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Knight KAW, Barbour-Hastie C, Gane A, O'Riordan J. Novel genetic variant in hereditary spastic paraparesis. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e252396. [PMID: 38631813 PMCID: PMC11029313 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-252396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his 30s was referred to neurology with right-sided paraesthesia, tremors, chest pain and lower urinary tract and erectile dysfunction. He had a medical history of left acetabular dysplasia, and subjective memory impairment, the latter being in the context of depression and chronic pain with opioid use. There was no notable family history. On examination, he had a spastic paraparesis. Imaging revealed atrophy of the thoracic spine. Lumbar puncture demonstrated a raised protein but other constituents were normal, including no presence of oligoclonal bands. Genetic testing revealed a novel heterozygous likely pathogenic SPAST variant c. 1643A>T p.(Asp548Val), confirming the diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraparesis. Symptomatic treatment with physiotherapy and antispasmodic therapy was initiated. This is the first study reporting a patient with this SPAST variant. Ensembl variant effect predictor was used, with the application of computational variant prediction tools providing support that the variant we have identified is likely deleterious and damaging. Our variant CADD score was high, indicating that our identified variant was a highly deleterious substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A W Knight
- Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Department of Neurology, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Angus Gane
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Galatolo D, Trovato R, Scarlatti A, Rossi S, Natale G, De Michele G, Barghigiani M, Cioffi E, Filla A, Bilancieri G, Casali C, Santorelli FM, Silvestri G, Tessa A. Power of NGS-based tests in HSP diagnosis: analysis of massively parallel sequencing in clinical practice. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:147-160. [PMID: 37131039 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of heterogeneous neurological disorders mainly characterized by corticospinal degeneration (pure forms), but sometimes associated with additional neurological and extrapyramidal features (complex HSP). The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to huge improvements in knowledge of HSP genetics and made it possible to clarify the genetic etiology of hundreds of "cold cases," accelerating the process of reaching a molecular diagnosis. The different NGS-based strategies currently employed as first-tier approaches most commonly involve the use of targeted resequencing panels and exome sequencing, whereas genome sequencing remains a second-tier approach because of its high costs. The question of which approach is the best is still widely debated, and many factors affect the choice. Here, we aim to analyze the diagnostic power of different NGS techniques applied in HSP, by reviewing 38 selected studies in which different strategies were applied in different-sized cohorts of patients with genetically uncharacterized HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna Trovato
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Scarlatti
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Biology, BIO@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rossi
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Natale
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Cioffi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Casali
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Silvestri
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Rossi S, Rubegni A, Riso V, Barghigiani M, Bassi MT, Battini R, Bertini E, Cereda C, Cioffi E, Criscuolo C, Dal Fabbro B, Dato C, D'Angelo MG, Di Muzio A, Diamanti L, Dotti MT, Filla A, Gioiosa V, Liguori R, Martinuzzi A, Massa R, Mignarri A, Moroni R, Musumeci O, Nicita F, Orologio I, Orsi L, Pegoraro E, Petrucci A, Plumari M, Ricca I, Rizzo G, Romano S, Rumore R, Sampaolo S, Scarlato M, Seri M, Stefan C, Straccia G, Tessa A, Travaglini L, Trovato R, Ulgheri L, Vazza G, Orlacchio A, Silvestri G, Santorelli FM, Melone MAB, Casali C. Clinical-Genetic Features Influencing Disability in Spastic Paraplegia Type 4. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e664. [PMID: 35372684 PMCID: PMC8969300 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesHereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a group of inherited rare neurologic disorders characterized by length-dependent degeneration of the corticospinal tracts and dorsal columns, whose prominent clinical feature is represented by spastic gait. Spastic paraplegia type 4 (SPG4, SPAST-HSP) is the most common form. We present both clinical and molecular findings of a large cohort of patients, with the aim of (1) defining the clinical spectrum of SPAST-HSP in Italy; (2) describing their molecular features; and (3) assessing genotype-phenotype correlations to identify features associated with worse disability.MethodsA cross-sectional retrospective study with molecular and clinical data collected in an anonymized database was performed.ResultsA total of 723 Italian patients with SPAST-HSP (58% men) from 316 families, with a median age at onset of 35 years, were included. Penetrance was 97.8%, with men showing higher Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS) scores (19.67 ± 12.58 vs 16.15 ± 12.61, p = 0.009). In 26.6% of patients with SPAST-HSP, we observed a complicated phenotype, mainly including intellectual disability (8%), polyneuropathy (6.7%), and cognitive decline (6.5%). Late-onset cases seemed to progress more rapidly, and patients with a longer disease course displayed a more severe neurologic disability, with higher SPATAX (3.61 ± 1.46 vs 2.71 ± 1.20, p < 0.001) and SPRS scores (22.63 ± 11.81 vs 12.40 ± 8.83, p < 0.001). Overall, 186 different variants in the SPAST gene were recorded, of which 48 were novel. Patients with SPAST-HSP harboring missense variants displayed intellectual disability (14.5% vs 4.4%, p < 0.001) more frequently, whereas patients with truncating variants presented more commonly cognitive decline (9.7% vs 2.6%, p = 0.001), cerebral atrophy (11.2% vs 3.4%, p = 0.003), lower limb spasticity (61.5% vs 44.5%), urinary symptoms (50.0% vs 31.3%, p < 0.001), and sensorimotor polyneuropathy (11.1% vs 1.1%, p < 0.001). Increasing disease duration (DD) and abnormal motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were also associated with increased likelihood of worse disability (SPATAX score>3).DiscussionThe SPAST-HSP phenotypic spectrum in Italian patients confirms a predominantly pure form of HSP with mild-to-moderate disability in 75% of cases, and slight prevalence of men, who appeared more severely affected. Early-onset cases with intellectual disability were more frequent among patients carrying missense SPAST variants, whereas patients with truncating variants showed a more complicated disease. Both longer DD and altered MEPs are associated with worse disability.
