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Mitsumoto H, Cheung K, Oskarsson B, Andrews HF, Jang GE, Andrews JA, Shah JS, Fernandes JA, McElhiney M, Santella RM. Randomized double-blind personalized N-of-1 clinical trial to test the safety and potential efficacy of TJ-68 for treating muscle cramps in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): study protocol for a TJ-68 trial. Trials 2023; 24:449. [PMID: 37430314 PMCID: PMC10332004 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/AIMS Muscle cramps are a common and often disabling symptom in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. To date, there are no medications specifically approved for the treatment of muscle cramps. Ameliorating muscle cramps in ALS may improve and sustain quality of life. A widely prescribed traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine against muscle cramps, shakuyakukanzoto (TJ-68), has been studied in advanced liver disease, spinal stenosis, kidney failure, and diabetic neuropathy. The Japanese ALS Management Guideline mentions TJ-68 for difficult muscle cramps in ALS. Therefore, the rationale of our trial is to investigate the safety and effectiveness of TJ-68 in treating painful and disabling muscle cramps in people with ALS outside of Japan. Accordingly, we are conducting a randomized clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of TJ-68 in participants with ALS reporting frequent muscle cramps using an innovative, personalized N-of-1 design. If successful, TJ-68 may be used for muscle cramps in a broader population of people with ALS. METHODS This is a two-site, double-blind, randomized personalized N-of-1 early clinical trial with TJ-68. At least 22 participants with ALS and daily muscle cramps will receive drug or placebo for 2 weeks (one treatment period) followed by a 1-week washout in a four-period cross-over design. While the primary objective is to evaluate the safety of TJ-68, the study has 85% power to detect a one-point shift on the Visual Analog Scale for Muscle Cramps Affecting Overall Daily Activity of the Columbia Muscle Cramp Scale (MCS). Secondary outcomes include the full MCS score, a Cramp Diary, Clinical Global Impression of Changes, Goal Attainment Scale, quality of life scale and ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R). DISCUSSION The study is underway. A personalized N-of-1 trial design is an efficient approach to testing medications that alleviate muscle cramps in rare disorders. If TJ-68 proves safe and efficacious then it may be used to treat cramps in ALS, and help to improve and sustain quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION This clinical trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04998305), 8/9/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 186 St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Ken Cheung
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168Th St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Björn Oskarsson
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Howard F. Andrews
- Data Coordinating Center (DCC) at New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, 722 W 168Th St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Grace E. Jang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 186 St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jinsy A. Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 710 West 186 St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Jaimin S. Shah
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Joseph Americo Fernandes
- Department of Neurology, University of Nebraska, 4242 Farnam Street, Suite 650, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Martin McElhiney
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W 168Th St, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Science, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168Th St, New York, NY 10032 USA
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James E, Ellis C, Brassington R, Sathasivam S, Young CA. Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 5:CD006981. [PMID: 35593746 PMCID: PMC9121913 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006981.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuron disease (MND), also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that may cause dysphagia, as well as limb weakness, dysarthria, emotional lability, and respiratory failure. Since normal salivary production is 0.5 L to 1.5 L daily, loss of salivary clearance due to dysphagia leads to salivary pooling and sialorrhea, often resulting in distress and inconvenience to people with MND. This is an update of a review first published in 2011. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of treatments for sialorrhea in MND, including medications, radiotherapy and surgery. SEARCH METHODS On 27 August 2021, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO ICTRP. We checked the bibliographies of the identified randomized trials and contacted trial authors as needed. We contacted known experts in the field to identify further published and unpublished papers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs, including cross-over trials, on any intervention for sialorrhea and related symptoms, compared with each other, placebo or no intervention, in people with ALS/MND. