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Chen KY, Cheng CJ, Chang YT, Lin YH, Huang YH, Lin SY, Wang LC, Jhan KY, Chiu CH. Benzaldehyde stimulates autophagy via the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in mouse brain astrocytes after treatment with Angiostrongylus cantonensis excretory-secretory products. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 26:100560. [PMID: 39146602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital cellular process responsible for digesting various cytoplasmic organelles. This process plays a crucial role in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis, especially under conditions that cause nutrient deficiency, cellular damage, and oxidative stress. Neuroangiostrongyliasis is an infection caused by the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis and is considered as an emerging disease in many parts of the world. However, effective therapeutic strategies for neuroangiostrongyliasis still need to be further developed. In this study, we investigated the effects of benzaldehyde treatment on autophagy and sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in A. cantonensis-infected mice and its mechanisms. First, we found autophagosome generation in the central nervous system after A. cantonensis infection. Next, benzaldehyde combined with albendazole treatment reduced eosinophilic meningitis and upregulated the expression of Shh signaling- and autophagy-related molecules in A. cantonensis-infected mouse brains. In vitro experiments demonstrated that benzaldehyde could induce autophagy via the Shh signaling pathway in A. cantonensis excretory-secretory products (ESPs)-treated mouse astrocytes. Finally, benzaldehyde treatment also decreased lipid droplet accumulation and increased cholesterol production by activating the Shh pathway after ESPs treatment. In conclusion, these findings suggested that benzaldehyde treatment could alleviate brain damage by stimulating autophagy generation through the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ju Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Chang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Jhan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
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Rabelo ACS, Andrade AKDL, Costa DC. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:1174. [PMID: 38674865 PMCID: PMC11055095 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in liver cells owing to the metabolism of ethanol. This process leads to a decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio and the generation of reactive oxygen species. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the role of oxidative stress in AFLD. A total of 201 eligible manuscripts were included, which revealed that animals with AFLD exhibited elevated expression of CYP2E1, decreased enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced levels of the transcription factor Nrf2, which plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, animals with AFLD exhibited increased levels of lipid peroxidation markers and carbonylated proteins, collectively contributing to a weakened antioxidant defense and increased oxidative damage. The liver damage in AFLD was supported by significantly higher activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Moreover, animals with AFLD had increased levels of triacylglycerol in the serum and liver, likely due to reduced fatty acid metabolism caused by decreased PPAR-α expression, which is responsible for fatty acid oxidation, and increased expression of SREBP-1c, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. With regard to inflammation, animals with AFLD exhibited elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-6. The heightened oxidative stress, along with inflammation, led to an upregulation of cell death markers, such as caspase-3, and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Overall, the findings of the review and meta-analysis indicate that ethanol metabolism reduces important markers of antioxidant defense while increasing inflammatory and apoptotic markers, thereby contributing to the development of AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Silveira Rabelo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35402-163, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35402-163, Brazil
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Yu LM, Dong X, Li N, Jiang H, Zhao JK, Xu YL, Xu DY, Xue XD, Zhou ZJ, Huang YT, Zhao QS, Wang ZS, Yin ZT, Wang HS. Polydatin attenuates chronic alcohol consumption-induced cardiomyopathy through a SIRT6-dependent mechanism. Food Funct 2022; 13:7302-7319. [PMID: 35726783 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00966h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polydatin has attracted much attention as a potential cardioprotective agent against ischemic heart disease and diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the effect and mechanism of polydatin supplementation on alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) are still unknown. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of polydatin against ACM and to explore the molecular mechanisms with a focus on SIRT6-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and mitochondrial function. The ACM model was established by feeding C57/BL6 mice with an ethanol Lieber-DeCarli diet for 12 weeks. The mice received polydatin (20 mg kg-1) or vehicle treatment. We showed that polydatin treatment not only improved cardiac function but also reduced myocardial fibrosis and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1)-mediated mitochondrial fission, and enhanced PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin-dependent mitophagy in alcohol-treated myocardium. Importantly, these beneficial effects were mimicked by SIRT6 overexpression but abolished by the infection of recombinant serotype 9 adeno-associated virus (AAV9) carrying SIRT6-specific small hairpin RNA. Mechanistically, alcohol consumption induced a gradual decrease in the myocardial SIRT6 level, while polydatin effectively activated SIRT6-AMPK signaling and modulated mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, thus reducing oxidative stress damage and preserving mitochondrial function. In summary, these data present new information regarding the therapeutic actions of polydatin, suggesting that the activation of SIRT6 signaling may represent a new approach for tackling ACM-related cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Dong
- The Third Outpatient Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 49 Beiling Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Ji-Kai Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Yin-Li Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Deng-Yue Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Shang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Zong-Tao Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China.
