1
|
Liu X, Li T, Sun J, Wang Z. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1571-1580. [PMID: 37516250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), which is involved in osteogenic reprogramming of valvular interstitial cells, is the most common form of valve disease. It still lacks effective pharmacologic intervention, as its cellular biological mechanisms remain unclear. Congenital abnormality (bicuspid valve) and older age are considered to be the most powerful risk factors for CAVD. Aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) and calcific aortic stenosis (CAS), 2 subclinical forms of CAVD, represent 2 distinct stages of aortic valve calcification. During the AVS stage, the disease is characterised by endothelial activation/damage, inflammatory response, and lipid infiltration accompanied by microcalcification. The CAS stage is dominated by calcification, resulting in valvular dysfunction and severe obstruction to cardiac outflow, which is life threatening if surgery is not performed in time. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a state in which conditions disrupting ER homeostasis cause an accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, has been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation and aortic valve calcification. Therefore, identifying targets or drugs for suppressing ER stress may be a novel approach for CAVD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Medicial Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengjun Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Q, Yu C, Xu X, Jin W, Zhang Z, Huang H, Gao Y, Pan D. Phosphorylated YBX2 is stabilized to promote glycolysis in brown adipocytes. iScience 2023; 26:108091. [PMID: 37860762 PMCID: PMC10583057 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Y-box binding protein 2 (YBX2) is an essential modulator of brown adipose tissue activation, yet the regulation on its own expression and the involved mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, we report the YBX2 protein level, but not mRNA level, is induced in response to acute β-adrenergic signaling. In this context, YBX2 is a dual substrate for both AMPK and Akt2. The phosphorylation at Thr115 by AMPK or at Ser137 by Akt2 facilitates YBX2 accumulation in brown adipocytes by decreasing ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Beyond stabilizing PGC1α mRNA, increased YBX2 upon thermogenic activation assists the expression of glycolytic enzymes, promotes glucose utilization and lactate production. Mechanistically, YBX2 modulates translation of glycolytic genes via direct binding to 5'-UTRs of these genes. Together these findings suggest YBX2 is responsive to thermogenic stimuli by phosphorylation modification, and stabilized YBX2 helps to boost glycolysis and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenfang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongning Pan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu Z, Li Y, Fu Y, Yang Y. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220710. [PMID: 37671091 PMCID: PMC10476487 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of aging is marked by a gradual deterioration in the physiological functions and functional reserves of various tissues and organs, leading to an increased susceptibility to diseases and even death. Aging manifests in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, and is characterized by varying rates and direct and indirect interactions among different tissues and organs. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with older adults (aged >70 years) accounting for approximately two-thirds of CVD-related deaths. The prevalence of CVD increases exponentially with an individual's age. Aging is a critical independent risk factor for the development of CVD. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation exerts cardioprotective effects in the heart and restores cellular metabolic functions by modulating gene expression and regulating protein levels through its interaction with multiple target proteins. Additionally, AMPK enhances mitochondrial function and cellular energy status by facilitating the utilization of energy substrates. This review focuses on the role of AMPK in the process of cardiac aging and maintaining normal metabolic levels and redox homeostasis in the heart, particularly in the presence of oxidative stress and the invasion of inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Qiu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yancheng Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yanru Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dietary energy restriction in neurological diseases: what's new? Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:573-588. [PMID: 36369305 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Energy-restricted diet is a specific dietary regimen, including the continuous energy-restricted diet and the intermittent energy-restricted diet. It has been proven effective not only to reduce weight and extend the lifespan in animal models, but also to regulate the development and progression of various neurological diseases such as epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis). However, the mechanism in this field is still not clear and a systematic neurological summary is still missing. In this review, we first give a brief summary of the definition and mainstream strategies of energy restrictions. We then review evidence about the effects of energy-restricted diet from both animal models and human trials, and update the current understanding of mechanisms underlying the biological role of energy-restricted diet in the fight against neurological diseases. Our review thus contributes to the modification of dietary regimen and the search for special diet mimics.