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Zhao W, Li B, Hao J, Sun R, He P, Lv H, He M, Shen J, Han Y. Therapeutic potential of natural products and underlying targets for the treatment of aortic aneurysm. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 259:108652. [PMID: 38657777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is a vascular disease characterized by irreversible vasodilatation that can lead to dissection and rupture of the aortic aneurysm, a life-threatening condition. Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are two main types. The typical treatments for aortic aneurysms are open surgery and endovascular aortic repair, which are only indicated for more severe patients. Most patients with aneurysms have an insidious onset and slow progression, and there are no effective drugs to treat this stage. The inability of current animal models to perfectly simulate all the pathophysiological states of human aneurysms may be the key to this issue. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this disease, finding new therapeutic targets, and developing effective drugs to inhibit the development of aneurysms are the main issues of current research. Natural products have been applied for thousands of years to treat cardiovascular disease (CVD) in China and other Asian countries. In recent years, natural products have combined multi-omics, computational biology, and integrated pharmacology to accurately analyze drug components and targets. Therefore, the multi-component and multi-target complexity of natural products have made them a potentially ideal treatment for multifactorial diseases such as aortic aneurysms. Natural products have regained popularity worldwide. This review provides an overview of the known natural products for the treatment of TAA and AAA and searches for potential cardiovascular-targeted natural products that may treat TAA and AAA based on various cellular molecular mechanisms associated with aneurysm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bufan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinjun Hao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruochen Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongyu Lv
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mou He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yantao Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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2
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Buzzelli L, Segreti A, Di Gioia D, Lemme E, Squeo MR, Nenna A, Di Gioia G. Alternative lipid lowering strategies: State-of-the-art review of red yeast rice. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105719. [PMID: 37931717 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR) is an entirely natural product that originates from the fermentation of white rice (Oryza sativa) with a yeast, mainly Monascus Purpureus, and has been part of traditional Chinese medicine and diet since ancient times. It has generated great interest in recent years in the context of cardiovascular (CV) prevention due to its ability to inhibit endogenous cholesterol production, helping to achieve and maintain optimal plasma lipid concentrations. This review aims to make an extensive 360-degree assessment and summary of the whole currently available scientific evidence about RYR, starting with its biochemical composition, passing through a historical reconstruction of all the studies that have evaluated its efficacy and safety in cholesterol-lowering action, with a focus on CV outcomes, and ultimately addressing its other relevant clinical effects. We also discuss its possible therapeutic role, alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals, in different clinical scenarios, taking into account the positions of major scientific documents on the issue, and describe the articulate legal controversies that have characterized the regulation of its use up to the present day. RYR preparations have been proven safe and effective in improving lipid profile, with a potential role in reducing cardiovascular risk. They can be considered as additional supportive agents in the armamentarium of lipid-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Buzzelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Segreti
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Gioia
- Farmacia del Corso, Via Federico II, 50, 71036 Lucera, Foggia, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 15, 00135 Rome, Italy; Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, National Italian Olympic Committee, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy.
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3
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Rau M, Köppel-Fürer K, Knechtle B. [Doctor, Do You Know Red Yeast Rice?]. PRAXIS 2021; 110:207-220. [PMID: 33726520 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Doctor, Do You Know Red Yeast Rice? Abstract. We present cases of patients with high total cholesterol who wanted to use an alternative therapy for lowering cholesterol. An improvement in the lipid profile was found in all patients, and all tolerated the product made from red rice yeast very well. No side effects were observed. The patients who take red fermented rice consciously choose an alternative agent in the field of phytotherapy because they already have to take several conventional medicines and are no longer willing to use an additional drug of this kind. Another reason is that they no longer want to put up with the side effects they suffered from when using a common lipid-lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rau
- Medbase St. Gallen am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen
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4
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Hu J, Wang J, Gan QX, Ran Q, Lou GH, Xiong HJ, Peng CY, Sun JL, Yao RC, Huang QW. Impact of Red Yeast Rice on Metabolic Diseases: A Review of Possible Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10441-10455. [PMID: 32854499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases constitute a major public health burden and are linked with high morbidity and mortality. They comprise atherosclerosis dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. However, there is no single drug that can simultaneously treat multiple diseases with complex underlying mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to identify a class of adjuvant drugs that block the development of metabolic diseases from a preventive perspective. Red yeast rice is a food fermentation product widely used to promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis. Modern pharmacology has shown that red yeast rice exerts potential protective effects on the liver, pancreas, blood vessels, and intestines. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyze and summarize the effect of red yeast rice on several metabolic diseases and the mechanisms of action involved. It was found that red yeast rice may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xia Gan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Hua Lou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yi Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Lin Sun
- Sichuan Fuzheng Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Chuan Yao
- Sichuan Fermentation Traditional Chinese Medicine Engineering Research Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Wan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, People's Republic of China
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5
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The role of IL-1β in aortic aneurysm. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:7-14. [PMID: 31945339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a vital cytokine that plays an important role in regulating immune responses to infectious challenges and sterile insults. In addition, two endogenous inhibitors of functional receptor binding, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), complete the family. To gain biological activity, IL-1β requires processing by the protease caspase-1 and activation of inflammasomes. Numerous clinical association studies and experimental approaches have implicated members of the IL-1 family, their receptors, or components of the processing machinery in the underlying processes of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the pro-inflammatory and disease-modulating role of the IL-1 family in aneurysm. We discuss clinical evidence, signalling pathway, and mechanism of action and last, lend a perspective on currently developing therapeutic strategies involving IL-1β in aneurysm.
