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Anjiki K, Matsumoto T, Kuroda Y, Fujita M, Hayashi S, Nakano N, Tsubosaka M, Kamenaga T, Takashima Y, Kikuchi K, Ikuta K, Onoi Y, Tachibana S, Suda Y, Wada K, Matsushita T, Kuroda R. Heterogeneous Cells as well as Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells in Stromal Vascular Fraction Contribute to Enhance Anabolic and Inhibit Catabolic Factors in Osteoarthritis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2407-2419. [PMID: 37477775 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The stromal-vascular fraction (SVF), comprising heterogeneous cell populations and adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs), has therapeutic potential against osteoarthritis (OA); however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of heterogeneous cells in rabbit SVF on rabbit chondrocytes. Rabbit SVF and ADSCs were autografted into knees at OA onset. The SVF (1 × 105) and low-dose ADSCs (lADSC; 1 × 104) groups adjusted for their stromal cell content were compared. Animals were euthanized 8 and 12 weeks after OA onset for macroscopic and histological analyses of OA progression and synovitis. Immunohistochemical and real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments were conducted. In vitro, immune-fluorescent double staining was performed for SVF to stain macrophages with F4/80, CD86(M1), and CD163(M2). OA progression was markedly suppressed, and synovitis was reduced in the SVF groups (OARSI histological score 8 W: 6.8 ± 0.75 vs. 3.8 ± 0.75, p = 0.001; 12 W: 8.8 ± 0.4 vs. 5.4 ± 0.49, p = 0.0002). The SVF groups had higher expression of collagen II and SOX9 in cartilage and TGF-β and IL-10 in the synovium, lower expression of MMP-13, and lower macrophage M1/M2 ratio than the lADSC groups. Immunofluorescent double staining revealed a markedly higher number of M2 than that of M1 macrophages in the SVF. The therapeutic effects of SVF on chondrocytes were superior than those of lADSCs, with enhanced anabolic and inhibited catabolic factors. Heterogeneous cells, mainly M2 macrophages in the SVF, enhanced growth factor secretion and chondrocyte-protective cytokines, thus benefiting chondrocytes and knee joint homeostasis. Overall, the SVF is a safe, relatively simple, and a useful treatment option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Anjiki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masanori Tsubosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kamenaga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenmei Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuma Onoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tachibana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kensuke Wada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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Toejing P, Sakunrangsit N, Pho-On P, Phetkong C, Leelahavanichkul A, Sridurongrit S, Greenblatt MB, Lotinun S. Accelerated Bone Loss in Transgenic Mice Expressing Constitutively Active TGF-β Receptor Type I. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10797. [PMID: 37445982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a key factor mediating the intercellular crosstalk between the hematopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment. Here, we investigated the skeletal phenotype of transgenic mice expressing constitutively active TGF-β receptor type I under the control of Mx1-Cre (Mx1;TβRICA mice). μCT analysis showed decreased cortical thickness, and cancellous bone volume in both femurs and mandibles. Histomorphometric analysis confirmed a decrease in cancellous bone volume due to increased osteoclast number and decreased osteoblast number. Primary osteoblasts showed decreased ALP and mineralization. Constitutive TβRI activation increased osteoclast differentiation. qPCR analysis showed that Tnfsf11/Tnfrsf11b ratio, Ctsk, Sufu, and Csf1 were increased whereas Runx2, Ptch1, and Ptch2 were decreased in Mx1;TβRICA femurs. Interestingly, Gli1, Wnt3a, Sp7, Alpl, Ptch1, Ptch2, and Shh mRNA expression were reduced whereas Tnfsf11/Tnfrsf11b ratio was increased in Mx1;TβRICA mandibles. Similarly, osteoclast-related genes were increased in Mx1;TβRICA osteoclasts whereas osteoblast-related genes were reduced in Mx1;TβRICA osteoblasts. Western blot analysis indicated that SMAD2 and SMAD3 phosphorylation was increased in Mx1;TβRICA osteoblasts, and SMAD3 phosphorylation was increased in Mx1;TβRICA osteoclasts. CTSK was increased while RUNX2 and PTCH1 was decreased in Mx1;TβRICA mice. Microindentation analysis indicated decreased hardness in Mx1;TβRICA mice. Our study indicated that Mx1;TβRICA mice were osteopenic by increasing osteoclast number and decreasing osteoblast number, possibly by suppressing Hedgehog signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichart Toejing
- Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nithidol Sakunrangsit
- Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pinyada Pho-On
- Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chinnatam Phetkong
- Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somyoth Sridurongrit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Center of Excellence in Skeletal Disorders and Enzyme Reaction Mechanism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Fujita M, Matsumoto T, Hayashi S, Hashimoto S, Nakano N, Maeda T, Kuroda Y, Takashima Y, Kikuchi K, Anjiki K, Ikuta K, Onoi Y, Tachibana S, Matsushita T, Iwaguro H, Sobajima S, Hiranaka T, Kuroda R. Paracrine effect of the stromal vascular fraction containing M2 macrophages on human chondrocytes through the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3627-3639. [PMID: 35766589 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is composed of a heterogeneous mix of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), macrophages, pericytes, fibroblasts, blood, and other cells. Previous studies have found that the paracrine effects of SVF cells may be therapeutic, but their role in osteoarthritis treatment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of SVF cells on chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were seeded on culture plates alone (control) or cocultured with SVF or ADSCs on cell culture inserts. After 48 h of coculture, chondrocyte collagen II, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3), and matrix metalloproteinases-13 (MMP-13) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels in the supernatant were measured using ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the macrophages in the SVF. These macrophages were characterized according to phenotype using the F4/80, CD86, and CD163 markers. To determine whether the Smad2/3 signaling pathways were involved, the chondrocytes were pre-treated with a Smad2/3 phosphorylation inhibitor and stimulated with the SVF, and then Smad2/3 phosphorylation levels were analyzed using western blot. The mRNA expression levels of various paracrine factors and chondrocyte pellet size were also assessed. Collagen II and TIMP-3 expression were higher in the SVF group than in the ADSC group and controls, while MMP-13 expression was the highest in the ADSC group and the lowest in the controls. TGF-β levels in the SVF group were also elevated. Immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry revealed that the macrophages in the SVF were of the anti-inflammatory phenotype. Western blot analysis showed that the SVF increased Smad2/3 phosphorylation, while Smad2/3 inhibitors decreased phosphorylation. Smad2/3 inhibitors also reduced the expression of various other paracrine factors and decreased chondrocyte pellet size. These findings suggested that the paracrine effect of heterogeneous cells, such as anti-inflammatory macrophages, in the SVF partly supports chondrocyte regeneration through TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kensuke Anjiki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kemmei Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuma Onoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shotaro Tachibana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwaguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sobajima Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sobajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sobajima Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiranaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Joint Surgery Centre, Takatsuki General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Jacobs Catane L, Moshel O, Smith Y, Davidson B, Reich R. Splice-Variant Knock-Out of TGFβ Receptors Perturbates the Proteome of Ovarian Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312647. [PMID: 34884451 PMCID: PMC8657817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the biological role of different transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) receptor splice variants in ovarian carcinoma (OC). Specific receptor variant knockouts (KO) were prepared using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system in two OC cell lines, TβRI variant 1 (TβRIv1) KO in ES-2 cells and TβRII variant 1 (TβRIIv1) KO in OVCAR-8 cells. Control and KO cells were compared by proteomic analysis, functional tests, analysis of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) drivers, and Western blot of signaling proteins. Proteomic analysis revealed significant changes in protein pathways in the KO cells. TβRIv1 KO resulted in a significant reduction in both cellular motility and invasion, while TβRIIv1 KO significantly reduced cellular motility and increased Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. Both receptor variant KOs reduced MET protein levels. Of the EMT drivers, a significant decrease in TWIST protein expression, and increase in SNAIL protein and MALAT1 mRNA levels were observed in the TβRIIv1 KO compared to control. A significant decrease in JNK1 and JNK2 activation was found in the TβRIv1 KO compared to control cells. These findings provide new insight regarding the biological role of the TGFβ receptor variants in the biology and potentially the progression of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Jacobs Catane
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Ofra Moshel
