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Del Dotto V, Musiani F, Baracca A, Solaini G. Variants in Human ATP Synthase Mitochondrial Genes: Biochemical Dysfunctions, Associated Diseases, and Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2239. [PMID: 38396915 PMCID: PMC10889682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP synthase (Complex V) catalyzes the last step of oxidative phosphorylation and provides most of the energy (ATP) required by human cells. The mitochondrial genes MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 encode two subunits of the multi-subunit Complex V. Since the discovery of the first MT-ATP6 variant in the year 1990 as the cause of Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome, a large and continuously increasing number of inborn variants in the MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 genes have been identified as pathogenic. Variants in these genes correlate with various clinical phenotypes, which include several neurodegenerative and multisystemic disorders. In the present review, we report the pathogenic variants in mitochondrial ATP synthase genes and highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying ATP synthase deficiency that promote biochemical dysfunctions. We discuss the possible structural changes induced by the most common variants found in patients by considering the recent cryo-electron microscopy structure of human ATP synthase. Finally, we provide the state-of-the-art of all therapeutic proposals reported in the literature, including drug interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunctions, allotopic gene expression- and nuclease-based strategies, and discuss their potential translation into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Del Dotto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
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Sgarbi G, Righetti R, Del Dotto V, Grillini S, Giorgio V, Baracca A, Solaini G. The pro-oncogenic protein IF 1 does not contribute to the Warburg effect and is not regulated by PKA in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166879. [PMID: 37689158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous inhibitor of mitochondrial F1Fo-ATPase (ATP synthase), IF1, has been shown to exert pro-oncogenic actions, including reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism (Warburg effect). The latter action of IF1 has been reported to be hampered by its PKA-dependent phosphorylation, but both reprogramming of metabolism and PKA-dependent phosphorylation are intensely debated. To clarify these critical issues, we prepared stably IF1-silenced clones and compared their bioenergetics with that of the three parental IF1-expressing cancer cell lines. All functional parameters: respiration rate, ATP synthesis rate (OXPHOS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were similar in IF1-silenced and control cells, clearly indicating that IF1 cannot inhibit the ATP synthase in cancer cells when the enzyme works physiologically. Furthermore, all cell types exposed to PKA modulators and energized with NAD+-dependent substrates or succinate showed similar OXPHOS rate regardless of the presence or absence of IF1. Therefore, our results rule out that IF1 action is modulated by its PKA-dependent phosphorylated/dephosphorylated state. Notably, cells exposed to a negative PKA modulator and energized with NAD+-dependent substrates showed a significant decrease of the OXPHOS rate matching previously reported inactivation of complex I. Overall, this study definitively demonstrates that IF1 inhibits neither mitochondrial ATP synthase nor OXPHOS in normoxic cancer cells and does not contribute to the Warburg effect. Thus, currently the protection of cancer cells from severe hypoxia/anoxia and apoptosis remain the only unquestionable actions of IF1 as pro-oncogenic factor that may be exploited to develop therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Righetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Grillini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Granata S, Canistro D, Vivarelli F, Morosini C, Rullo L, Mercatante D, Rodriguez-Estrada MT, Baracca A, Sgarbi G, Solaini G, Ghini S, Fagiolino I, Sangiorgi S, Paolini M. Potential Harm of IQOS Smoke to Rat Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12462. [PMID: 37569836 PMCID: PMC10419033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration has recently classified the IQOS electronic cigarette as a modified-risk tobacco product. However, IQOS cigarettes still release various harmful constituents typical of conventional cigarettes (CCs), although the concentrations are markedly lower. Here, we investigated the damaging effects of IQOS smoking on the liver. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed, whole body, 5 days/week for 4 weeks to IQOS smoke (4 sticks/day), and hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, redox homeostasis and lipidomic profile were investigated. IQOS boosted reactive radicals and generated oxidative stress. Exposure decreased cellular reserves of total glutathione (GSH) but not GSH-dependent antioxidant enzymes. Catalase and xanthine oxidase were greater in the exposed group, as were various hepatic CYP-dependent monooxygenases (CYP2B1/2, CYP1A1, CYP2A1, CYP2E1-linked). Respiratory chain activity was unaltered, while the number of liver mitochondria was increased. IQOS exposure had an impact on the hepatic lipid profile. With regard to the expression of some MAP kinases commonly activated by CC smoking, IQOS increased the p-p38/p38 ratio, while erythroid nuclear transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) was negatively affected. Our data suggest that IQOS significantly impairs liver function, supporting the precautionary stance taken by the WHO toward the use of these devices, especially by young people and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan–Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Camilla Morosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Dario Mercatante
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin, 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (M.T.R.-E.)
| | - Maria Teresa Rodriguez-Estrada
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin, 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (M.T.R.-E.)