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6
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Feng L, Li Y, Sun G, Zhao X. Antibacterial effect of orange Monascus pigment against Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2019.48.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.H. Feng
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 University Road of Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong Province. China
| | - Y.Q. Li
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 University Road of Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong Province. China
| | - G.J. Sun
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 University Road of Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong Province. China
| | - X.Z. Zhao
- School of Food Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 University Road of Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong Province. China
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7
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Feng SJ, Tang ZH, Wang Y, Tang XY, Li TH, Tang W, Kuang ZM. Potential protective effects of red yeast rice in endothelial function against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 17:50-58. [PMID: 30704624 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(19)30009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the deadliest disease in the world, with endothelial injury occurring throughout the course of the disease. Therefore, improvement in endothelial function is of essential importance in the prevention of ASCVD. Red yeast rice (RYR), a healthy traditional Chinese food, has a lipid modulation function and also plays a vital role in the improvement of endothelial reactivity and cardiovascular protection; thus, it is significant in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of RYR and its related products in the improvement of endothelial function in terms of endothelial reactivity, anti-apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress alleviation and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xin-Ying Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, University of South China, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Tao-Hua Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Class 2014, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ze-Min Kuang
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.
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8
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Huang XF, Zhang SZ, You YY, Zhang N, Lu H, Daugherty A, Xie XJ. Ginkgo biloba extracts prevent aortic rupture in angiotensin II-infused hypercholesterolemic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:192-198. [PMID: 29777203 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a chronic vascular disease characterized by pathological luminal dilation. Aortic rupture is the fatal consequence of AAAs. Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBEs), a natural herb extract widely used as food supplements, drugs, and cosmetics, has been reported to suppress development of calcium chloride-induced AAAs in mice. Calcium chloride-induced AAAs do not rupture, while angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AAAs in mice have high rate of aortic rupture, implicating potentially different mechanisms from calcium chloride-induced AAAs. This study aimed to determine whether GBE would improve aortic dilation and rupture rate of AngII-induced AAAs. Male apolipoprotein E (apoE) -/- mice were infused with AngII and administered either GBE or its major active ingredients, flavonoids and ginkgolides, individually or in combination. To determine the effects of GBE in mice with established AAAs, male apoE-/- mice were firstly infused with AngII for 28 days to develop AAAs, and then administered either GBE or vehicle in mice with established AAAs, which were continuously infused with AngII for another 56 days. GBE, but not the two major active components separately or synergistically, prevented aortic rupture, but not aortic dilation. The protection of GBE from aortic rupture was independent of systolic blood pressure, lipid, and inflammation. GBE also did not attenuate either aortic rupture or progressive aortic dilation in mice with established AAAs. GBE did not reduce the atherosclerotic lesion areas, either. In conclusion, GBE prevents aortic rupture in AngII-infused hypercholesterolemic mice, but only in the early phase of the disease development.