- Core Research Facility, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, N-0310 Oslo, Norway;
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reuven Reich
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-6757505
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Wu Y, Su M, Zhang S, Cheng Y, Liao XY, Lin BY, Chen YZ. Abnormal expression of TGF-beta type II receptor isoforms contributes to acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10037-10049. [PMID: 28052022 PMCID: PMC5354639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of leukemia. Although TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) isoforms have been isolated from human leukemia cells, their expression patterns and functions of these variants are unclear. In this study, we determined that two TβRII isoforms (TβRII and TβRII-B) are abnormally expressed in leukemic cells, as compared to normal hematopoietic cells. TβRII-B, but not TβRII, was found to promote cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation of leukemic cells. TβRII-B also enhanced TGF-β1 binding and downstream signaling and reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. By contrast, TβRII blocked all-trans retinoic acid-induced differentiation through inhibition of TβRII-B. Overall survival was significantly lower in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with high compared to low TβRII expression. Thus, whereas TβRII-B is a potent inducer of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation, higher TβRII expression correlates with poor clinical prognosis in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Su
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - ShuX Zhang
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Y Liao
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bao Y Lin
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Z Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Gutgold N, Davidson B, Catane LJ, Holth A, Hellesylt E, Tropé CG, Dørum A, Reich R. TGFβ splicing and canonical pathway activation in high-grade serous carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:665-678. [PMID: 28432432 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the expression and clinical role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), with focus on malignant effusions. TGFβ1-3 and TGFβRI-III mRNA expression by qRT-PCR was analyzed in 70 HGSC effusions and 55 solid specimens (28 ovarian, 27 abdominal metastases). Protein expression of Smad2 and Smad3 and their phosphorylated forms by Western blotting was analyzed in 73 specimens (42 effusions, 13 ovarian carcinomas, 18 solid metastases). Expression was analyzed for association with anatomic site and clinical parameters, including survival. TGFβRI and TGFβRII mRNA was overexpressed in effusions and solid metastases, particularly the former, compared to that in the ovarian tumors (p < 0.001 to p = 0.05), with anatomic site-dependent expression of splice variants. Conversely, Smad2, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 were overexpressed in solid specimens (ovarian and peritoneal) compared to those in effusions (p < 0.001 for all). In univariate survival analysis, higher TGFβRI variant 1 and TGFβRIII mRNA levels were associated with a trend for shorter overall survival in patients with post-chemotherapy effusions (p = 0.066 and p = 0.087, respectively), and the latter was an independent prognostic marker in Cox multivariate analysis (p = 0.041). Smad3 protein expression was associated with a trend for shorter overall survival in univariate survival analysis (p = 0.052). TGFβ receptor splice variant expression is anatomic site-dependent in HGSC. Elevated levels of TGFβ signaling pathway mRNAs are seen in metastatic HGSC, but are not accompanied by increased Smad expression and activation in HGSC effusions, evidence of failure to activate canonical TGFβ signaling. Assessment of the prognostic role of this pathway in HGSC effusions merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neriya Gutgold
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway. .,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Liora Jacobs Catane
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arild Holth
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Hellesylt
- Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claes G Tropé
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Dørum
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, N-0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reuven Reich