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Hata T, Nan H, Koh K, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Takiyama Y. A clinical and genetic study of SPG31 in Japan. J Hum Genet 2022; 67:421-425. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Genetic architecture of motor neuron diseases. J Neurol Sci 2021; 434:120099. [PMID: 34965490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are rare and frequently fatal neurological disorders in which motor neurons within the brainstem and spinal cord regions slowly die. MNDs are primarily caused by genetic mutations, and > 100 different mutant genes in humans have been discovered thus far. Given the fact that many more MND-related genes have yet to be discovered, the growing body of genetic evidence has offered new insights into the diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of MNDs. This search may aid in the selection of potential candidate genes for future investigation and, eventually, may open the door to novel interventions to slow down disease progression. In this review paper, we have summarized detailed existing research findings of different MNDs, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal bulbar muscle atrophy (SBMA) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) in relation to their complex genetic architecture.
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Yang JO, Yoon JY, Sung DH, Yun S, Lee JJ, Jun SY, Halder D, Jeon SJ, Woo EJ, Seok JM, Cho JW, Jang JH, Choi JK, Kim BJ, Kim NS. The emerging genetic diversity of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Korean patients. Genomics 2021; 113:4136-4148. [PMID: 34715294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSP) are a group of rare inherited neurological disorders characterized by progressive loss of corticospinal motor-tract function. Numerous patients with HSP remain undiagnosed despite screening for known genetic causes of HSP. Therefore, identification of novel genetic variations related to HSP is needed. In this study, we identified 88 genetic variants in 54 genes from whole-exome data of 82 clinically well-defined Korean HSP families. Fifty-six percent were known HSP genes, and 44% were composed of putative candidate HSP genes involved in the HSPome and originally reported neuron-related genes, not previously diagnosed in HSP patients. Their inheritance modes were 39, de novo; 33, autosomal dominant; and 10, autosomal recessive. Notably, ALDH18A1 showed the second highest frequency. Fourteen known HSP genes were firstly reported in Koreans, with some of their variants being predictive of HSP-causing protein malfunction. SPAST and REEP1 mutants with unknown function induced neurite abnormality. Further, 54 HSP-related genes were closely linked to the HSP progression-related network. Additionally, the genetic spectrum and variation of known HSP genes differed across ethnic groups. These results expand the genetic spectrum for HSP and may contribute to the accurate diagnosis and treatment for rare HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ok Yang
- Korea BioInformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Yoon
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Hyun Sung
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Yun
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ju Lee
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Jun
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Debasish Halder
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jeon
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Jeon Woo
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Analytical Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Myoung Seok
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Cheonan, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyoon Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare-disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Yu W, Jin H, Deng J, Nan D, Huang Y. A novel SPAST gene mutation identified in a Chinese family with hereditary spastic paraplegia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:123. [PMID: 32493220 PMCID: PMC7268315 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a heterogeneous group of clinically and genetically neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive gait disorder. Hereditary spastic paraplegia can be inherited in various ways, and all modes of inheritance are associated with multiple genes or loci. At present, more than 76 disease-causing loci have been identified in hereditary spastic paraplegia patients. Here, we report a novel mutation in SPAST gene associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia in a Chinese family, further enriching the hereditary spastic paraplegia spectrum. Methods Whole genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of the 15 subjects from a Chinese family using DNA Isolation Kit. The Whole Exome Sequencing of the proband was analyzed and the result was identified in the rest individuals. RaptorX prediction tool and Protein Variation Effect Analyzer were used to predict the effects of the mutation on protein tertiary structure and function. Results Spastic paraplegia has been inherited across at least four generations in this family, during which only four HSP patients were alive. The results obtained by analyzing the Whole Exome Sequencing of the proband exhibited a novel disease-associated in-frame deletion in the SPAST gene, and this mutation also existed in the rest three HSP patients in this family. This in-frame deletion consists of three nucleotides deletion (c.1710_1712delGAA) within the exon 16, resulting in lysine deficiency at the position 570 of the protein (p.K570del). This novel mutation was also predicted to result in the synthesis of misfolded SPAST protein and have the deleterious effect on the function of SPAST protein. Conclusion In this case, we reported a novel mutation in the known SPAST gene that segregated with HSP disease, which can be inherited in each generation. Simultaneously, this novel discovery significantly enriches the mutation spectrum, which provides an opportunity for further investigation of genetic pathogenesis of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Haiqiang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jianwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Ding Nan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, 8 Xishiku Street Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Sandate CR, Szyk A, Zehr EA, Lander GC, Roll-Mecak A. An allosteric network in spastin couples multiple activities required for microtubule severing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:671-678. [PMID: 31285604 PMCID: PMC6761829 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The AAA+ ATPase spastin remodels microtubule arrays through severing and its mutation is the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP). Polyglutamylation of the tubulin C-terminal tail recruits spastin to microtubules and modulates severing activity. Here, we present a ~3.2 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Drosophila