- Inter-Departmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Severino Ghini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Ivan Fagiolino
- Gruppo CSA—S.p.A., Via al Torrente 22, 47923 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Stefano Sangiorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.G.); (D.C.); (C.M.); (L.R.); (S.G.); (S.S.); (M.P.)
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Vilella R, Sgarbi G, Naponelli V, Savi M, Bocchi L, Liuzzi F, Righetti R, Quaini F, Frati C, Bettuzzi S, Solaini G, Stilli D, Rizzi F, Baracca A. Effects of Standardized Green Tea Extract and Its Main Component, EGCG, on Mitochondrial Function and Contractile Performance of Healthy Rat Cardiomyocytes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102949. [PMID: 32993022 PMCID: PMC7600665 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that the long-term in vivo administration of green tea catechin extract (GTE) resulted in hyperdynamic cardiomyocyte contractility. The present study investigates the mechanisms underlying GTE action in comparison to its major component, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), given at the equivalent amount that would be in the entirety of GTE. Twenty-six male Wistar rats were given 40 mL/day of a tap water solution with either standardized GTE or pure EGCG for 4 weeks. Cardiomyocytes were then isolated for the study. Cellular bioenergetics was found to be significantly improved in both GTE- and EGCG-fed rats compared to that in controls as shown by measuring the maximal mitochondrial respiration rate and the cellular ATP level. Notably, the improvement of mitochondrial function was associated with increased levels of oxidative phosphorylation complexes, whereas the cellular mitochondrial mass was unchanged. However, only the GTE supplement improved cardiomyocyte mechanics and intracellular calcium dynamics, by lowering the expression of total phospholamban (PLB), which led to an increase of both the phosphorylated-PLB/PLB and the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase/PLB ratios. Our findings suggest that GTE might be a valuable adjuvant tool for counteracting the occurrence and/or the progression of cardiomyopathies in which mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of intracellular calcium dynamics constitute early pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocchina Vilella
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (R.V.); (M.S.); (L.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Valeria Naponelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (F.Q.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Monia Savi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (R.V.); (M.S.); (L.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Leonardo Bocchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (R.V.); (M.S.); (L.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Francesca Liuzzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Riccardo Righetti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza” Unit of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (F.Q.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Caterina Frati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (F.Q.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Saverio Bettuzzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (F.Q.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Donatella Stilli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (R.V.); (M.S.); (L.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Federica Rizzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (V.N.); (F.Q.); (C.F.); (S.B.)
- National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0521-033816 (F.R.); +39-051-2091244 (A.B.); Fax: +39-0521-033802 (F.R.); +39-051-2091224 (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.S.); (F.L.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-0521-033816 (F.R.); +39-051-2091244 (A.B.); Fax: +39-0521-033802 (F.R.); +39-051-2091224 (A.B.)
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Yarmohammadi F, Wallace Hayes A, Najafi N, Karimi G. The protective effect of natural compounds against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22605. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yarmohammadi
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - A. Wallace Hayes
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology University of South Florida Tampa Florida
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Nahid Najafi
- Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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The Hepatoprotective Effect of Taurisolo, a Nutraceutical Enriched in Resveratrol and Polyphenols, Involves Activation of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Mice Liver. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050410. [PMID: 32403305 PMCID: PMC7278674 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases affect millions of people worldwide. In most of the cases, severe hepatic dysfunction and liver cancer stem from mild and common clinical signs including hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and oxidative stress, all together referred to as Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutraceuticals endowed with antioxidant activity have been shown to reduce NAFLD risk factors and exert hepatoprotective effects. Here, we test the protective effect exerted on liver by the antioxidant Taurisolo, a nutraceutical formulation produced by grape pomace and enriched in Resveratrol and Polyphenols. We analyze the effect of Taurisolo on liver cells by profiling the metabolome of in vitro cultured hepatic HuH7 cells and of C57BL-6J mice fed a High Fat Diet and treated with the nutraceutical. Both in vitro and in vivo, we provide evidence that Taurisolo reduces risk factor markers associated with NAFLD. Taurisolo stimulates glucose uptake and reduces hepatic cholesterol and serum triglycerides. Furthermore, we give new insights into the mechanism of action of Taurisolo. The nutraceutical increases mitochondrial activity and promotes respiration and ATP production, fostering catabolic reactions like fatty acid β-oxidation and amino acid catabolism. On the contrary, Taurisolo reduces anabolic reactions like biosynthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, and plasma membrane lipids.