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9
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Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Cosentino T, Pirro M. Cholesterol-Lowering Nutraceuticals Affecting Vascular Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29802549 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects of the dietary supplementation with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations affecting vascular function and CV risk in clinical interventional studies. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence supports the mild-to-moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice, berberine, plant sterols, fibers, and some nutraceutical combinations whereas data on the individual cholesterol-lowering action of other nutraceuticals are either less striking or even inconclusive. There is also promising evidence on the vascular protective effects of some of the aforementioned nutraceuticals. However, except for red yeast rice, clinical interventional studies have not investigated their impact on CV outcomes. Evidence of both cholesterol-lowering and vascular protection is a prerogative of few single nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations, which may support their clinical use; however, caution on their uncontrolled adoption is necessary as they are freely available on the market and, therefore, subject to potential misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Teresa Cosentino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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10
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Seto SW, Chang D, Kiat H, Wang N, Bensoussan A. Chinese Herbal Medicine as a Potential Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:33. [PMID: 29732374 PMCID: PMC5919947 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an irreversible condition where the abdominal aorta is dilated leading to potentially fatal consequence of aortic rupture. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of AAA, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) apoptosis, immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Currently surgical therapies, including minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), are the only viable interventions for AAAs. However, these treatments are not appropriate for the majority of AAAs, which measure <50 mm. Substantial effort has been invested to identify and develop pharmaceutical treatments such as statins and doxycycline for this potentially lethal condition but these interventions failed to offer a cure or to retard the progression of AAA. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used for the management of cardiovascular diseases for thousands of years in China and other Asian countries. The unique multi-component and multi-target property of CHMs makes it a potentially ideal therapy for multifactorial diseases such as AAA. In this review, we review the current scientific evidence to support the use of CHMs for the treatment of AAA. Mechanisms of action underlying the effects of CHMs on AAA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Hosen Kiat
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ning Wang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.,Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute for Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Alan Bensoussan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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11
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Houston M. Dyslipidemia. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Protects against Cytokine Production as the Potential Immunosuppressive Agents in Atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:7424307. [PMID: 29038791 PMCID: PMC5606136 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7424307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammation is a critical factor at all stages of atherosclerosis progression. Proinflammatory cytokines accelerate atherosclerosis progression, while anti-inflammatory cytokines ameliorate the disease. Accordingly, strategies to inhibit immune activation and impede immune responses towards anti-inflammatory activity are an alternative therapeutic strategy to conventional chemotherapy on cardiocerebrovascular outcomes. Since a number of Chinese medicinal plants have been used traditionally to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, it is reasonable to assume that the plants used for such disease may suppress the immune responses and the resultant inflammation. This review focuses on plants that have immunomodulatory effects on the production of inflammatory cytokine burst and are used in Chinese traditional medicine for the prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis.
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Patel S. Functional food red yeast rice (RYR) for metabolic syndrome amelioration: a review on pros and cons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:87. [PMID: 27038957 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR), the fermentation product of mold Monascus purpureus has been an integral part of Oriental food and traditional Chinese medicine, long before the discovery of their medicinal roles. With the identification of bioactive components as polyketide pigments (statins), and unsaturated fatty acids, RYR has gained a nutraceutical status. Hypercholesterolemic effect of this fermented compound has been validated and monacolin K has been recognized as the pivotal component in cholesterol alleviation. Functional similarity with commercial drug lovastatin sans the side effects has catapulted its popularity in other parts of the world as well. Apart from the hypotensive role, ameliorative benefits of RYR as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and osteogenic agent have emerged, fueling intense research on it. Mechanistic studies have revealed their interaction with functional agents like coenzyme Q10, astaxanthin, vitamin D, folic acid, policosanol, and berberine. On the other hand, concurrence of mycotoxin citrinin and variable content of statin has marred its integration in mainstream medication. In this disputable scenario, evaluation of the scopes and lacunae to overcome seems to contribute to an eminent area of healthcare. Red yeast rice (RYR), the rice-based fermentation product of mold Monascus purpureus is a functional food. Its bioactive component monacolin K acts like synthetic drug lovastatin, without the severe side effects of the latter. RYR has been validated to lower cholesterol, control high blood pressure; confer anti-flammation, hypoglycaemic, anticancer and osteogenic properties. However, dose inconsistency and co-occurrence of toxin citrinin hampers its dietary supplementation prospect. Further research might facilitate development of RYR as a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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14