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We identified four RCTs involving 110 participants with MND who were described as having intractable sialorrhea or bulbar dysfunction. A well-designed study of botulinum toxin B compared to placebo injected into the parotid and submandibular glands of 20 participants showed that botulinum toxin B may produce participant-reported improvement in sialorrhea, but the confidence interval (CI) was also consistent with no effect. Six of nine participants in the botulinum group and two of nine participants in the placebo group reported improvement (risk ratio (RR) 3.00, 95% CI 0.81 to 11.08; 1 RCT; 18 participants; low-certainty evidence). An objective measure indicated that botulinum toxin B probably reduced saliva production (in mL/5 min) at eight weeks compared to placebo (MD -0.50, 95% CI -1.07 to 0.07; 18 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). Botulinum toxin B may have little to no effect on quality of life, measured on the Schedule for Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life direct weighting scale (SEIQoL-DW; 0-100, higher values indicate better quality of life) (MD -2.50, 95% CI -17.34 to 12.34; 1 RCT; 17 participants; low-certainty evidence). The rate of adverse events may be similar with botulinum toxin B and placebo (20 participants; low-certainty evidence). Trialists did not consider any serious events to be related to treatment. A randomized pilot study of botulinum toxin A or radiotherapy in 20 participants, which was at high risk of bias, provided very low-certainty evidence on the primary outcome of the Drool Rating Scale (DRS; range 8 to 39 points, higher scores indicate worse drooling) at 12 weeks (effect size -4.8, 95% CI -10.59 to 0.92; P = 0.09; 1 RCT; 16 participants). Quality of life was not measured. Evidence for adverse events, measured immediately after treatment (RR 7.00, 95% CI 1.04 to 46.95; 20 participants), and after four weeks (when two people in each group had viscous saliva) was also very uncertain. A phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study of 20 mg dextromethorphan hydrobromide and 10 mg quinidine sulfate (DMQ) found that DMQ may produce a participant-reported improvement in sialorrhea, indicated by a slight improvement (decrease) in mean scores for the primary outcome, the Center for Neurologic Study Bulbar Function Scale (CNS-BFS). Mean total CNS-BFS (range 21 (no symptoms) to 112 (maximum symptoms)) was 53.45 (standard error (SE) 1.07) for the DMQ treatment period and 59.31 (SE 1.10) for the placebo period (mean difference) MD -5.85, 95% CI -8.77 to -2.93) with a slight decrease in the CNS-BFS sialorrhea subscale score (range 7 (no symptoms) to 35 (maximum symptoms)) compared to placebo (MD -1.52, 95% CI -2.52 to -0.52) (1 RCT; 60 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The trial did not report an objective measure of saliva production or measure quality of life. The study was at an unclear risk of bias. Adverse events were similar to other trials of DMQ, and may occur at a similar rate as placebo (moderate-certainty evidence, 60 participants), with the most common side effects being constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and dizziness. Nausea and diarrhea on DMQ treatment resulted in one withdrawal. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of scopolamine (hyoscine), administered using a skin patch, involved 10 randomized participants, of whom eight provided efficacy data. The participants were unrepresentative of clinic cohorts under routine clinical care as they had feeding tubes and tracheostomy ventilation, and the study was at high risk of bias. The trial provided very low-certainty evidence on sialorrhea in the short term (7 days' treatment, measured on the Amyotrophic Lateral Scelerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) saliva item (P = 0.572)), and the amount of saliva production in the short term, as indicated by the weight of a cotton roll (P = 0.674), or daily oral suction volume (P = 0.69). Quality of life was not measured. Adverse events evidence was also very uncertain. One person treated with scopolamine had a dry mouth and one died of aspiration pneumonia considered unrelated to treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is some low-certainty or moderate-certainty evidence for the use of botulinum toxin B injections to salivary glands and moderate-certainty evidence for the use of oral dextromethorphan with quinidine (DMQ) for the treatment of sialorrhea in MND. Evidence on radiotherapy versus botulinum toxin A injections, and scopolamine patches is too uncertain for any conclusions to be drawn. Further research is required on treatments for sialorrhea. Data are needed on the problem of sialorrhea in MND and its measurement, both by participant self-report measures and objective tests. These will allow the development of better RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor James
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cathy Ellis
- Motor Nerve Clinic, Academic Neurosciences Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ruth Brassington