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel. .,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy and the Adolf and Klara Brettler Center for Research in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Das R, Timur U, Edip S, Haak E, Wruck C, Weinans H, Jahr H. TGF-β2 is involved in the preservation of the chondrocyte phenotype under hypoxic conditions. Ann Anat 2015; 198:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Fan X, Tang L. Aberrant and alternative splicing in skeletal system disease. Gene 2013; 528:21-6. [PMID: 23800666 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main function of skeletal system is to support the body and help movement. A variety of factors can lead to skeletal system disease, including age, exercise, and of course genetic makeup and expression. Pre-mRNA splicing plays a crucial role in gene expression, by creating multiple protein variants with different biological functions. The recent studies show that several skeletal system diseases are related to pre-mRNA splicing. This review focuses on the relationship between pre-mRNA splicing and skeletal system disease. On the one hand, splice site mutation that leads to aberrant splicing often causes genetic skeletal system disease, like COL1A1, SEDL and LRP5. On the other hand, alternative splicing without genomic mutation may generate some marker protein isoforms, for example, FN, VEGF and CD44. Therefore, understanding the relationship between pre-mRNA splicing and skeletal system disease will aid in uncovering the mechanism of disease and contribute to the future development of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Narcisi R, Quarto R, Ulivi V, Muraglia A, Molfetta L, Giannoni P. TGF β-1 administration during ex vivo expansion of human articular chondrocytes in a serum-free medium redirects the cell phenotype toward hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3282-90. [PMID: 22105490 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based cartilage resurfacing requires ex vivo expansion of autologous articular chondrocytes. Defined culture conditions minimize expansion-dependent phenotypic alterations but maintenance of the cells' differentiation potential must be carefully assessed. Transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF β-1) positively regulates the expression of several cartilage proteins, but its therapeutic application in damaged cartilage is controversial. Thus we evaluated the phenotypic outcomes of cultured human articular chondrocytes exposed to TGF β-1 during monolayer expansion in a serum-free medium. After five doublings cells were transferred to micromass cultures to assess their chondrogenic differentiation, or replated in osteogenic medium. Immunocytostainings of micromasses of TGF-expanded cells showed loss of aggrecan and type II collagen. Positivity was evidenced for RAGE, IHH, type X collagen and for apoptotic cells, paralleling a reduction of BCL-2 levels, suggesting hypertrophic differentiation. TGF β-1-exposed cells also evidenced increased mRNA levels for bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase-13, TIMP-3, VEGF and SMAD7, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and pyrophosphate availability. Conversely, SMAD3 mRNA and protein contents were reduced. After osteogenic induction, only TGF-expanded cells strongly mineralized and impaired p38 kinase activity, a contributor of chondrocytes' differentiation. To evaluate possible endochondral ossification progression, we seeded the chondrocytes on hydroxyapatite scaffolds, subsequently implanted in an in vivo ectopic setting, but cells failed to reach overt ossification; nonetheless, constructs seeded with TGF-exposed cells displayed blood vessels of the host vascular supply with enlarged diameters, suggestive of vascular remodeling, as in bone growth. Thus TGF-exposure during articular chondrocytes expansion induces a phenotype switch to hypertrophy, an undesirable effect for cells possibly intended for tissue-engineered cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Narcisi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Genova, Italy
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Fujita N, Chiba K, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. HIF-1α and HIF-2α degradation is differentially regulated in nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:401-12. [PMID: 21987385 PMCID: PMC3260409 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies of many cell types show that levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α are primarily controlled by oxygen-dependent proteasomal degradation, catalyzed by HIF prolyl-hydroxylases (PHDs). However, in the hypoxic niche of the intervertebral disc, the mechanism of HIF-α turnover in nucleus pulposus cells is not yet known. We show that in nucleus pulposus cells HIF-1α and HIF-2α, degradation was mediated through 26S proteasome irrespective of oxygen tension. It is noteworthy that HIF-2α degradation through 26S proteasome was more pronounced in hypoxia. Surprisingly, treatment with DMOG, a PHD inhibitor, shows the accumulation of only HIF-1α and induction in activity of its target genes, but not of HIF-2α. Loss and gain of function analyses using lentiviral knockdown of PHDs and overexpression of individual PHDs show that in nucleus pulposus cells only PHD2 played a limited role in HIF-1α degradation; again HIF-2α degradation was unaffected. We also show that the treatment with inhibitors of lysosomal proteolysis results in a strong accumulation of HIF-1α and to a much smaller extent of HIF-2α levels. It is thus evident that in addition to PHD2 catalyzed degradation, the HIF-1α turnover