melanogaster spastin hexamer with a polyglutamate peptide bound in its central pore. Two electropositive loops arranged in a double-helical staircase coordinate the substrate sidechains. The structure reveals how concurrent nucleotide and substrate binding organizes the conserved spastin pore loops into an ordered network that is allosterically coupled to oligomerization, and suggests how tubulin tail engagement activates spastin for microtubule disassembly. This allosteric coupling may apply generally in organizing AAA+ protein translocases into their active conformations. We show that this allosteric network is essential for severing and is a hotspot for HSP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Parodi L, Fenu S, Barbier M, Banneau G, Duyckaerts C, Tezenas du Montcel S, Monin ML, Ait Said S, Guegan J, Tallaksen CME, Sablonniere B, Brice A, Stevanin G, Depienne C, Durr A. Spastic paraplegia due to SPAST mutations is modified by the underlying mutation and sex. Brain 2019; 141:3331-3342. [PMID: 30476002 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are rare neurological disorders caused by progressive distal degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. Among the 79 loci and 65 spastic paraplegia genes (SPGs) involved in HSPs, mutations in SPAST, which encodes spastin, responsible for SPG4, are the most frequent cause of both familial and sporadic HSP. SPG4 is characterized by a clinically pure phenotype associated with restricted involvement of the corticospinal tracts and posterior columns of the spinal cord. It is rarely associated with additional neurological signs. However, both age of onset and severity of the disorder are extremely variable. Such variability is both intra- and inter-familial and may suggest incomplete penetrance, with some patients carrying mutations remaining asymptomatic for their entire life. We analysed a cohort of 842 patients with SPG4-HSP to assess genotype-phenotype correlations. Most patients were French (89%) and had a family history of SPG4-HSP (75%). Age at onset was characterized by a bimodal distribution, with high inter-familial and intra-familial variability, especially concerning first-degree relatives. Penetrance of the disorder was 0.9, complete after 70 years of age. Penetrance was lower in females (0.88 versus 0.94 in males, P = 0.01), despite a more diffuse phenotype with more frequent upper limb involvement. Seventy-seven per cent of pathogenic mutations (missense, frameshift, splice site, nonsense, and deletions) were located in the AAA cassette of spastin, impairing its microtubule-severing activity. A comparison of the missense and truncating mutations revealed a significantly lower age at onset for patients carrying missense mutations than those carrying truncating mutations, explaining the bimodal distribution of the age at onset. The age at onset for patients carrying missense mutations was often before 10 years, sometimes associated with intellectual deficiency. Neuropathological examination of a single case showed degeneration of the spinocerebellar and spinocortical tracts, as well as the posterior columns. However, there were numerous small-diameter processes among unusually large myelinated fibres in the corticospinal tract, suggesting marked regeneration. In conclusion, this large cohort of 842 individuals allowed us to identify a significantly younger age at onset in missense mutation carriers and lower penetrance in females, despite a more severe disorder. Neuropathology in one case showed numerous small fibres suggesting regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Parodi
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Fenu
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Barbier
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Banneau
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Charles Duyckaerts
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Raymond Escourolle Department of Neuropathology, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Tezenas du Montcel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Unit and Clinical Research Unit, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UMR S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Monin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Samia Ait Said
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Justine Guegan
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Chantal M E Tallaksen
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bertrand Sablonniere
- Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Institut de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie Pathologie et Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research Univeristy, Neurogenetics Group, Paris, France
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
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Cui F, Sun L, Qiao J, Xiong J, Zhao Y, Li J, Li M, Chen S, Huang X. Hereditary and idiopathic spastic paraparesis: preliminary findings of a single center experience. Neurol Res 2018; 40:1088-1093. [PMID: 30352018 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1522412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited neurologic disorders with diversified clinical manifestations. The purpose of this study was to summarize the clinical manifestations of HSP by analyzing the clinical data of 56 HSP patients. METHODS A total of 56 HSP patients treated in our hospital from January 2014 to March 2016 were included. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were collected. The severity of HSP was assessed by disease severity score. RESULTS The patients included 40 males and 16 females. The mean onset age was 17.86 ± 12.56 years (range: 1-47). The mean disease duration was 13.46 ± 12.82 years (range: 1-63). There were 29 pure (51.8%) forms and 27 complicated (48.2%) HSP. The common manifestations included increased deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities (94.6%), positive Babinski sign (94.6%), increased muscle tone of lower extremities (91.1%), scissors gait (83.9%), ankle clonus (69.6%), reduced muscle strength in the lower extremities (48.2%) and skeletal deformities (37.5%). Reduced cognitive function was the most common manifestation (55.6%) of the complicated HSP patients. The mean disease severity score was significantly higher in males than in females (2.75 ± 0.55 vs. 2.18 ± 1.13, P = 0.013). Patients with a disease duration >30 years had a significantly higher disease severity score than those with disease duration of 1-10 and 21-30 years. DISCUSSION We reported the clinical features of HSP from 56 patients in our hospital. Our findings should be helpful for better understanding of clinical features of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cui
- a Department of Neurology , Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Sanya , Hainan Province , China
| | - Liuqing Sun
- a Department of Neurology , Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Sanya , Hainan Province , China
| | - Jie Qiao
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Jianmei Xiong