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Peng K, Tian X, Qian Y, Skibba M, Zou C, Liu Z, Wang J, Xu Z, Li X, Liang G. Novel EGFR inhibitors attenuate cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:482-94. [PMID: 26762600 PMCID: PMC4759478 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is an important risk factor for heart failure. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been found to play a role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this current study was to examine the role of EGFR in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, we observed that both Ang II and EGF could increase the phospohorylation of EGFR and protein kinase B (AKT)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and then induce cell hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. Both pharmacological inhibitors and genetic silencing significantly reduced Ang II-induced EGFR signalling pathway activation, hypertrophic marker overexpression, and cell hypertrophy. In addition, our results showed that Ang II-induced EGFR activation is mediated by c-Src phosphorylation. In vivo, Ang II treatment significantly led to cardiac remodelling including cardiac hypertrophy, disorganization and fibrosis, accompanied by the activation of EGFR signalling pathway in the heart tissues, while all these molecular and pathological alterations were attenuated by the oral administration with EGFR inhibitors. In conclusion, the c-Src-dependent EGFR activation may play an important role in Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and inhibition of EGFR by specific molecules may be an effective strategy for the treatment of Ang II-associated cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesong Peng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinqiao Tian
- Department of Ultrasonography, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Melissa Skibba
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunpeng Zou
- Department of Ultrasonography, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Tie C, Gao K, Zhang N, Zhang S, Shen J, Xie X, Wang JA. Ezetimibe Attenuates Atherosclerosis Associated with Lipid Reduction and Inflammation Inhibition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142430. [PMID: 26555472 PMCID: PMC4640821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ezetimibe, as a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, has been shown protecting against atherosclerosis when combined with statin. However, side by side comparison has not been made to evaluate the beneficial effects of ezetimibe alone versus statin. Herein, the study aimed to test whether ezetimibe alone would exhibit similar effects as statin and the combination therapy would be necessary in a moderate lesion size. Methods and Results ApoE-/- male mice that were fed a saturated-fat supplemented diet were randomly assigned to different therapeutic regimens: vehicle, ezetimibe alone (10 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or combination of ezetimibe and atorvastatin through the drinking water. On 28 days, mice were sacrificed and aorta and sera were collected to analyze the atherosclerotic lesion and blood lipid and cholesterol levels. As a result, ezetimibe alone exerted similar protective effects on atherosclerotic lesion sizes as atorvastatin, which was mediated by lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, inhibiting macrophage accumulation in the lesions and reducing circulatory inflammatory cytokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). In contrast to ezetimibe administration, atorvastatin alone attenuated atherosclerotic lesion which is dependent on its anti-inflammation effects. There were no significance differences in lesion areas and serum concentrations of cholesterol, oxidized LDL and inflammatory cytokines between combination therapy and monotherapy (either ezetimibe or atorvastatin). There were significant correlations between the lesion areas and serum concentrations of cholesterol, MCP-1 and TNF-α, respectively. However, there were no significant correlations between the lesion areas and serum concentrations of TGF-β1 and oxLDL. Conclusions Ezetimibe alone played the same protection against a moderate atherosclerotic lesion as atorvastatin, which was associated with lowering serum cholesterol, decreasing circulating inflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting macrophage accumulation in the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Tie
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kanglu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Songzhao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XX); (JW)
| | - Jian-an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XX); (JW)
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Jugdaohsingh R, Kessler K, Messner B, Stoiber M, Pedro LD, Schima H, Laufer G, Powell JJ, Bernhard D. Dietary Silicon Deficiency Does Not Exacerbate Diet-Induced Fatty Lesions in Female ApoE Knockout Mice. J Nutr 2015; 145:1498-506. [PMID: 25972522 PMCID: PMC4478943 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.206193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary silicon has been positively linked with vascular health and protection against atherosclerotic plaque formation, but the mechanism of action is unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of dietary silicon on 1) serum and aorta silicon concentrations, 2) the development of aortic lesions and serum lipid concentrations, and 3) the structural and biomechanic properties of the aorta. METHODS Two studies, of the same design, were conducted to address the above objectives. Female mice, lacking the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene, and therefore susceptible to atherosclerosis, were separated into 3 groups of 10-15 mice, each exposed to a high-fat diet (21% wt milk fat and 1.5% wt cholesterol) but with differing concentrations of dietary silicon, namely: silicon-deprived (-Si; <3-μg silicon/g feed), silicon-replete in feed (+Si-feed; 100-μg silicon/g feed), and silicon-replete in drinking water (+Si-water; 115-μg silicon/mL) for 15-19 wk. Silicon supplementation was in the form of sodium metasilicate (feed) or monomethylsilanetriol (drinking water). RESULTS The serum silicon concentration in the -Si group was significantly lower than in the +Si-feed (by up to 78%; P < 0.003) and the +Si-water (by up to 84%; P < 0.006) groups. The aorta silicon concentration was also lower in the -Si group than in the +Si-feed group (by 65%; P = 0.025), but not compared with the +Si-water group. There were no differences in serum and aorta silicon concentrations between the silicon-replete groups. Body weights, tissue wet weights at necropsy, and structural, biomechanic, and morphologic properties of the aorta were not affected by dietary silicon; nor were the development of fatty lesions and serum lipid concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that dietary silicon has no effect on atherosclerosis development and vascular health in the apoE mouse model of diet-induced atherosclerosis, contrary to the reported findings in the cholesterol-fed rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