in nucleus pulposus cells is primarily regulated by oxygen-independent pathways. Importantly, our data clearly suggests that proteasomal degradation of HIF-2α is not mediated by a classical oxygen-dependent PHD pathway. These results for the first time provide a rationale for the normoxic stabilization as well as the maintenance of steady-state levels of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in nucleus pulposus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Fujita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Xie W, Aisner S, Baredes S, Sreepada G, Shah R, Reiss M. Alterations of Smad expression and activation in defining 2 subtypes of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2012; 35:76-85. [PMID: 22275186 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We postulated that disruptions of the canonical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway might contribute to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS A cohort of 798 HNSCC tumor samples from 346 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to define the pattern of expression of (phospho)Smad2, (phospho)Smad3, and Smad4. RESULTS We found that 19%, 40%, and 12% of HNSCC specimens failed to express pSmad2, pSmad3, or Smad4, respectively. Loss of Smad2/3 activation was observed in 8.5% of specimens. In addition, 4% of specimens failed to express only Smad4. Moreover, patients with pSmad2/3-negative tumors had a significantly better overall survival than that of those whose tumors expressed activated Smad2/3. In contrast, loss of Smad4 expression did not have prognostic significance. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HNSCC in which Smad2/3 are inactivated or in which Smad4 expression is lost represent 2 distinct tumor subtypes with different clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Park JS, Yang HN, Woo DG, Jeon SY, Park KH. Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in fibrin constructs evaluated in vitro and in nude mouse and rabbit defects models. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1495-507. [PMID: 21122912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, hMSCs encapsulated in a fibrin hydrogel containing heparinized NPs loaded with TGF-β3 (100 ng/ml), or TGF-β3 (100 ng/ml) alone, were subjected to growth factor release and denaturation tests at one, two and four weeks in in vitro culture systems. Additionally, stem cell differentiation was assessed via RT-PCR, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), histology, and immunohistochemical assays. In the in vivo studies with nude mouse, when transplanted into nude mice, hMSCs embedded in fibrin hydrogels survived and proliferated more readily in those samples containing TGF-β3-loaded NPs, or TGF-β3 alone, compared to those containing only NPs or the fibrin hydrogel alone. Additionally, RT-PCR, real-time qPCR, histology, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that chondrocyte-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) genes and their proteins were expressed at high levels by hMSCs embedded in hydrogels containing TGF-β3-loaded NPs. Finally, the results observed in the rabbit animal model treated with hMSCs embedded in a fibrin hydrogel containing TGF-β3-loaded NPs were also evaluated by the RT-PCR, real-time qPCR, histology, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry analyses. The in vitro and in vivo results indicated that transplanted hMSCs together with TGF-β3 may constitute a clinically efficient method for the regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji S Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University 606-16, Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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Finnson KW, Parker WL, Chi Y, Hoemann CD, Goldring MB, Antoniou J, Philip A. Endoglin differentially regulates TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 and Smad1/5 signalling and its expression correlates with extracellular matrix production and cellular differentiation state in human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1518-27. [PMID: 20833252 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a critical role in cartilage homeostasis and deregulation of its signalling is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). TGF-β isoforms signal through a pair of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases known as the type I and type II TGF-β receptors. Endoglin is a TGF-β co-receptor that binds TGF-β with high affinity in the presence of the type II TGF-β receptor. We have previously shown that endoglin is expressed in human chondrocytes and that it forms a complex with the TGF-β signalling receptors. However, the functional significance of endoglin expression in chondrocytes is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether endoglin regulates TGF-β/Smad signalling and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in human chondrocytes and whether its expression varies with chondrocyte differentiation state. METHOD Endoglin function was determined by overexpression or antisense