G93A transgenic mice. We found that SSM treatment attenuated the loss of motor neurons and reduced the activation of microglial cells and astrocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SSM administration in this animal model of ALS suppressed oxidative stress in the brainstem and spinal cord by 1.6- and 1.8-fold, respectively. Conclusions Our findings suggest that SSM, which has previously been used in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), might also be considered as an anti-neuroinflammatory therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sungchul Kim
- Department of Medial Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Galactooligosaccharide improves the animal survival and alleviates motor neuron death in SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience 2013; 246:281-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
Transcriptome Profiling Following Neuronal and Glial Expression of ALS-Linked SOD1 in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:695-708. [PMID: 23550139 PMCID: PMC3618356 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.005850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) generally is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease. Mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene account for approximately 20% of familial ALS and 2% of all ALS cases. Although a number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain mutant SOD1 toxicity, the molecular mechanisms of the disease remain unclear. SOD1-linked ALS is thought to function in a non-cell-autonomous manner such that motoneurons are critical for the onset, and glia contribute to progression of the disease. Recently, it has been shown in Drosophila melanogaster that expression of human SOD1 in a subset of neuronal cells causes synaptic transmission defects, modified motor function, and altered sensitivity to compounds that induce oxidative stress. Here we used the Gal4-UAS (Upstream Activation Sequence) system to further characterize flies expressing wild-type Drosophila SOD1 (dSOD1) and the mutant human SOD1G85R (G85R) allele in motoneurons and glia. Cell-specific expression of both dSOD1 and G85R was found to influence lifespan, affect sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and alter lipid peroxidation levels. To better understand the genetic consequences of G85R expression in motoneurons and glia, we conducted microarray analysis of both young flies (5 days old) and old flies (45 days old) expressing G85R selectively in motoneurons or glia and concurrently in motoneurons and glia. Results from this microarray experiment identified candidate genes for further investigation and may help elucidate the individual and combined contributions of motoneurons and glia in ALS.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sazci A, Ozel MD, Emel E, Idrisoglu HA. Gender-specific association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:716-21. [PMID: 22385294 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed that elevated homocysteine levels can cause damage to motor neurons through multiple neurotoxic mechanisms, thus leading to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). One way by which homocysteine levels are increased in the body is the consequence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms. Therefore, to address this question, we studied the MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in 437 sporadic ALS (SALS) and 439 healthy controls to learn whether they were associated with SALS. The overall SALS were not associated with MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms (χ(2)=1.378; p=0.502; χ(2)=1.304; p=0.521, respectively). However, when we stratified results in terms of gender, we found that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism (χ(2)=6.376; p=0.041), T677T genotype (χ(2)=5.508; p=0.019; odds ratio [OR]=2.561; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.142-5.744), C677C/A1298A (χ(2)=5.216; p=0.022; OR=0.424, 95% CI=0.199-0.900), and T677T/A1298A (χ(2)=6.639; p=0.010; OR=2.900; 95% CI=1.252-6.717) compound genotypes were associated with SALS in female patients only. Moreover, stratification of SALS according to the onset of disease indicated that there was no association between MTHFR C677T (χ(2)=1.565; p=0.457; A1298C χ(2)=3.461; p=0.177) polymorphisms and overall spinal onset SALS. Further stratification analysis according to gender revealed that there was a remarkable association between MTHFR C677T (χ(2)=9.728, p=0.008), T677T genotype (χ(2)=7.820; p=0.005; OR=3.126; 95% CI=1.361-7.178) and T allele (χ(2)=5.000; p=0.025; OR=1.711; 95% CI=1.067-2.745), and T677T/A1298A compound genotype (χ(2)=9.108; p=0.003; OR=3.540; 95% CI=1.494-8.387) and spinal onset female SALS only. Likewise, there was also association between MTHFR A1298C polymorphism (χ(2)=5.946; p=0.051) and the C1298C genotype (χ(2)=5.282; p=0.022; OR=2.524; 95% CI=1.125-5.658), and the C677T/C1298C compound genotype (χ(2)=7.155; p=0.007; OR=1.045; 95% CI=0.983-1.112) and bulbar onset SALS only in women. In conclusion, the evidence we provide here clearly shows that MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms are genetic risk factors for SALS in women in a gender-specific manner whether they are of spinal or bulbar onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sazci