| | - Katharina Kessler
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom;,Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Martin Stoiber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;,Ludwig-Boltzmann-Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Liliana D Pedro
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Schima
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;,Ludwig-Boltzmann-Cluster for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Günther Laufer
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, and,Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory Innsbruck, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Moudgil R, Dick AJ. Regenerative Cell Imaging in Cardiac Repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1323-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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18
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Pan MH, Chiou YS, Tsai ML, Ho CT. Anti-inflammatory activity of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 1:8-24. [PMID: 24716101 PMCID: PMC3943005 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological and clinical evidence shows that inflammation is an important risk factor for various human diseases. Thus, suppressing chronic inflammation has the potential to delay, prevent, and control various chronic diseases, including cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, joint, skin, pulmonary, blood, lymph, liver, pancreatic, and intestinal diseases. Various natural products from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been shown to safely suppress proinflammatory pathways and control inflammation-associated disease. In vivo and/or in vitro studies have demonstrated that anti-inflammatory effects of TCM occur by inhibition of the expression of master transcription factors (for example, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)), pro-inflammatory cytokines (for example, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokines (for example, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-24), intercellular adhesion molecule expression and pro-inflammatory mediators (for example, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)). However, a handful of review articles have focused on the anti-inflammatory activities of TCM and explore their possible mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize recent research attempting to identify the anti-inflammatory constituents of TCM and their molecular targets that may create new opportunities for innovation in modern pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiou Chiou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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Cicero AF, Derosa G, Parini A, Maffioli P, D’Addato S, Reggi A, Giovannini M, Borghi C. Red yeast rice improves lipid pattern, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and vascular remodeling parameters in moderately hypercholesterolemic Italian subjects. Nutr Res 2013; 33:622-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Boytard L, Spear R, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Acosta-Martin AE, Vanhoutte J, Lamblin N, Staels B, Amouyel P, Haulon S, Pinet F. Role of Proinflammatory CD68
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Mannose Receptor
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Macrophages in Peroxiredoxin-1 Expression and in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:431-8. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Boytard
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Rafaelle Spear
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Giulia Chinetti-Gbaguidi
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Adelina E. Acosta-Martin
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Jonathan Vanhoutte
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Nicolas Lamblin
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Bart Staels
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Stephan Haulon
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
| | - Florence Pinet
- From the INSERM, U744 (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.), INSERM, U1011 (G.C.-G., J.V, B.S.), and INSERM, U1008 (S.H.), Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., G.C.-G., A.E.A.-M., J.V., N.L., B.S., P.A., F.P.); Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR142, Lille, France (L.B., R.S., A.E.A.-M., N.L., P.A., F.P.); Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France (R.S., N.L., P.A., S.H., F.P.); and Univ Lille Nord de France, IFR114, Lille, France (G.C.-G., J
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Abstract
Abstract
The genus Monascus, comprising nine species, can reproduce either vegetatively with filaments and conidia or sexually by the formation of ascospores. The most well-known species of genus Monascus, namely, M. purpureus, M. ruber and M. pilosus, are often used for rice fermentation to produce red yeast rice, a special product used either for food coloring or as a food supplement with positive effects on human health. The colored appearance (red, orange or yellow) of Monascus-fermented substrates is produced by a mixture of oligoketide pigments that are synthesized by a combination of polyketide and fatty acid synthases. The major pigments consist of pairs of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin), orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) and red (rubropunctamine and monascorubramine) compounds; however, more than 20 other colored products have recently been isolated from fermented rice or culture media. In addition to pigments, a group of monacolin substances and the mycotoxin citrinin can be produced by Monascus. Various non-specific biological activities (antimicrobial, antitumor, immunomodulative and others) of these pigmented compounds are, at least partly, ascribed to their reaction with amino group-containing compounds, i.e. amino acids, proteins or nucleic acids. Monacolins, in the form of β-hydroxy acids, inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis in animals and humans.
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