morpholino/siRNA knockdown of endoglin in human chondrocytes and measuring TGF-β-induced Smad phosphorylation, transcriptional activity and ECM production. Alterations in endoglin expression levels were determined during subculture-induced dedifferentiation of human chondrocytes and in normal vs OA cartilage samples. RESULTS Endoglin enhances TGF-β1-induced Smad1/5 phosphorylation and inhibits TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation, Smad3-driven transcriptional activity and ECM production in human chondrocytes. In addition, the enhancing effect of endoglin siRNA knockdown on TGF-β1-induced Smad3-driven transcription is reversed by ALK1 overexpression. Furthermore, endoglin levels are increased in chondrocytes following subculture-induced dedifferentiation and in OA cartilage as compared to normal cartilage. CONCLUSION Together, our results suggest that endoglin regulates the balance between TGF-β/ALK1/Smad1/5 and ALK5/Smad2/3 signalling and ECM production in human chondrocytes and that endoglin may represent a marker for chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Finnson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Park JS, Yang HJ, Woo DG, Yang HN, Na K, Park KH. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells embedded in a scaffold by long-term release of TGF-beta 3 complexed with chondroitin sulfate. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:806-16. [PMID: 19280636 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) embedded in biodegradable and water-swollen, elastic block copolymer scaffolds were assessed for MSC chondrogenesis. To determine the optimal conditions for chondrogenesis of the embedded rMSCs, transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) was physically conjugated with chondroitin sulfate (CS) and mixed into scaffolds, which were subsequently evaluated for the differentiation of transplanted rMSCs. In determination of CS-bound growth factors for chondrogenesis, scaffold mixed with rMSCs and TGF-beta 3 was then tested by growth factor release profiles, confocal laser microscopy, RT-PCR analysis, real time-QPCR, and histology. The results of several different analyses of the transplanted rMSCs embedded in the scaffolds showed that rMSCs coupled with a CS-bound TGF-beta 3 encapsulated scaffold evidenced superior cartilage tissue formation as measured by an assay of specific gene and protein expression. Moreover, the scaffold exhibited more rapid and more distinct morphology of differentiated rMSCs than was observed with other scaffolds, as determined by histology and immunochemical histology analysis. These results indicate that the elastic block copolymer scaffolds combined with a CS-bound TGF-beta 3 should prove very suitable matrix for cell-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, 606-16 Yeoksam 1-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul 135-081, Republic of Korea
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15
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Brandl N, Zemann A, Kaupe I, Marlovits S, Huettinger P, Goldenberg H, Huettinger M. Signal transduction and metabolism in chondrocytes is modulated by lactoferrin. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:117-25. [PMID: 19747587 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of granulocytes causes a considerable rise in the concentration of lactoferrin (Lf) in synovial fluid (SF). We here investigate consequences thereof on signal transduction and the balance between catabolic and anabolic metabolism in chondrocytes. METHODS Signal transduction was analysed in cultured chondrocytes by immunodetection of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and analysis of Smad2 translocation to the nucleus. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and of aggrecan were measured by reverse-transcription-PCR. The proteolytic activity of MMPs was ascertained by zymography. Expression of the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related-protein-1 (LRP-1), a Lf receptor for signalling, was assayed by immunohistochemistry in cartilage and in cultured chondrocytes by immunoblotting. RESULTS We found LRP-1 expressed in dedifferentiated chondrocytes in culture and in cartilage tissue preferentially on the articular surface where it can encounter Lf within SF. Lf stimulated proliferation of chondrocytes, comparable to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) and activated p38 and the extracellular-signal regulated-kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) within minutes. Surprisingly, Lf induced nuclear Smad2 translocation, a signal pathway ascribed to TGFbeta receptor activation. Lf significantly increased the levels of catabolic indicators such as MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP13 and inhibited aggrecan synthesis. CONCLUSION Lf is a robust regulator of chondrocyte metabolism, comparable to TGFbeta1. The catabolic influence together with the proliferative stimulus indicates a function as an early phase cytokine, enhancing MMPs, necessary for degradation of damaged tissue and stimulating proliferation of chondrocytes, necessary for reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brandl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vienna, Austria