- Cochrane Neuromuscular, Queen Square Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Pearson I, Glasmacher SA, Newton J, Beswick E, Mehta AR, Davenport R, Chandran S, Pal S. The Prevalence and Management of Saliva Problems in Motor Neuron Disease: A 4-Year Analysis of the Scottish Motor Neuron Disease Register. NEURODEGENER DIS 2021; 20:147-152. [PMID: 33902047 DOI: 10.1159/000514615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva problems are common and distressing for people with motor neuron disease (pwMND). Despite clinical guidelines for assessment and treatment, management of saliva problems has received little research attention. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the prevalence of saliva problems in pwMND, their association with clinical factors, and their management practice using a highly curated population-based register for motor neuron disease (MND) with 99% case ascertainment. METHODS We conducted an analysis of pwMND diagnosed between January 2015 and October 2019 using the Scottish MND Register (CARE-MND [Clinical, Audit, Research, and Evaluation of MND]). The association between clinical factors and saliva problems was investigated using univariate and multivariable logistic regression; results are reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. A survey of health-care professionals involved in the care of pwMND was performed to contextualize the findings. RESULTS 939 pwMND were included. Prevalence of saliva problems was 31.3% (294). Bulbar onset (OR 9.46 [4.7, 19.2]; p < 0.001) but not age, sex, time to diagnosis, or MND subtype were independently associated with the presence of saliva problems in multivariable regression, and 52.7% (155) of those with saliva problems received pharmacological management. The most commonly used medications were hyoscine, amitriptyline, carbocisteine, glycopyrrolate, and atropine. Evidence base (8, 72.7%) and local guidelines (10, 90.9%) were cited as the most important factors influencing treatment decision by survey respondents (n = 11). CONCLUSION Saliva problems are common and associated with bulbar onset MND. A substantial proportion of pwMND with saliva problems did not receive recommended treatments. Future research is required to determine the relative efficacy of individual pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona Pearson
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stella A Glasmacher
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Newton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Beswick
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arpan R Mehta
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Davenport
- Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suvankar Pal
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, NHS Forth Valley, Larbert, United Kingdom
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Shehee L, O'Rourke A, Garand KL. The Role of Radiation Therapy and Botulinum Toxin Injections in the Management of Sialorrhea in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2020; 21:205-221. [PMID: 32453096 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Half of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis experience sialorrhea due to facial weakness. Although anticholinergic medications are first-line therapy, they often lead to unacceptable side effects. Radiation therapy and botulinum toxin may be considered when medical management fails. In this systematic review, we investigated the effectiveness of these interventions. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus databases up to March 2017 along with hand-searching of references from primary articles. RESULTS Fourteen studies (N = 138) examined the benefits of botulinum toxin. Studies varied in salivary glands treated, dosages used, and the use of botulinum toxin subtype A or B. A majority of studies showed benefit after treatment. Although most studies reported only mild adverse effects, 2 case studies revealed severe complications including recurrent TMJ dislocations and rapid deterioration in bulbar function. Ten studies (N = 171) examined the benefits of radiation. Most studies reported improvement with only mild adverse events reported. CONCLUSIONS Both radiation and botulinum toxin are effective treatments for sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and should be considered when medical management fails. Radiation may offer longer duration of symptom improvement with fewer complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Shehee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; and
| | - Ashli O'Rourke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; and
| | - Kendrea L Garand
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL
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5
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Morgante F, Bavikatte G, Anwar F, Mohamed B. The burden of sialorrhoea in chronic neurological conditions: current treatment options and the role of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®). Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419888601. [PMID: 31819763 PMCID: PMC6883364 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419888601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialorrhoea is a frequent symptom of neurological diseases (e.g. Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, cerebral palsy, and stroke) and is defined as excessive saliva accumulation leading to unintentional loss of saliva from the mouth. Sialorrhoea increases the overall burden on the patient and their caregivers, the impact of which can be both physical and psychosocial. Treatments for sialorrhoea range from lifestyle and behavioural guidance, to medications, surgery or radiation. Nonpharmacological interventions include advice on posture, swallowing control, cough management, dietary changes, eating and drinking techniques, and behavioural modification; however, these conservative measures may be ineffective for people with progressive neurological conditions. The pharmacological treatment of sialorrhoea is challenging because medications licensed for this purpose are limited, but treatments can include anticholinergic drugs and botulinum toxins. Surgical treatment of sialorrhoea is typically reserved as a last resort for