- a Department of Neurology , Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Sanya , Hainan Province , China
| | - Yangang Zhao
- a Department of Neurology , Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Sanya , Hainan Province , China
| | - Jianyong Li
- a Department of Neurology , Hainan Branch of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Sanya , Hainan Province , China
| | - Mao Li
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Siyu Chen
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- b Department of Neurology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
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11
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Nuber S, Rajsombath M, Minakaki G, Winkler J, Müller CP, Ericsson M, Caldarone B, Dettmer U, Selkoe DJ. Abrogating Native α-Synuclein Tetramers in Mice Causes a L-DOPA-Responsive Motor Syndrome Closely Resembling Parkinson's Disease. Neuron 2018; 100:75-90.e5. [PMID: 30308173 PMCID: PMC6211795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) regulates vesicle exocytosis but forms insoluble deposits in Parkinson's disease (PD). Developing disease-modifying therapies requires animal models that reproduce cardinal features of PD. We recently described a previously unrecognized physiological form of αS, α-helical tetramers, and showed that familial PD-causing missense mutations shift tetramers to aggregation-prone monomers. Here, we generated mice expressing the fPD E46K mutation plus 2 homologous E→K mutations in adjacent KTKEGV motifs. This tetramer-abrogating mutant causes phenotypes similar to PD. αS monomers accumulate at membranes and form vesicle-rich inclusions. αS becomes insoluble, proteinase K-resistant, Ser129-phosphorylated, and C-terminally truncated, as in PD. These changes affect regions controlling motor behavior, including a decrease in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The outcome is a progressive motor syndrome including tremor and gait and limb deficits partially responsive to L-DOPA. This fully penetrant phenotype indicates that tetramers are required for normal αS homeostasis and that chronically shifting tetramers to monomers may result in PD, with attendant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Nuber
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Molly Rajsombath
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU), Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Caldarone
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; NeuroBehavior Laboratory, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Beetz C, Khundadze M, Goldberg LV, Hübner CA. Erbliche spastische Spinalparalysen: aktuelle Erkenntnisse und Entwicklungen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-018-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Die erblichen spastischen Spinalparalysen („hereditary spastic paraplegias“, HSPs) sind Bewegungsstörungen, die aus der Degeneration der Axone oberer Motoneuronen resultieren. Sie sind klinisch und genetisch sehr heterogen. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel fasst aktuelle Strategien zur genetischen Diagnostik der HSPs zusammen, erörtert mögliche Mutationsmechanismen, diskutiert Erklärungen für die klinische Variabilität innerhalb ausgewählter Formen und verweist auf noch ungeklärte und zum Teil wenig beachtete Phänomene. Außerdem wird die Notwendigkeit eines tieferen Verständnisses der zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien dargestellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Beetz
- Aff1 0000 0000 8517 6224 grid.275559.9 Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsdiagnostik Universitätsklinikum Jena Jena Deutschland
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Aff2 0000 0000 8517 6224 grid.275559.9 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Jena Am Klinikum 1 07747 Jena Deutschland
| | - Lisa V. Goldberg
- Aff1 0000 0000 8517 6224 grid.275559.9 Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsdiagnostik Universitätsklinikum Jena Jena Deutschland
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Aff2 0000 0000 8517 6224 grid.275559.9 Institut für Humangenetik Universitätsklinikum Jena Am Klinikum 1 07747 Jena Deutschland
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13
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Lu C, Li LX, Dong HL, Wei Q, Liu ZJ, Ni W, Gitler AD, Wu ZY. Targeted next-generation sequencing improves diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia in Chinese patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:701-712. [PMID: 29934652 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs. To clarify the genetic spectrum and improve the diagnosis of HSP patients, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to detect the culprit genes in 55 Chinese HSP pedigrees. The classification of novel variants was based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) standards and guidelines. Patients remaining negative following targeted NGS were further screened for gross deletions/duplications by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We made a genetic diagnosis in 61.8% (34/55) of families and identified 33 mutations, including 14 known mutations and 19 novel mutations. Of them, one was de novo mutation (NIPA1: c.316G>A). SPAST mutations (22/39, 56.4%) are the most common in Chinese AD-HSP followed by ATL1 (4/39, 10.3%). Moreover, we identified the third BSCL2 mutation (c.1309G>C) related to HSP by further functional studies and first reported the KIF1A mutation (c.304G>A) in China. Our findings broaden the genetic spectrum of HSP and improve the diagnosis of HSP patients. These results demonstrate the efficiency of targeted NGS to make a more rapid and precise diagnosis in patients with clinically suspected HSP. KEY MESSAGES We made a genetic diagnosis in 61.8% of families and identified 33 mutations. SPAST mutations are the most common in Chinese AD-HSP followed by ATL1. Our findings broaden the genetic spectrum and improve the diagnosis of HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Xi Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