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Jensen PA, Zheng X, Lee T, O’Connor MB. The Drosophila Activin-like ligand Dawdle signals preferentially through one isoform of the Type-I receptor Baboon. Mech Dev 2009; 126:950-7. [PMID: 19766717 PMCID: PMC2798586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
How TGF-beta-type ligands achieve signaling specificity during development is only partially understood. Here, we show that Dawdle, one of four Activin-type ligands in Drosophila, preferentially signals through Babo(c), one of three isoforms of the Activin Type-I receptor that are expressed during development. In cell culture, Dawdle signaling is active in the presence of the Type-II receptor Punt but not Wit, demonstrating that the Type-II receptor also contributes to the specificity of the signaling complex. During development, different larval tissues express unique combinations of these receptors, and ectopic expression of Babo(c) in a tissue where it is not normally expressed at high levels can make that tissue sensitive to Dawdle signaling. These results reveal a mechanism by which distinct cell types can discriminate between different Activin-type signals during development as a result of differential expression of Type-I receptor isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Jensen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michael B. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- HHMI, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Park JS, Yang HN, Woo DG, Chung HM, Park KH. In Vitro and In Vivo Chondrogenesis of Rabbit Bone Marrow–Derived Stromal Cells in Fibrin Matrix Mixed with Growth Factor Loaded in Nanoparticles. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2163-75. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- College of Medicine, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Yang
- College of Medicine, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gyun Woo
- College of Medicine, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Chung
- College of Medicine, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- College of Medicine, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Pochon CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Qureshi HY, Ricci G, Zafarullah M. Smad signaling pathway is a pivotal component of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 regulation by transforming growth factor beta in human chondrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:1605-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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ALK1 opposes ALK5/Smad3 signaling and expression of extracellular matrix components in human chondrocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:896-906. [PMID: 18333754 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TGF-beta is a multifunctional regulator of chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production. Dysregulation of TGF-beta action has been implicated in cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis. TGF-beta signaling is transduced through a pair of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases, known as the type I (ALK5) and type II receptors. However, recent studies on endothelial cells have identified ALK1 as a second type I TGF-beta receptor and have shown that ALK1 and ALK5 have opposing functions in these cells. Here we examined ALK1 expression and its regulation of TGF-beta signaling and responses in human chondrocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS ALK1 expression in human chondrocytes was examined by RT-PCR and Western blot. The ability of ALK1 to form complexes with other TGF-beta receptors was determined by affinity labeling/immunoprecipitation and by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot. The effect of ALK1 on TGF-beta1-induced signaling and responses was determined by varying ALK1 expression levels and measuring transcriptional activity using promoter/luciferase assays, Smad1/5 and Smad3 phosphorylation, and expression of type II collagen, PAI-1, and fibronectin. RESULTS Our results indicate that ALK1 is expressed in human chondrocytes and that it is a component of the TGF-beta receptor system, associating with ALK5, type II TGF-beta receptor, endoglin, and betaglycan. Furthermore, we show that both ALK1 and ALK5 are needed for TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of intracellular mediators Smad1/5, whereas only ALK5 is essential for TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3. In addition, our results show that ALK1 inhibits, whereas ALK5 potentiates, TGF-beta-induced Smad3-driven transcriptional activity and the expression of PAI-1, fibronectin, and type II collagen in chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that ALK1 and ALK5 display opposing functions in human chondrocytes, implicating an essential role for ALK1 in the regulation of TGF-beta signaling and function in these cells.