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Neurotoxic injury pathways in differentiated mouse motor neuron-neuroblastoma hybrid (NSC-34D) cells in vitro--limited effect of riluzole on thapsigargin, but not staurosporine, hydrogen peroxide and homocysteine neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 258:208-15. [PMID: 22108590 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuroblastoma-spinal motor neuron fusion cell line, NSC-34, in its differentiated form, NSC-34D, permits examining the effects of riluzole, a proven treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on cell death induction by staurosporine (STS), thapsigargin (Thaps), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and homocysteine (HCy). These neurotoxins, applied exogenously, have mechanisms of action related to the various proposed molecular pathogenetic pathways in ALS and are differentiated from endogenous cell death that is associated with cytoplasmic aggregate formation in motor neurons. Nuclear morphology, caspase-3/7 activation and high content imaging were used to assess toxicity of these neurotoxins with and without co-treatment with riluzole, a benzothiazole compound with multiple pharmacological actions. STS was the most potent neurotoxin at killing NSC-34D cells with a toxic concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is achieved (TC(50)=0.01μM), followed by Thaps (TC(50)=0.9μM) and H(2)O(2) (TC(50)=15μM) with HCy requiring higher concentrations to kill at the same level (TC(50)=2200μM). Riluzole provided neurorescue with a 20% absolute reduction (47.6% relative reduction) in apoptotic cell death against Thaps-induced NSC-34D cell (p≤0.05), but had no effect on STS-, H(2)O(2)- and HCy-induced NSC-34D cell death. This effect of riluzole on Thaps induction of cell death was independent of caspase-3/7 activation. Riluzole mitigated a toxin that can cause intracellular calcium dysregulation associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress but not toxins associated with other cell death mechanisms.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hemendinger RA, Armstrong EJ, Brooks BR. Methyl Vitamin B12 but not methylfolate rescues a motor neuron-like cell line from homocysteine-mediated cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 251:217-25. [PMID: 21237187 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is an excitatory amino acid implicated in multiple diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Information on the toxicity of homocysteine in motor neurons is limited and few studies have examined how this toxicity can be modulated. In NSC-34D cells (a hybrid cell line derived from motor neuron-neuroblastoma), homocysteine induces apoptotic cell death in the millimolar range with a TC₅₀ (toxic concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is achieved) of 2.2 mM, confirmed by activation of caspase 3/7. Induction of apoptosis was independent of short-term reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Methyl Vitamin B12 (MeCbl) and methyl tetrahydrofolate (MTHF), used clinically to treat elevated homocysteine levels, were tested for their ability to reverse homocysteine-mediated motor neuron cell death. MeCbl in the micromolar range was able to provide neuroprotection (2 h pretreatment prior to homocysteine) and neurorescue (simultaneous exposure with homocysteine) against millimolar homocysteine with an IC₅₀ (concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is inhibited) of 0.6 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. In contrast, MTHF (up to 10 μM) had no effect on homocysteine-mediated cell death. MeCbl inhibited caspase 3/7 activation by homocysteine in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas MTHF had no effect. We conclude that MeCbl is effective against homocysteine-induced cell death in motor neurons in a ROS-independent manner, via a reduction in caspase activation and apoptosis. MeCbl decreases Hcy induced motor neuron death in vitro in a hybrid cell line derived from motor neuron-neuroblastoma and may play a role in the treatment of late stage ALS where HCy levels are increased in animal models of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richelle A Hemendinger
- Motor Neuron Cell Biology Group, Department of Neurology, Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|