- Joint Institute for Genetics and Genome Medicine Between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Mészárosová AU, Putzová M, Čermáková M, Vávrová D, Doležalová K, Smetanová I, Stejskal D, Beetz C, Seeman P. SPAST mutation spectrum and familial occurrence among Czech patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:845-850. [PMID: 27334366 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SPAST gene has a major role in hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). This is the first report mapping characteristics of the SPAST gene in a large cohort of Czech HSP patients. All 17 coding exons of the SPAST gene were Sanger sequenced in 327 patients from 263 independent families with suspected uncomplicated HSP. The selected 126 independent patients, without mutation in the SPAST gene after Sanger sequencing, were subsequently tested by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) assay for large deletions or copy number variations affecting the SPAST gene. Among the 263 independent patients, 35 different, small mutations in 44 patients were found. Twenty-one mutations are novel with the majority of frameshift mutations. Seven mutations were found in more than one family. The age at onset ranged between preschool childhood and the fifth decade with inter- and intra-familiar differences. SPAST small mutations were detected in 16.7% (44/263) of independent tested patients. Mutations in the SPAST gene were found more frequently in familial cases (with affected relatives). Mutation were found in 31.9% (29/91 familial tested) in the familial patient group, whereas in the sporadic patient group, mutations were found in only 4.7% of cases (5/106 sporadic cases). Among SPAST-positive patients, 65.9% (29/44) were familial but only 11.4% (5/44) were sporadic. MLPA testing revealed four large deletions in four independent patients, all in familial-positive cases. Mutations in the SPAST gene are 5.8 × more frequent in familial than in sporadic cases. Large deletions were found only in familial patients. Diagnostic testing of the SPAST gene is useful only in positive family history patients not in sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Uhrová Mészárosová
- DNA Laboratory, Department of Child Neurology, Charles University Second Medical School and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Putzová
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Čermáková
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Vávrová
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Doležalová
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Smetanová
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Stejskal
- Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Universitatsklinikum, Jena, Germany
| | - Pavel Seeman
- DNA Laboratory, Department of Child Neurology, Charles University Second Medical School and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.,Centre for Medical Genetics and Reproductive Medicine GENNET, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Polymeris AA, Tessa A, Anagnostopoulou K, Rubegni A, Galatolo D, Dinopoulos A, Gika AD, Youroukos S, Skouteli E, Santorelli FM, Pons R. A series of Greek children with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical features and genetic findings. J Neurol 2016; 263:1604-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Akhmetgaleyeva AF, Khidiyatova IM, Saifullina EV, Idrisova RF, Magzhanov RV, Khusnutdinova EK. Two novel mutations in gene SPG4 in patients with autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416060028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kara E, Tucci A, Manzoni C, Lynch DS, Elpidorou M, Bettencourt C, Chelban V, Manole A, Hamed SA, Haridy NA, Federoff M, Preza E, Hughes D, Pittman A, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Xiromerisiou G, Wiethoff S, Schottlaender L, Proukakis C, Morris H, Warner T, Bhatia KP, Korlipara LVP, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Wood NW, Lewis PA, Houlden H. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia. Brain 2016; 139:1904-18. [PMID: 27217339 PMCID: PMC4939695 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders that are clinically classified as either pure with predominant lower limb spasticity, or complex where spastic paraplegia is complicated with additional neurological features, and are inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked patterns. Genetic defects have been identified in over 40 different genes, with more than 70 loci in total. Complex recessive spastic paraplegias have in the past been frequently associated with mutations in
SPG11
(spatacsin),
ZFYVE26/SPG15
,
SPG7
(paraplegin) and a handful of other rare genes, but many cases remain genetically undefined. The overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders has been implied in a small number of reports, but not in larger disease series. This deficiency has been largely due to the lack of suitable high throughput techniques to investigate the genetic basis of disease, but the recent availability of next generation sequencing can facilitate the identification of disease-causing mutations even in extremely heterogeneous disorders. We investigated a series of 97 index cases with complex spastic paraplegia referred to a tertiary referral neurology centre in London for diagnosis or management. The mean age of onset was 16 years (range 3 to 39). The
SPG11
gene was first analysed, revealing homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in 30/97 (30.9%) of probands, the largest
SPG11
series reported to date, and by far the most common cause of complex spastic paraplegia in the UK, with severe and progressive clinical features and other neurological manifestations, linked with magnetic resonance imaging defects. Given the high frequency of
SPG11
mutations, we studied the autophagic response to starvation in eight affected
SPG11
cases and control fibroblast cell lines, but in our restricted study we did not observe correlations between disease status and autophagic or lysosomal markers. In the remaining cases, next generation sequencing was carried out revealing variants in a number of other known complex spastic paraplegia genes, including five in
SPG7
(5/97), four in
FA2H
(also known as
SPG35
) (4/97) and two in
ZFYVE26
/
SPG15
. Variants were identified in genes usually associated with pure spastic paraplegia and also in the Parkinson’s disease-associated gene
ATP13A2
, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis gene
TPP1
and the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy
DNMT1
gene, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of spastic paraplegia. No plausible genetic cause was identified in 51% of probands, likely indicating the existence of as yet unidentified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kara
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Arianna Tucci
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 3 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 4 School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - David S Lynch
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marilena Elpidorou
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sherifa A Hamed
- 5 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nourelhoda A Haridy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 5 Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Monica Federoff
- 6 Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIH/NIA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elisavet Preza
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Deborah Hughes
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alan Pittman
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- 7 Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- 7 Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 8 Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lucia Schottlaender
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christos Proukakis