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Dudas M, Wysocki A, Gelpi B, Tuan TL. Memory encoded throughout our bodies: molecular and cellular basis of tissue regeneration. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:502-12. [PMID: 18427295 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31816a7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
When a sheep loses its tail, it cannot regenerate it in the manner of lizards. On the other hand, it is possible to clone mammals from somatic cells, showing that a complete developmental program is intact in a wounded sheep's tail the same way it is in a lizard. Thus, there is a requirement for more than only the presence of the entire genetic code in somatic cells for regenerative abilities. Thoughts like this have motivated us to assemble more than just a factographic synopsis on tissue regeneration. As a model, we review skin wound healing in chronological order, and when possible, we use that overview as a framework to point out possible mechanisms of how damaged tissues can restore their original structure. This article postulates the existence of tissue structural memory as a complex distributed homeostatic mechanism. We support such an idea by referring to an extremely fragmented literature base, trying to synthesize a broad picture of important principles of how tissues and organs may store information about their own structure for the purposes of regeneration. Selected developmental, surgical, and tissue engineering aspects are presented and discussed in the light of recent findings in the field. When a sheep loses its tail, it cannot regenerate it in the manner of lizards. On the other hand, it is possible to clone mammals from somatic cells, showing that a complete developmental program is intact in a wounded sheep's tail the same way it is in a lizard. Thus, there is a requirement for more than only the presence of the entire genetic code in somatic cells for regenerative abilities. Thoughts like this have motivated us to assemble more than just a factographic synopsis on tissue regeneration. As a model, we review skin wound healing in chronological order, and when possible, we use that overview as a framework to point out possible mechanisms of how damaged tissues can restore their original structure. This article postulates the existence of tissue structural memory as a complex distributed homeostatic mechanism. We support such an idea by referring to an extremely fragmented literature base, trying to synthesize a broad picture of important principles of how tissues and organs may store information about their own structure for the purposes of regeneration. Selected developmental, surgical, and tissue engineering aspects are presented and discussed in the light of recent findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dudas
- Developmental Biology Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Konrad L, Scheiber JA, Völck-Badouin E, Keilani MM, Laible L, Brandt H, Schmidt A, Aumüller G, Hofmann R. Alternative splicing of TGF-betas and their high-affinity receptors T beta RI, T beta RII and T beta RIII (betaglycan) reveal new variants in human prostatic cells. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:318. [PMID: 17845732 PMCID: PMC2075524 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transforming growth factors (TGF)-β, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3, and their receptors [TβRI, TβRII, TβRIII (betaglycan)] elicit pleiotropic functions in the prostate. Although expression of the ligands and receptors have been investigated, the splice variants have never been analyzed. We therefore have analyzed all ligands, the receptors and the splice variants TβRIB, TβRIIB and TGF-β2B in human prostatic cells. Results Interestingly, a novel human receptor transcript TβRIIC was identified, encoding additional 36 amino acids in the extracellular domain, that is expressed in the prostatic cancer cells PC-3, stromal hPCPs, and other human tissues. Furthermore, the receptor variant TβRIB with four additional amino acids was identified also in human. Expression of the variant TβRIIB was found in all prostate cell lines studied with a preferential localization in epithelial cells in some human prostatic glands. Similarly, we observed localization of TβRIIC and TGF-β2B mainly in the epithelial cells with a preferential localization of TGF-β2B in the apical cell compartment. Whereas in the androgen-independent hPCPs and PC-3 cells all TGF-β ligands and receptors are expressed, the androgen-dependent LNCaP cells failed to express all ligands. Additionally, stimulation of PC-3 cells with TGF-β2 resulted in a significant and strong increase in secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) with a major participation of TβRII. Conclusion In general, expression of the splice variants was more heterogeneous in contrast to the well-known isoforms. The identification of the splice variants TβRIB and the novel isoform TβRIIC in man clearly contributes to the growing complexity of the TGF-β family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Konrad
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Elke Völck-Badouin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Leslie Laible
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Heidrun Brandt
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Aumüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hofmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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