patients. IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) is the first botulinum toxin type A to receive US and UK marketing authorization for the symptomatic treatment of chronic sialorrhoea due to neurological disorders in adults. In this review, we discuss and compare the frequency and method of administration, location of treatment delivery, approximate annual costs and main side effects of botulinum toxin and different anticholinergic drugs. Management of patients with chronic neurological conditions requires input from multiple specialist teams and thus a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is considered fundamental to ensure that care is consistent and tailored to patients' needs. To ensure that adult patients with neurological conditions receive the best care and sialorrhoea is well managed, we suggest a potential clinical care pathway for sialorrhoea with a MDT approach, which healthcare professionals could aspire to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London,
London, United Kingdom; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine,
University of Messina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research
Institute, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom Cranmer
Terrace, Jenner Wing, Ground Floor, Corridor 10, Room 0.135, London, SW17
0RE, UK
| | - Ganesh Bavikatte
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The
Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fahim Anwar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Cambridge
University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Biju Mohamed
- Department of Medicine and Gerontology,
University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Dorst J, Ludolph AC, Huebers A. Disease-modifying and symptomatic treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2017; 11:1756285617734734. [PMID: 29399045 PMCID: PMC5784546 DOI: 10.1177/1756285617734734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the most important recent developments in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In terms of disease-modifying treatment options, several drugs such as dexpramipexole, pioglitazone, lithium, and many others have been tested in large multicenter trials, albeit with disappointing results. Therefore, riluzole remains the only directly disease-modifying drug. In addition, we discuss antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) as a new and potentially causal treatment option. Progress in symptomatic treatments has been more important. Nutrition and ventilation are now an important focus of ALS therapy. Several studies have firmly established that noninvasive ventilation improves patients' quality of life and prolongs survival. On the other hand, there is still no consensus regarding best nutritional management, but big multicenter trials addressing this issue are currently ongoing. Evidence regarding secondary symptoms like spasticity, muscle cramps or sialorrhea remains generally scarce, but some new insights will also be discussed. Growing evidence suggests that multidisciplinary care in specialized clinics improves survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dorst
- Universitätsklinik Ulm, RKU, Oberer Eselsberg 45, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Oliveira JB, Evêncio-Neto J, Baratella-Evêncio L. Histological and immunohistochemical findings of the action of botulinum toxin in salivary gland: systematic review. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 77:251-259. [PMID: 27599097 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of sialorrhea is necessary for the constant risks posed by hypersalivation. A new therapeutic option comes up with the application of botulinum toxin in salivary glands. However, little is known about its mechanism of action in glandular tissue. Based on the above, this work had the objective to systematically review the literature about the action of botulinum toxin on submandibular and parotid salivary glands tissues. Electronic search was performed in databases of great relevance for this study (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS and IBECS). Inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles were established, and a total number of 14 articles were selected and used. There are few publications that clarify how the salivary gland acini behave with application of botulinum toxin. Although, the immunohistochemical findings were consistent among authors, showing weak immunoreactivity in glands treated with botulinum toxin. Histometric data are divergent, requiring more detailed studies to answer the questions about the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Biological Sciences Center - CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Bioscience Animal - PPGBA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - J Evêncio-Neto
- Post-graduate Program in Bioscience Animal - PPGBA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - L Baratella-Evêncio
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Biological Sciences Center - CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Mathis S, Couratier P, Julian A, Vallat JM, Corcia P, Le Masson G. Management and therapeutic perspectives in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 17:263-276. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1227705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mathis
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Unit and ALS Center, CHU de Bordeaux, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- Department of Neurology, ALS center, Centre de compétence SLA-fédération Tours-Limoges, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Adrien Julian