- 9 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Huw Morris
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 9 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tom Warner
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 10 Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- 11 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - L V Prasad Korlipara
- 11 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - John Hardy
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 12 Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 4 School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- 1 Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 2 Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Movement disorders: Are umbrella terms for rare genetic diseases still useful? Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:321-2. [PMID: 27080518 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Martinuzzi A, Montanaro D, Vavla M, Paparella G, Bonanni P, Musumeci O, Brighina E, Hlavata H, Rossi G, Aghakhanyan G, Martino N, Baratto A, D’Angelo MG, Peruch F, Fantin M, Arnoldi A, Citterio A, Vantaggiato C, Rizzo V, Toscano A, Bresolin N, Bassi MT. Clinical and Paraclinical Indicators of Motor System Impairment in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153283. [PMID: 27077743 PMCID: PMC4831837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a composite and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions mainly expressed by the impairment of the central motor system ("pure" forms). The involvement of other components of the central nervous system or of other systems is described in the "complicate" forms. The definition of an investigation protocol capable, by assembling clinical and paraclinical indicators to fully represent the extent of the motor system impairment, would help both the clinical handling of these conditions and contribute to our understanding of their pathogenesis. METHODS We applied a clinical and paraclinical protocol which included tools exploring motor and non motor functioning, neurophysiology and MRI to a composite cohort of 70 molecularly defined HSP patients aged 3 to 65, to define for each indicator its significance in detailing the presence and the severity of the pathology. RESULTS Clinically increased deep tendon reflexes and lower limb (LL) weakness are constant findings in all patients. The "complicated" forms are characterized by peripheral motor impairment, cognitive and cerebellar involvement. The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale efficiently reflects the severity of functional problems and correlates with disease duration. Neurophysiology consistently documents the impairment of the central motor pathway to the LLs. Nevertheless, the upper extremities and sensory system involvement is a frequent finding. MRI diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) highlighted a significant alteration of FA and MD. Combining the sampling of the various portion of the cortico-spinal tract (CST) DTI consistently discriminated patients from controls. CONCLUSION We propose a graded clinical and paraclinical protocol for HSP phenotype definition, indicating for each tool the discriminative and descriptive capacity. Our protocol applied to 9 different forms of HSP showed that the functional impairment often extends beyond the CST. The novel DTI approach may add significant elements in disease recognition, staging and mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martinuzzi
- IRCCS E. Medea, Polo Regionale di Conegliano, Conegliano (TV), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Domenico Montanaro
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Unit of Neuroradiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinela Vavla
- IRCCS E. Medea, Polo Regionale di Conegliano, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bonanni
- IRCCS E. Medea, Polo Regionale di Conegliano, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- University of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Erika Brighina
- IRCCS E. Medea, Neurorehabilitation Department, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Hana Hlavata
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Unit of Neuroradiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gayane Aghakhanyan
- Fondazione CNR/Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Unit of Neuroradiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Martino
- ULSS 7-Pieve di Soligo, Department of Imaging, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Peruch
- IRCCS E. Medea, Polo Regionale di Conegliano, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Marianna Fantin
- IRCCS E. Medea, Polo Regionale di Conegliano, Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Andrea Citterio
- IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rizzo
- University of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- University of Messina, Department of Neurosciences, Messina, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico, University of Milano, Department of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
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Schüle R, Wiethoff S, Martus P, Karle KN, Otto S, Klebe S, Klimpe S, Gallenmüller C, Kurzwelly D, Henkel D, Rimmele F, Stolze H, Kohl Z, Kassubek J, Klockgether T, Vielhaber S, Kamm C, Klopstock T, Bauer P, Züchner S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Schöls L. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinicogenetic lessons from 608 patients. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Mutational spectrum of the SPAST and ATL1 genes in Korean patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. Hum Genet 2015; 134:511-38. [PMID: 25758904 PMCID: PMC4424374 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are rare neurodegenerative diseases sharing the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts as the main pathological characteristic. They are considered one of the most heterogeneous neurological disorders. All modes of inheritance have been described for the 84 different loci and 67 known causative genes implicated up to now. Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed clinico-genetic heterogeneity of these disorders including their clinical and genetic overlap with other diseases of the nervous system. The systematic analysis of a large set of genes, including exome sequencing, is unmasking unusual phenotypes or inheritance modes associated with mutations in HSP genes and related genes involved in various neurological diseases. A new nosology may emerge after integration and understanding of these new data to replace the current classification. Collectively, functions of the known genes implicate the disturbance of intracellular membrane dynamics and trafficking as the consequence of alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, lipid metabolism and organelle structures, which represent in fact a relatively small number of cellular processes that could help to find common curative approaches, which are still lacking.