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Costanzini A, Sgarbi G, Maresca A, Del Dotto V, Solaini G, Baracca A. Mitochondrial Mass Assessment in a Selected Cell Line under Different Metabolic Conditions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111454. [PMID: 31752092 PMCID: PMC6912592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes of quantity and/or morphology of cell mitochondria are often associated with metabolic modulation, pathology, and apoptosis. Exogenous fluorescent probes used to investigate changes in mitochondrial content and dynamics are strongly dependent, for their internalization, on the mitochondrial membrane potential and composition, thus limiting the reliability of measurements. To overcome this limitation, genetically encoded recombinant fluorescent proteins, targeted to different cellular districts, were used as reporters. Here, we explored the potential use of mitochondrially targeted red fluorescent probe (mtRFP) to quantify, by flow cytometry, mitochondrial mass changes in cells exposed to different experimental conditions. We first demonstrated that the mtRFP fluorescence intensity is stable during cell culture and it is related with the citrate synthase activity, an established marker of the mitochondrial mass. Incidentally, the expression of mtRFP inside mitochondria did not alter the oxygen consumption rate under both state 3 and 4 respiration conditions. In addition, using this method, we showed for the first time that different inducers of mitochondrial mass change, such as hypoxia exposure or resveratrol treatment of cells, could be consistently detected. We suggest that transfection and selection of stable clones expressing mtRFP is a reliable method to monitor mitochondrial mass changes, particularly when pathophysiological or experimental conditions change ΔΨm, as it occurs during mitochondrial uncoupling or hypoxia/anoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Costanzini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- UOC Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Del Dotto
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2091215 (G.S.); Tel.: +39-051-2091244 (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-051-2091215 (G.S.); Tel.: +39-051-2091244 (A.B.)
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8
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Sgarbi G, Gorini G, Liuzzi F, Solaini G, Baracca A. Hypoxia and IF₁ Expression Promote ROS Decrease in Cancer Cells. Cells 2018; 7:E64. [PMID: 29933600 PMCID: PMC6071258 DOI: 10.3390/cells7070064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the metabolic reprogramming of cells adapted to hypoxia and the interplay between ROS and hypoxia in malignancy is under debate. Here, we examined how ROS levels are modulated by hypoxia in human cancer compared to untransformed cells. Short time exposure (20 min) of either fibroblasts or 143B osteosarcoma cells to low oxygen tension down to 0.5% induced a significant decrease of the cellular ROS level, as detected by the CellROX fluorescent probe (−70%). Prolonging the cells’ exposure to hypoxia for 24 h, ROS decreased further, reaching nearly 20% of the normoxic value. In this regard, due to the debated role of the endogenous inhibitor protein (IF₁) of the ATP synthase complex in cancer cell bioenergetics, we investigated whether IF₁ is involved in the control of ROS generation under severe hypoxic conditions. A significant ROS content decrease was observed in hypoxia in both IF₁-expressing and IF₁- silenced cells compared to normoxia. However, IF₁-silenced cells showed higher ROS levels compared to IF1-containing cells. In addition, the MitoSOX Red-measured superoxide level of all the hypoxic cells was significantly lower compared to normoxia; however, the decrease was milder than the marked drop of ROS content. Accordingly, the difference between IF₁-expressing and IF₁-silenced cells was smaller but significant in both normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, the interplay between ROS and hypoxia and its modulation by IF₁ have to be taken into account to develop therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Giulia Gorini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy.
| | - Francesca Liuzzi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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