- Department of Neurology, CHU Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Department and Laboratory of Neurology, Centre de Référence ‘neuropathies périphériques rares’, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Department of Neurology, ALS center, Centre de compétence SLA-fédération Tours-Limoges, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Gwendal Le Masson
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Unit and ALS Center, CHU de Bordeaux, groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
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McGeachan AJ, Hobson EV, Al-Chalabi A, Stephenson J, Chandran S, Crawley F, Dick D, Donaghy C, Ellis CM, Gorrie G, Hanemann CO, Harrower T, Jung A, Malaspina A, Morrison KE, Orrell RW, Talbot K, Turner MR, Williams TL, Young CA, Shaw PJ, McDermott CJ. A multicentre evaluation of oropharyngeal secretion management practices in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2016; 18:1-9. [PMID: 27579520 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2016.1221433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Failure to clear oral secretions can be debilitating for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the treatment of this symptom is poorly defined and there is no consensus on best practice. The objective of this study was to identify the treatments that are commonly prescribed, and to describe how experienced clinicians manage a patient with treatment resistant symptoms. Twenty-three clinicians were approached, of which 19 from 16 centres across the UK provided case report forms for a total of 119 ALS patients identified as having problematic oral secretions. The use of five anticholinergics, salivary gland botulinum toxin injections, conservative management approaches and carbocisteine were reported. Of the 72 patients who were evaluated following the initiation of a first anticholinergic, 61% had symptomatic improvement. Only 19% of patients achieved symptomatic improvement with the use of an alternative anticholinergic when an initial anticholinergic achieved no symptomatic improvement. Problems with thick and thin secretions often coexisted, with 37% of patients receiving treatment for both types of problem. In conclusion, a variety of treatment options are employed by expert clinicians for problematic oral secretions in ALS patients. The variation in management highlights the need for further prospective research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J McGeachan
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, & Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield
| | - Esther V Hobson
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, & Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- b King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry , Department of Clinical Neuroscience , London
| | - Jodie Stephenson
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, & Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield
| | | | - Francesca Crawley
- d Department of Neurology , West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust , Bury St. Edmunds
| | - David Dick
- e Department of Neurology , Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , Norwich
| | - Colette Donaghy
- f Department of Neurology , Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast
| | - Cathy M Ellis
- g Motor Neuron Disease Care and Research Centre , Kings College Hospital , London
| | - George Gorrie
- h Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital , Glasgow
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- i Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry , Plymouth
| | - Timothy Harrower
- j Department of Neurology , Royal Devon and Exeter Foundation Trust Hospital
| | - Agam Jung
- k Department of Neurology , Leeds General Infirmary , Leeds
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- l Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma , Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, & Department of Neurology, Basildon University Hospital , Basildon
| | - Karen E Morrison
- m Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham
| | - Richard W Orrell
- n Department of Clinical Neuroscience , University College London Institute of Neurology, London, & MND Care and Research Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , Queen Square , London
| | - Kevin Talbot
- o Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford
| | - Martin R Turner
- o Oxford University Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences , John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford
| | - Timothy L Williams
- p Department of Neurology , Royal Victoria Infirmary , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , and
| | - Carolyn A Young
- q The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery , Liverpool , UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, & Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield
| | - Christopher J McDermott
- a Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, & Academic Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Sheffield
