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Ibarlucea-Jerez M, Monnoye M, Chambon C, Gérard P, Licandro H, Neyraud E. Fermented food consumption modulates the oral microbiota. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:55. [PMID: 39174559 PMCID: PMC11341675 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermented food consumption is recommended for health and environmental purposes. While it is known to impact gut microbiota, further investigation is needed to establish connections with the oral microbiota. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of daily consumption of a model cheese containing 3 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) species on the oral microbiota of rats following a 3-week diet. Cheese consumption transiently modifies the oral microbiota and leads to a transient persistence of LAB in the oral cavity of 1/3 of the animals. The origin of this variability was partly explained by an overrepresentation of salivary proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress in animals without LAB persistence. These findings highlight the significance of fermented foods in shaping the diversity of the oral microbiota. Additionally, they suggest that variations in the salivary proteome among individuals may influence the permissiveness of the oral microbiota towards exogenous microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibarlucea-Jerez
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - M Monnoye
- Institut MICALIS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Chambon
- Plateforme d'Exploration du Métabolisme Composante Protéomique (PFEMcp), INRAE, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
- UR0370 Qualité des Produits Animaux (QuaPA), INRAE, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - P Gérard
- Institut MICALIS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H Licandro
- UMR A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM), Institut Agro Dijon, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - E Neyraud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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2
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Wang S, Yan Z, Shen F, Du L, Li G, Yang Q, Hu Q. Novel aptasensor based on polyaniline functionalized carboxylated dobby carbon nanotubes and molybdenum disulfide for endotoxin detection. Talanta 2024; 276:126256. [PMID: 38762977 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are present within the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and are released upon cellular death, which can pose a significant risk to human and animal health. Due to the minimal amount of endotoxin required to trigger an inflammatory response in human body, the demand for sensitive methods with low endotoxin detection limits is essential necessary. This paper presents a straightforward aptamer sensor which can enhance the conductivity and specific surface area of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by incorporating carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) and polyaniline (PANI). Doping with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improves biocompatibility and sensitivity while providing binding sites for thiolated endotoxin-binding aptamers (LBA). This biosensor achieved a remarkable detection limit as low as 0.5 fg mL-1, enabling trace-level identification of LPS. It also exhibits excellent repeatability, selectivity, and stability, facilitating rapid and accurate LPS detection. Moreover, this method demonstrates high recovery rates and specificity for LPS analysis in food samples, showcasing its promising application prospects in trace-level LPS detection within the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhongjun Yan
- Zhejiang Branch of China Grain Reserves Group Ltd. Company, China
| | - Fei Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lihui Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guanglei Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Buisson C, Leuzy V, Loizon E, Meugnier E, Monnoye M, Philippe C, Gérard P, Michalski MC, Laugerette F. Soy Lecithin in High-Fat Diets Exerts Dual Effects on Adipose Tissue Versus Ileum. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200461. [PMID: 36708587 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Lipopolysaccharides and their transporters, LBP and sCD14, are involved in systemic inflammation following a high-fat diet. Natural emulsifiers such as soy lecithin, rich in soybean polar lipids (SPL), are often used by the food industry but little is known about effects of associating SPL with different oils. METHODS AND RESULTS Thus, this study investigates the effects of 4 weeks feeding of palm (P) or rapeseed (R) oil-enriched diets with or without SPL in mice, on white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation, on ileum permeability, and on microbiota composition. When SPL are associated with rapeseed oil, a greater gene expression of leptin and inflammation in WAT is observed compared to P-SPL. In ileum, R-SPL group results in a lower expression of TLR4, IAP that detoxify bacterial LPS and tight junction proteins than R group. In turn, the gene expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, which have antimicrobial activity, is higher in ileum of R-SPL group than in R group. SPL in rapeseed oil increases specific bacterial species belonging to Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, and Bacteroidales. CONCLUSION The incorporation of SPL in a diet with rapeseed oil exerts differential effect on WAT and ileum, with respectively an inflammation of WAT and an antimicrobial activity in ileum, associated with specific microbiota changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Buisson
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Valentin Leuzy
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
| | - Magali Monnoye
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Catherine Philippe
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France.,CRNH Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, 69310, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN laboratory INRAE, UMR1397, INSERM, U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre Bénite, 69310, France
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Jiang Z, Wang Z, Wei X, Yu XF. Inflammatory checkpoints in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From biomarkers to therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059994. [PMID: 36618399 PMCID: PMC9815501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron damage. Due to the complexity of the ALS, so far the etiology and underlying pathogenesis of sporadic ALS are not completely understood. Recently, many studies have emphasized the role of inflammatory networks, which are comprised of various inflammatory molecules and proteins in the pathogenesis of ALS. Inflammatory molecules and proteins may be used as independent predictors of patient survival and might be used in patient stratification and in evaluating the therapeutic response in clinical trials. This review article describes the latest advances in various inflammatory markers in ALS and its animal models. In particular, this review discusses the role of inflammatory molecule markers in the pathogenesis of the disease and their relationship with clinical parameters. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of applying inflammatory markers in clinical manifestations, animal studies, and drug clinical trials. Further, we summarize the potential application of some inflammatory biomarkers as new therapeutic targets and therapeutic strategies, which would perhaps expand the therapeutic interventions for ALS.