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Wei QQ, Chen Y, Zheng ZZ, Chen X, Huang R, Yang Y, Burgunder J, Shang HF. Spastin mutation screening in Chinese patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20:845-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lo Giudice T, Lombardi F, Santorelli FM, Kawarai T, Orlacchio A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical-genetic characteristics and evolving molecular mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:518-39. [PMID: 24954637 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by pathophysiologic hallmark of length-dependent distal axonal degeneration of the corticospinal tracts. The prominent features of this pathological condition are progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. To date, 72 spastic gait disease-loci and 55 spastic paraplegia genes (SPGs) have been identified. All modes of inheritance (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked) have been described. Recently, a late onset spastic gait disorder with maternal trait of inheritance has been reported, as well as mutations in genes not yet classified as spastic gait disease. Several cellular processes are involved in its pathogenesis, such as membrane and axonal transport, endoplasmic reticulum membrane modeling and shaping, mitochondrial function, DNA repair, autophagy, and abnormalities in lipid metabolism and myelination processes. Moreover, recent evidences have been found about the impairment of endosome membrane trafficking in vesicle formation and about the involvement of oxidative stress and mtDNA polymorphisms in the onset of the disease. Interactome networks have been postulated by bioinformatics and biological analyses of spastic paraplegia genes, which would contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temistocle Lo Giudice
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lombardi
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Medicina Molecolare, Neurogenetica e Malattie Neurodegenerative, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toshitaka Kawarai
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Antonio Orlacchio
- Laboratorio di Neurogenetica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) - Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Draper ACE, Bender JB, Firshman AM, Baird JD, Reed S, Mayhew IG, Valberg SJ. Epidemiology of shivering (shivers) in horses. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:182-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. C. E. Draper
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
| | - J. B. Bender
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
| | - A. M. Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
| | - J. D. Baird
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Ontario Canada
| | - S. Reed
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital; Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - I. G. Mayhew
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - S. J. Valberg
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
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Racis L, Di Fabio R, Tessa A, Guillot F, Storti E, Piccolo F, Nesti C, Tedde A, Pierelli F, Agnetti V, Santorelli FM, Casali C. Large deletion mutation of SPAST in a multi-generation family from Sardinia. Eur J Neurol 2014; 21:935-8. [PMID: 24824741 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs, mostly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Analyses of large HSP pedigrees could help to better characterize the phenotype due to a single causative mutation. Patients in a seven-generation kindred carrying a large deletion in SPAST/SPG4 are described. METHODS Individuals originating from Sardinia were clinically and genetically studied. RESULTS Sixty-seven subjects carried a heterozygous deletion encompassing exons 2-17 of SPAST. Fifty patients (53.2 ± 15.4 years) presented a pure form of spastic paraparesis characterized by mild impairment and slow progression. Most patients showed spasticity, increased tendon reflexes in the lower limbs and Babinski sign, whilst weakness was rarely detected and urinary disturbances occasionally reported. Amongst the 17 asymptomatic carriers of the mutation, minimal neurological signs were detected in 11 cases. CONCLUSIONS A focus on spasticity, increased tendon reflexes and Babinski sign, more than on weakness, could help clinicians to promote early diagnosis in asymptomatic carriers of SPAST deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Racis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Varga RE, Schüle R, Fadel H, Valenzuela I, Speziani F, Gonzalez M, Rudenskaia G, Nürnberg G, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Alvarez V, Gamez J, Garbern JY, Nürnberg P, Zuchner S, Beetz C. Do not trust the pedigree: reduced and sex-dependent penetrance at a novel mutation hotspot in ATL1 blurs autosomal dominant inheritance of spastic paraplegia. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:860-3. [PMID: 23483706 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs), a group of neurodegenerative movement disorders, are among the genetically most heterogeneous clinical conditions. Still, the more than 50 forms known so far apparently explain less than 80% of cases. The present study identified two large HSP families, which seemed to show an autosomal recessive and an X-linked inheritance pattern. A set of genetic analyses including exome sequencing revealed plausible mutations only when assuming incomplete/sex-dependent penetrance of adjacent alterations in the autosomal dominant HSP gene ATL1 (c.1243C>T and c.1244G>A, respectively). By screening of additional HSP patients for the presence of these alterations, we identified three more cases and obtained additional evidence for reduced penetrance. Bisulfate sequencing and haplotype analysis indicated that c.1243C and c.1244G constitute a mutational hotspot. Our findings suggest that misinterpretation of inheritance patterns and, consequently, misselection of candidate genes to be screened in gene-focused approaches contribute to the apparently missing heritability in HSP and, potentially, in other genetically heterogeneous disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita-Eva Varga