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Raheja D, Stephens HE, Lehman E, Walsh S, Yang C, Simmons Z. Patient-reported problematic symptoms in an ALS treatment trial. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2016; 17:198-205. [PMID: 26824413 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2015.1131831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine which symptoms are perceived to be most problematic for patients with ALS and how their severity changes over time. A retrospective study was performed of data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ceftriaxone in ALS. Participants completed the ALS Specific Quality of Life Instrument (ALSSQoL) at baseline and at intervals up to 96 weeks. Ten ALSSQoL items ask participants to rate how problematic symptoms are (the subjective feeling of burden of these symptoms), ranging from 0 (no problem) to 10 (tremendous problem). Six are non-bulbar (pain, fatigue, breathing, strength and ability to move, sleep, and bowel and bladder) and four are bulbar (eating, speaking, excessive saliva, and mucus). Results revealed that there were 82 subjects (56% males, mean age 53 ± 10.3 years) with ALSSQoL data for weeks 0 and 96. All 10 symptoms became more problematic over time. For non-bulbar symptoms, strength/ability to move and fatigue were the most problematic. Speaking was the most problematic bulbar symptom. In conclusion, although all the symptoms in the ALSSQoL were acknowledged as problematic, some had greater impact than others. All became more problematic over time. This should help prioritize research into symptom management, and assist individual clinicians in their approach to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divisha Raheja
- a Department of Neurology , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Helen E Stephens
- a Department of Neurology , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Erik Lehman
- b Department of Public Health Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Walsh
- c ALS Association Greater Philadelphia Chapter , Harrisburg Pennsylvania
| | - Chengwu Yang
- d Department of Public Health Sciences & Office for Scholarship in Learning and Education Research , Hershey Pennsylvania , USA , and
| | - Zachary Simmons
- e Departments of Neurology and Humanities , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey Pennsylvania , USA
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12
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Hawkey NM, Zaorsky NG, Galloway TJ. The role of radiation therapy in the management of sialorrhea: A systematic review. Laryngoscope 2015; 126:80-5. [PMID: 26152655 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Up to 80% of patients with Parkinson disease and 30% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suffer from sialorrhea. Patients who fail medical and surgical therapy should be considered for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). In this study, we conduct a systematic review to determine the dose and techniques used that result in greatest efficacy and lowest toxicity for the administration of EBRT in patients with Parkinson disease or ALS-associated sialorrhea. METHODS AND MATERIALS This review included 216 patients from four prospective and six retrospective studies published from 1998 to 2014, with ALS or Parkinson disease who were treated with electron or photon EBRT for sialorrhea. RESULTS A total of 216 patients were treated with EBRT from 10 studies. The indication for EBRT was failure of alternative medical treatment in all ALS patients. For patients with Parkinson disease, EBRT was the primary mode of treatment in 68% of cases. Overall, 176 (81%) of 216 patients treated with EBRT for sialorrhea reported symptomatic improvement from baseline. The most common target was the inferior two-thirds of the bilateral parotid glands and the entire bilateral submandibular glands. The total number of patients who experienced short-term toxicity was 86 of 216 patients (40%). The total number of patients who experienced long-term toxicity was 24 of 207 (12%). CONCLUSIONS EBRT is an effective treatment for sialorrhea in patients suffering from ALS or Parkinson disease. Treatment to the bilateral submandibular glands and caudal parotid glands is the most common field arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Hawkey
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J Galloway
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, incurable and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Few interventions significantly alter the disease course, but many symptomatic treatments exist to improve patients' quality of life. In this review, we describe our approach to symptomatic management of ALS and discuss the underlying evidence base. RECENT FINDINGS Discussion focuses predominantly on recently published articles. We cover management settings, disease-modifying treatment, vitamin D, respiratory management including noninvasive ventilation and diaphragmatic pacing, secretions, nutrition, dysphagia and gastrostomy, communication problems, mobility, spasticity, pain, cognition, depression and emotional lability, fatigue, sleep disturbance, head drop, prevention of deep venous thrombosis and end-of-life issues. SUMMARY Multidisciplinary specialist care appears to improve quality of life and survival. Riluzole remains the only available disease-modifying medication and confers a survival advantage of 2-3 months. Noninvasive ventilation improves quality of life and extends survival by approximately 7 months, at least in patients without severe bulbar problems. Nutrition is an independent prognostic factor; whether gastrostomy improves survival and quality of life remains unclear and further studies are underway. Many other symptomatic treatments appear helpful to individuals in clinic, but further randomized clinical trials are required to provide a more robust evidence base.