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Zhang R, Zhu Z, Jia W. Time-Series Lipidomics Insights into the Progressive Characteristics of Lipid Constituents of Fresh Walnut during Postharvest Storage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13796-13809. [PMID: 34763422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput lipid profiling platform adopting an accurate quantification strategy was built based on Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Lipid components of fresh walnut during postharvest storage were determined, and the fatty acid distributions in triacylglycerol and polar lipids were also characterized. A total of 554 individual lipids in fresh walnut were mainly glycerolipids (56.7%), glycerophospholipids (32.4%), and sphingolipids (11%). With the progress of postharvest storage, 16 lipid subclasses in the stored walnut sample were significantly degraded, in which 34 lipids changed significantly between the fresh and stored groups. The sphingolipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism pathways were significantly enriched. The oxidation and degradation mechanism of linoleic acid in walnut kernel during postharvest storage was proposed. The established lipidomics platform can supply reliable and traceable lipid profiling data, help to improve the understanding of lipid degradation in fresh walnut, and offer a framework for analyzing lipid metabolisms in other tree nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhenbao Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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Kim IS, Kim CH, Yang WS. Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health-A Current Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4054. [PMID: 33920015 PMCID: PMC8071044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Gyunggi-Do 16419, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Gyunggi-Do 16419, Korea
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Robert C, Couëdelo L, Knibbe C, Fonseca L, Buisson C, Errazuriz-Cerda E, Meugnier E, Loizon E, Vaysse C, Michalski MC. Rapeseed Lecithin Increases Lymphatic Lipid Output and α-Linolenic Acid Bioavailability in Rats. J Nutr 2020; 150:2900-2911. [PMID: 32937654 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean lecithin, a plant-based emulsifier widely used in food, is capable of modulating postprandial lipid metabolism. With arising concerns of sustainability, alternative sources of vegetal lecithin are urgently needed, and their metabolic effects must be characterized. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the impact of increasing doses of rapeseed lecithin (RL), rich in essential α-linolenic acid (ALA), on postprandial lipid metabolism and ALA bioavailability in lymph-cannulated rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) undergoing a mesenteric lymph duct cannulation were intragastrically administered 1 g of an oil mixture containing 4% ALA and 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30% RL (5 groups). Lymph fractions were collected for 6 h. Lymph lipids and chylomicrons (CMs) were characterized. The expression of genes implicated in intestinal lipid metabolism was determined in the duodenum at 6 h. Data was analyzed using either sigmoidal or linear mixed-effects models, or one-way ANOVA, where appropriate. RESULTS RL dose-dependently increased the lymphatic recovery (AUC) of total lipids (1100 μg/mL·h per additional RL%; P = 0.010) and ALA (50 μg/mL·h per additional RL%; P = 0.0076). RL induced a faster appearance of ALA in lymph, as evidenced by the exponential decrease of the rate of appearance of ALA with RL (R2 = 0.26; P = 0.0064). Although the number of CMs was unaffected by RL, CM diameter was increased in the 30%-RL group, compared to the control group (0% RL), by 86% at 3-4 h (P = 0.065) and by 81% at 4-6 h (P = 0.0002) following administration. This increase was positively correlated with the duodenal mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp; ρ= 0.63; P = 0.0052). The expression of Mttp and secretion-associated, ras-related GTPase 1 gene homolog B (Sar1b, CM secretion), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (Cpt1a) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (Acox1, beta-oxidation), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2, bioconversion of ALA into long-chain n-3 PUFAs) were, respectively, 49%, 29%, 74%, 48%, and 55% higher in the 30%-RL group vs. the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In rats, RL enhanced lymphatic lipid output, as well as the rate of appearance of ALA, which may promote its subsequent bioavailability and metabolic fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Robert
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France.,ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, France
| | - Leslie Couëdelo
- ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, France
| | - Carole Knibbe
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Inria "Beagle" team, Antenne Lyon la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurence Fonseca
- ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, France
| | - Charline Buisson
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Meugnier
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Emmanuelle Loizon
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN (Cardiovascular, Metabolism, Diabetes, Nutrition) Laboratory, National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (INRAE) UMR1397, National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1060, National Institute of Applied Science of Lyon (INSA-Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
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Robert C, Couëdelo L, Vaysse C, Michalski MC. Vegetable lecithins: A review of their compositional diversity, impact on lipid metabolism and potential in cardiometabolic disease prevention. Biochimie 2019; 169:121-132. [PMID: 31786232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable lecithins, widely used in the food industry as emulsifiers, are a mixture of naturally occurring lipids containing more than 50% of phospholipids (PL). PL exert numerous important physiological effects. Their amphiphilic nature notably enables them to stabilise endogenous lipid droplets, conferring them an important role in lipoprotein transport, functionality and metabolism. In addition, beneficial effects of dietary lecithin on metabolic disorders have been reported since the 1990s. This review attempts to summarize the effects of various vegetable lecithins on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, as well as their potential application in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with metabolic disorders. Despite controversial data concerning the impact of vegetable lecithins on lipid digestion and intestinal absorption, the beneficial effect of lecithin supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipoprotein and cholesterol levels is unequivocal. This is especially true in hyperlipidemic patients. Furthermore, the immense compositional diversity of vegetable lecithins endows them with a vast range of biochemical and biological properties, which remain to be explored in detail. Data on the effects of vegetable lecithins alternative to soybean, both as supplements and as ingredients in different foods, is undoubtedly lacking. Given the exponential demand for vegetable products alternative to those of animal origin, it is of primordial importance that future research is undertaken in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which individual fatty acids and PL from various vegetable lecithins modulate lipid metabolism. The extent to which they may influence parameters associated with metabolic disorders, such as intestinal integrity, low-grade inflammation and gut microbiota must also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Robert
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRAE, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, FR-69310, France; ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, FR-33610, Canéjan, France
| | - Leslie Couëdelo
- ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, FR-33610, Canéjan, France
| | - Carole Vaysse
- ITERG, Equipe Nutrition, Santé et Biochimie des Lipides, Canéjan, FR-33610, Canéjan, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRAE, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, FR-69310, France.