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Yang SC. A New Perspective on Fish Oil: The Prevention of Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1531-1538. [PMID: 34732632 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) are very complex and interrelated, including abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and gut-derived endotoxin pathway. On the other hand, fish oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which decrease blood triglyceride concentration in hypertriglycemia patients and show protective effects against fatty liver. However, there is limited evidence from studies of the relationship between fish oil and ALD based on the viewpoint of the intestinal integrity and microflora. Therefore, this review discusses the mechanism of amelioration for ALD by fish oil. Based on our previous studies, partial replacement of olive oil by fish oil in alcohol-containing liquid diet ameliorated the liver damage including fatty liver and inflammation in rats. Based on these results, the mechanisms of hepatoprotective effects due to fish oil substitution were discussed in three parts, such as regulating lipid metabolism, decreasing oxidative stress and maintaining intestinal health. First of all, we found that fish oil substitution increased plasma adiponectin levels, and then increasing MCAD and CPT-1 mRNA levels to accelerate fatty acid oxidation in liver, then further prevent ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis in rats with chronic alcohol-feeding. Fish oil replacement also enhanced hepatic autophagy flux, which enhanced lipid degradation, then inhibited lipid accumulation in liver. Secondly, the appreciable proportion of fish oil decreased lipid peroxidation by reducing the protein expression of cytochrome p450 2E1 in chronic alcohol-feeding rats. We also speculated that the appropriate proportion of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs is very important for preventing alcoholic liver disease. At last, substituting fish oil for olive oil normalized the intestinal permeability and fecal microbiota composition, thus providing a low plasma endotoxin level and inflammatory responses, which exert ameliorative effects on ethanol-induced liver injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Ching Yang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University.,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
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The Prophylactic Effects of Glutamine on Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation in Rats with Ethanol-Induced Liver Damage. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082788. [PMID: 34444950 PMCID: PMC8398394 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the prophylactic effects of glutamine on muscle protein synthesis and degradation in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury. For the first 2 weeks, Wistar rats were divided into two groups and fed a control (n = 16) or glutamine-containing diet (n = 24). For the following 6 weeks, rats fed the control diet were further divided into two groups (n = 8 per group) according to whether their diet contained no ethanol (CC) or did contain ethanol (CE). Rats fed the glutamine-containing diet were also further divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), including a GG group (glutamine-containing diet without ethanol), GE group (control diet with ethanol), and GEG group (glutamine-containing diet with ethanol). After 6 weeks, results showed that hepatic fatty change, inflammation, altered liver function, and hyperammonemia had occurred in the CE group, but these were attenuated in the GE and GEG groups. Elevated intestinal permeability and a higher plasma endotoxin level were observed in the CE group, but both were lower in the GE and GEG groups. The level of a protein synthesis marker (p70S6K) was reduced in the CE group but was higher in both the GE and GEG groups. In conclusion, glutamine supplementation might elevate muscle protein synthesis by improving intestinal health and ameliorating liver damage in rats with chronic ethanol intake.
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Song XY, Li RH, Liu WW, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Effect of silibinin on ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced damge of mouse primary hepatocytes in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105047. [PMID: 33137447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin, one of the flavonoids isolated from milk thistle seeds of Silybum marianum, has hepatoprotective properties against toxins in clinical. However, the detailed mechanisms have remained unclear. This study investigates the underlying mechanism of silibinin in the protection against ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced damage of neonatal mouse primary hepatocytes in vitro. The results show that ethanol inhibited proliferation of hepatocytes in a time (12, 24, 36 h) and dose-dependent (0-800 mM) manner. However, silibinin did not show protective effect on ethanol (500 mM)-induced suppression of hepatocyte proliferation. Acetaldehyde, the toxic metabolite of ethanol, appearing immediately in individuals after drink also inhibited the proliferation of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent (0-12 mM) manner. Surprisingly, silibinin significantly increased the cell viability and reduced the leakage of alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) in acetaldehyde-treated hepatocytes, suggesting that silibinin protected cell injury caused by acetaldehyde treatment. The apoptosis-inducing effect of acetaldehyde was demonstrated by the increased number of cells in sub-G1 phase as well as caspase-3 activation. Further study shows that acetaldehyde induced autophagy in the hepatocytes. The autophagy inhibitors, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ), further decreased the viability of cells treated with acetaldehyde, suggesting that autophagy plays a protective role against apoptosis. Consistently, silibinin (20 μM) significantly reduced the activation of caspase 3 or apoptosis and increased the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II or autophagy. Taken together, it is concluded that silibinin does not repress the ethanol- induced hepatocyte injury, whereas silibinin reduces acetaldehyde-caused hepatocyte injury through down-regulation of apoptosis and up-regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Song
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Rong-Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Shin DW. Lipophagy: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Metabolic Disorders. Mol Cells 2020; 43:686-693. [PMID: 32624503 PMCID: PMC7468585 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that breaks down damaged organelles or damaged proteins using intracellular lysosomes. Recent studies have also revealed that various forms of selective autophagy play specific physiological roles under different cellular conditions. Lipid droplets, which are mainly found in adipocytes and hepatocytes, are dynamic organelles that store triglycerides and are critical to health. Lipophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets lipid droplets and is an essential mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of lipid droplets. However, while processes that regulate lipid droplets such as lipolysis and lipogenesis are relatively well known, the major factors that control lipophagy remain largely unknown. This review introduces the underlying mechanism by which lipophagy is induced and regulated, and the current findings on the major roles of lipophagy in physiological and pathological status. These studies will provide basic insights into the function of lipophagy and may be useful for the development of new therapies for lipophagy dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Shin
- College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
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