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Vandebona H, Kerr NP, Liang C, Sue CM. SPASTmutations in Australian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Intern Med J 2012; 42:1342-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Vandebona
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
| | - N. P. Kerr
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
| | - C. Liang
- Department of Neurology; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - C. M. Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kolling Institute of Medical Research; University of Sydney
- Department of Neurology; Royal North Shore Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Zhang C, Li D, Ma Y, Yan J, Yang B, Li P, Yu A, Lu C, Ma X. Role of spastin and protrudin in neurite outgrowth. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2296-307. [PMID: 22573551 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by retrograde axonal degeneration that primarily affects long spinal neurons. The gene encoding spastin has a well-established association with HSP, and protrudin is a known binding partner of spastin. Here, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of protrudin mediates the interaction with spastin, which is responsible for neurite outgrowth. We show that spastin promotes protrudin-dependent neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. To further confirm these physiological functions in vivo, we microinjected zebrafish embryos with various protrudin/spastin mRNA and morpholinos. The results suggest that the spinal cord motor neuron axon outgrowth of zebrafish is regulated by the interaction between spastin and protrudin. In addition, the putative HSP-associated protrudinG191V mutation was shown to alter the subcellular distribution and impair the yolk sac extension of zebrafish, but without significant defects in neurite outgrowth both in PC12 cells and zebrafish. Taken together, our findings indicate that protrudin interacts with spastin and induces axon formation through its N-terminal domain. Moreover, protrudin and spastin may work together to play an indispensable role in motor axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Zhang
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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Nanetti L, Baratta S, Panzeri M, Tomasello C, Lovati C, Azzollini J, Gellera C, Di Bella D, Taroni F, Mariotti C. Novel and recurrent spastin mutations in a large series of SPG4 Italian families. Neurosci Lett 2012; 528:42-5. [PMID: 22960362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders, genetically classified according to the identified disease gene or locus. Clinically, HSP are distinguished in pure and complicated forms. Mutations in the spastin gene (SPAST) are responsible for SPG4 and account approximately for 50% of the dominantly inherited paraplegias with a pure HSP phenotype. METHODS Molecular screening of the SPAST gene allowed the identification of 31 Italian mutation carriers, from 19 unrelated families. Genetic testing was performed by direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Subjects carrying SPAST mutations were retrospectively evaluated for clinical phenotype and disability score assessment. RESULTS We found 12 recurrent mutations, and 7 novel SPAST mutations. Twenty-eight patients exhibited a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype, while 3 subjects were asymptomatic mutation carriers. Four patients were sporadic cases. Age at onset ranged from 10 to 61 years. Disability score increased with age at examination and disease duration. Patients with onset >38 years presented a faster disease progression, and a higher disability functional index, than the patients with earlier onset (p<0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our study enlarges the number of pathogenic SPAST mutations, and confirms the association with a pure spastic paraplegia phenotype. Age at onset was highly variable and correlates with the rate of disease progression. Future longitudinal clinical studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nanetti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
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Finsterer J, Löscher W, Quasthoff S, Wanschitz J, Auer-Grumbach M, Stevanin G. Hereditary spastic paraplegias with autosomal dominant, recessive, X-linked, or maternal trait of inheritance. J Neurol Sci 2012; 318:1-18. [PMID: 22554690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders that are clinically characterised by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower-limbs (pure SPG) and, majoritorian, additional more extensive neurological or non-neurological manifestations (complex or complicated SPG). Pure SPG is characterised by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower-limbs, and occasionally sensory disturbances or bladder dysfunction. Complex SPGs additionally include cognitive impairment, dementia, epilepsy, extrapyramidal disturbances, cerebellar involvement, retinopathy, optic atrophy, deafness, polyneuropathy, or skin lesions in the absence of coexisting disorders. Nineteen SPGs follow an autosomal-dominant (AD-SPG), 27 an autosomal-recessive (AR-SPG), 5 X-linked (XL-SPG), and one a maternal trait of inheritance. SPGs are due to mutations in genes encoding for proteins involved in the maintenance of corticospinal tract neurons. Among the AD-SPGs, 40-45% of patients carry mutations in the SPAST-gene (SPG4) and 10% in the ATL1-gene (SPG3), while the other 9 genes are more rarely involved (NIPA1 (SPG6), KIAA0196 (SPG8), KIF5A (SPG10), RNT2 (SPG12), SPGD1 (SPG13), BSCL2 (SPG17), REEP1 (SPG31), ZFYVE27 (SPG33, debated), and SLC33A1 (SPG42, debated)). Among the AR-SPGs, ~20% of the patients carry mutations in the KIAA1840 (SPG11) gene whereas the 15 other genes are rarely mutated and account for SPGs in single families yet (CYP7B1 (SPG5), SPG7 (SPG7), ZFYVE26 (SPG15), ERLIN2 (SPG18), SPG20 (SPG20), ACP33 (SPG21), KIF1A (SPG30), FA2H (SPG35), NTE (SPG39), GJA12/GJC2 (SPG44), KIAA0415 (SPG48) and 4 genes encoding for the AP4-complex (SPG47)). Among the XL-SPGs, 3 causative genes have been identified (L1CAM (SPG1), PLP1 (SPG2), and SLC16A2 (SPG22)). The diagnosis of SPGs is based on clinical, instrumental and genetic investigations. Treatment is exclusively symptomatic.
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