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Halmos EP, Mack A, Gibson PR. Review article: emulsifiers in the food supply and implications for gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:41-50. [PMID: 30484878 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary emulsifiers are the latest food additives to be associated with intestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic health. Most recently, there are postulations around certain emulsifiers playing a role in the development of Crohn's disease. AIM To review the use of food-based emulsifiers, their content in the food supply and mechanisms by which they might exert potentially detrimental biological effects. METHODS Information on emulsifiers and thickeners relevant to human health was critically examined. RESULTS The term, "emulsifier," has been used loosely and has included thickeners as well as agents that truly promote emulsions. These comprise proteins, phospholipids and carbohydrates, alone or in combination, and play roles in optimising food appearance, texture and mouthfeel, delivering or disguising flavours and achieving palatable low-fat foods. Their presence in the food supply is common, but not "ubiquitous" as frequently stated. Strict regulations limit the amount added to foods, but the lack of established methodologies to measure the actual food content of these diverse compounds limits our knowledge of consumption. Emulsifiers and thickeners have effects on the gut microbiota, mucosal barrier and inflammatory pathways, and can induce disease in experimental models. However, differentiating pharmacological from physiological effects and translating findings in experimental animals to humans raise uncertainties about the relevance of such effects. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence to directly link emulsifiers and thickeners to human disease, but multiple potential pathogenic mechanisms. Knowledge of actual dietary intake and high-quality interventional studies is needed to enable the risks associated with their intake to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P Halmos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Mack
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vors C, Drai J, Pineau G, Laville M, Vidal H, Laugerette F, Michalski MC. Emulsifying dietary fat modulates postprandial endotoxemia associated with chylomicronemia in obese men: a pilot randomized crossover study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:97. [PMID: 28545546 PMCID: PMC5445284 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postprandial hyperlipemia is recognized as a major cardio-metabolic risk factor, recently linked to the co-absorption of pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharides with dietary lipids. This causes endotoxemia that is involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and insulin resistance, but to date the impact of food formulation is unknown. We tested a novel concept that endotoxin absorption can be modulated by fat emulsified structure in the meal, and potentially differently in obese vs. lean men. METHODS In a randomized controlled crossover study, eight normal-weight and eight obese age-matched healthy men ingested two isocaloric, isolipidic breakfasts of identical composition including 40 g of milk fat that was emulsified or unemulsified. Plasma- and chylomicron-endotoxemia and chylomicron-triglycerides were measured during 8 h after breakfast ingestion. RESULTS After emulsion consumption, parallel to an enhanced chylomicronemia, obese subjects presented an early and sharp increase in chylomicron-endotoxemia at 60 min (P time = 0.02), which was higher than (i) after spread fat in obese subjects (P < 0.05) and (ii) after both spread and emulsified fat in normal-weight subjects (P < 0.05). However in obese subjects, the iAUC of plasma endotoxemia over 8 h was lower after emulsion than after spread fat (P < 0.05) whereas in NW subjects such reduction of plasma LPS-iAUC was not observed (P = 0.67). CONCLUSION This study provides initial evidence that optimizing fat structure in the meal can be part of a dietary strategy to lower the metabolic impact of postprandial endotoxemia in obese men. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01249378 on July 13, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vors
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France.,The present address of Cécile Vors is: Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Pavillon des Services 2440 boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gaëlle Pineau
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Martine Laville
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Hubert Vidal
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France.,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Fabienne Laugerette
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, INRA U1397, Inserm U1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Mérieux Medical School, FR-69600, Oullins, France. .,Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes (CRNH-RA) and Centre Européen pour la Nutrition et la Santé (CENS), Pierre-Bénite, France.
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