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chandrasekaran R, Bruno SR, Mark ZF, Walzer J, Caffry S, Gold C, Kumar A, Chamberlain N, Butzirus IM, Morris CR, Daphtary N, Aliyeva M, Lam YW, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger Y, Poynter ME, Dixon AE, Anathy V. Mitoquinone mesylate attenuates pathological features of lean and obese allergic asthma in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L141-L153. [PMID: 36511516 PMCID: PMC9902225 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00249.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with severe, difficult-to-control asthma, and increased airway oxidative stress. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are an important source of oxidative stress in asthma, leading us to hypothesize that targeting mROS in obese allergic asthma might be an effective treatment. Using a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway disease in mice fed a low- (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD), and the mitochondrial antioxidant MitoQuinone (MitoQ), we investigated the effects of obesity and ROS on HDM-induced airway inflammation, remodeling, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Obese allergic mice showed increased lung tissue eotaxin, airway tissue eosinophilia, and AHR compared with lean allergic mice. MitoQ reduced airway inflammation, remodeling, and hyperreactivity in both lean and obese allergic mice, and tissue eosinophilia in obese-allergic mice. Similar effects were observed with decyl triphosphonium (dTPP+), the hydrophobic cationic moiety of MitoQ lacking ubiquinone. HDM-induced oxidative sulfenylation of proteins was increased particularly in HFD mice. Although only MitoQ reduced sulfenylation of proteins involved in protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ER stress was attenuated by both MitoQ and dTPP+ suggesting the anti-allergic effects of MitoQ are mediated in part by effects of its hydrophobic dTPP+ moiety reducing ER stress. In summary, oxidative signaling is an important mediator of allergic airway disease. MitoQ, likely through reducing protein oxidation and affecting the UPR pathway, might be effective for the treatment of asthma and specific features of obese asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sierra R Bruno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Zoe F Mark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph Walzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sarah Caffry
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Clarissa Gold
- Department of Biology and Vermont Biomedical Research Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Carolyn R Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nirav Daphtary
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Minara Aliyeva
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Vermont Biomedical Research Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | | | - Anne E Dixon
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ajoolabady A, Lebeaupin C, Wu NN, Kaufman RJ, Ren J. ER stress and inflammation crosstalk in obesity. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:5-30. [PMID: 35975736 DOI: 10.1002/med.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) governs the proper folding of polypeptides and proteins through various chaperones and enzymes residing within the ER organelle. Perturbation in the ER folding process ensues when overwhelmed protein folding exceeds the ER handling capacity, leading to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER lumen-a state being referred to as ER stress. In turn, ER stress induces a gamut of signaling cascades, termed as the "unfolded protein response" (UPR) that reinstates the ER homeostasis through a panel of gene expression modulation. This type of UPR is usually deemed "adaptive UPR." However, persistent or unresolved ER stress hyperactivates UPR response, which ultimately, triggers cell death and inflammatory pathways, termed as "maladaptive/terminal UPR." A plethora of evidence indicates that crosstalks between ER stress (maladaptive UPR) and inflammation precipitate obesity pathogenesis. In this regard, the acquisition of the mechanisms linking ER stress to inflammation in obesity might unveil potential remedies to tackle this pathological condition. Herein, we aim to elucidate key mechanisms of ER stress-induced inflammation in the context of obesity and summarize potential therapeutic strategies in the management of obesity through maneuvering ER stress and ER stress-associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ajoolabady
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ne N Wu
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Migliaccio V, Putti R, Scudiero R. Metallothionein gene expression in rat tissues: response to dietary restriction after orally dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) exposure and high-fat feeding. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:859-864. [PMID: 36173099 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2127594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is an environmental pollutant that accumulates in adipose tissue through the food chain. Hypercaloric, high-fat diet is considered to promote the accumulation of toxic lipophilic substances in tissues, whereas the loss of body fat through caloric restriction results in a recirculation of these substances. In rats, oral administration of DDE causes the onset of tissues damage; the concomitant intake of a high-fat diet ameliorates tissues status, probably because of the entrapment of the lipophilic substance in fat depots. Recent evidence demonstrates that DDE alters the expression of metallothioneins, proteins involved in cellular defense from oxidative stress, in a diet- and tissue-specific manner. This study is aimed to verify if 2 weeks of caloric restriction after the oral DDE treatment can modify metallothionein gene expression in tissues of high-fat fed rats. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrates that metallothionein gene expression after calorie restriction is tissue-specific and strongly influenced by both previous dietary conditions and DDE exposure. To avoid misleading conclusions on the interference of toxic xenobiotics on metallothionein gene expression is particularly important to consider the tissue, the cellular conditions, and the nutritional status of the animals, especially when the protein is used as an index of cells health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Migliaccio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano (Sa), Italy
| | - Rosalba Putti
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Caloric restriction reduces the pro-inflammatory eicosanoid 20- hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid to protect from acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2022; 102:560-576. [PMID: 35654224 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in the clinical setting and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Preconditioning with short-term caloric restriction is highly protective against kidney injury in rodent ischemia reperfusion injury models. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown hampering clinical translation. Here, we examined the molecular basis of caloric restriction-mediated protection to elucidate the principles of kidney stress resistance. Analysis of an RNAseq dataset after caloric restriction identified Cyp4a12a, a cytochrome exclusively expressed in male mice, to be strongly downregulated after caloric restriction. Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury robustly induced acute kidney injury in male mice and this damage could be markedly attenuated by pretreatment with caloric restriction. In females, damage was significantly less pronounced and preconditioning with caloric restriction had only little effect. Tissue concentrations of the metabolic product of Cyp4a12a, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), were found to be significantly reduced by caloric restriction. Conversely, intraperitoneal supplementation of 20-HETE in preconditioned males partly abrogated the protective potential of caloric restriction. Interestingly, this effect was accompanied by a partial reversal of caloric restriction-induced changes in protein but not RNA expression pointing towards inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid metabolism. Thus, our findings provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying kidney protection by caloric restriction. Hence, understanding the mediators of preconditioning is an important pre-requisite for moving towards translation to the clinical setting.
Collapse
|
9
|
Maldonado M, Chen J, Duan H, Zhou S, Yang L, Raja MA, Huang T, Jiang G, Zhong Y. Effects of caloric overload before caloric restriction in the murine heart. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2695-2719. [PMID: 35347086 PMCID: PMC9004582 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of caloric restriction (CR) against cardiac aging and for prevention of cardiovascular diseases are numerous. However, to our knowledge, there is no scientific evidence about how a high-calorie diet (HCD) background influences the mechanisms underlying CR in whole heart tissue (WHT) in experimental murine models. In the current study, CR-treated mice with different alimentary backgrounds were subjected to transthoracic echocardiographic measurements. WHT was then analyzed to determine cardiac energetics, telomerase activity, the expression of energy-sensing networks, tissue-specific adiponectin, and cardiac precursor/cardiac stem cell markers. Animals with a balanced diet consumption before CR presented marked cardiac remodeling with improved ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS), enhanced OXPHOS complex I, III, and IV, and CKMT2 enzymatic activity. Mice fed an HCD before CR presented moderate changes in cardiac geometry with diminished EF and FS values, but improved OXPHOS complex IV and CKMT2 activity. Differences in cardiac remodeling, left ventricular systolic/diastolic performance, and mitochondrial energetics, found in the CR-treated mice with contrasting alimentary backgrounds, were corroborated by inconsistencies in the expression of mitochondrial-biogenesis-related markers and associated regulatory networks. In particular, disruption of eNOS and AMPK -PGC-1α-mTOR-related axes. The impact of a past habit of caloric overload on the effects of CR in the WHT is a scarcely explored subject that requires deeper study in combination with analyses of other tissues and organs at higher levels of organization within the organ system. Such research will eventually lead to the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies to promote health and longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maldonado
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jianying Chen
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Huiqin Duan
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Shuling Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lujun Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Mazhar Ali Raja
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Tianhua Huang
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Gu Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu 610066, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
Collapse
|