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Wang Z, Zourelias L, Wu C, Edwards PC, Trombetta M, Passineau MJ. Ultrasound-assisted nonviral gene transfer of AQP1 to the irradiated minipig parotid gland restores fluid secretion. Gene Ther 2015; 22:739-49. [PMID: 25871828 PMCID: PMC4560616 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Xerostomia is a common side effect of ionizing radiation used to treat head and neck cancer. A groundbreaking Phase I human clinical trial utilizing Adenoviral gene transfer of Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) to a single salivary gland of individuals suffering from radiation-induced xerostomia has recently been reported. Unfortunately, the limitations of the Adenoviral vector system utilized in this pioneering trial preclude its advancement to a Phase II trial and we have thus undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ultrasound-assisted non-viral gene transfer (UAGT) as an alternative means of delivering AQP1 gene therapy to the salivary gland by comparing head-to-head with the canonical Adenoviral vector in a swine model. Findings Swine irradiated unilaterally with a 10Gy electron beam targeted at the parotid gland suffered from significant, sustained hyposalivation that was bilateral, despite irradiation being confined to the targeted gland. Unilateral AQP1 gene therapy with UAGT resulted in bilateral restoration of stimulated salivary flow at 48 hours and one week post-treatment (1.62+/−0.48ml, 1.87+/−0.45ml) to pre-injury levels (1.34+/−0.14ml) in a manner comparable to Adenoviral delivery (2.32+/−0.6ml, 1.33+/−0.97ml). Conclusions UAGT can replace the Adenoviral vector as a means of delivering AQP1 gene therapy in the irradiated swine model and is a candidate for advancement to a Phase I human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Zourelias
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Wu
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P C Edwards
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, University of Indiana School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Trombetta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M J Passineau
- Gene Therapy Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Slade A, Stanic S. Managing excessive saliva with salivary gland irradiation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:34-6. [PMID: 25881952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant fraction of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are unable to swallow saliva, which may result in the spillage of saliva outside of the oral cavity. Although anticholinergic agents and botulin toxin injections are considered the first line of treatment, they have not been effective for all patients. We performed a literature search on therapeutic salivary gland irradiation in patients with ALS. METHODS We searched the PubMed for English language publications up to December 2014 on therapeutic salivary gland irradiation in patients with ALS. The search was performed using the following key words: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, excessive salivation, sialorrhea, and radiation therapy. RESULTS The majority of ALS patients with excessive salivation respond well to salivary gland irradiation. The whole bilateral submandibular, and whole or partial bilateral parotid glands have been the target tissue for radiation therapy in most of the published studies. Various radiation therapy regimens have been utilized. The response to radiation therapy lasts for several months. CONCLUSIONS The majority of ALS patients with excessive salivation respond well to salivary gland irradiation. Neurologists should consider this treatment option for select patients with ALS and excessive salivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Slade
- Department of Radiation Oncology at Carle Cancer Center, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sinisa Stanic
- Department of Radiation Oncology at Carle Cancer Center, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Paganoni S, Karam C, Joyce N, Bedlack R, Carter GT. Comprehensive rehabilitative care across the spectrum of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation 2015; 37:53-68. [PMID: 26409693 PMCID: PMC5223769 DOI: 10.3233/nre-151240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) is a neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive muscle weakness and wasting. There is no known cure and the disease is uniformly fatal. PURPOSE This review discusses current concepts in ALS care, from breaking the diagnosis to end-of-life care. People with ALS have several multidisciplinary needs due to a complex and dynamic disease process. They benefit from rehabilitation interventions that are individualized and have the goal of optimizing independence, function, and safety. These strategies also help minimize symptomatic burden and maximize quality of life. CONCLUSION Patient-centered, multidisciplinary care has a significant impact on the life of people with ALS and is the current standard of care for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Paganoni
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nanette Joyce
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Neuromuscular Section, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Richard Bedlack
- Duke University School of Medicine and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St Luke's Rehabilitation Institute, Spokane, WA, USA
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Radiation Therapy for Hypersalivation: A Prospective Study in 50 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 88:589-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disease with high risk of malnutrition. Symptoms of dysphagia, depression, cognitive impairment, difficulty with self-feeding and meal preparation, hypermetabolism, anxiety, respiratory insufficiency, and fatigue with meals increase the risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition negatively affects prognosis and quality of life, making early and frequent nutrition assessment and intervention essential. Implementation of an adequate calorie diet, dietary texture modification, use of adaptive eating utensils, and placement of a feeding tube aid in preventing malnutrition. When nutrition status is compromised by dysphagia and weight loss (5%-10% of usual body weight) or body mass index <20 kg/m(2) without weight loss and when forced vital capacity is >50%, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement is indicated. When forced vital capacity is <50%, a radiologically inserted gastrostomy is the preferred means of enteral placement due to lessened aspiration and respiratory risk. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated only when enteral nutrition (EN) is contraindicated or impossible. This article reviews the background of ALS, nutrition implications and risk of malnutrition, treatment strategies to prevent malnutrition, the role of EN and PN, and feeding tube placement methods according to disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Greenwood
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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The management of drooling in adults with neurological conditions. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 20:171-6. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32835328ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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