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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Sandoval-Guzmán T. The salamander limb: a perfect model to understand imperfect integration during skeletal regeneration. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060152. [PMID: 38319134 PMCID: PMC10868587 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Limb regeneration in salamanders is achieved by a complex coordination of various biological processes and requires the proper integration of new tissue with old. Among the tissues found inside the limb, the skeleton is the most prominent component, which serves as a scaffold and provides support for locomotion in the animal. Throughout the years, researchers have studied the regeneration of the appendicular skeleton in salamanders both after limb amputation and as a result of fracture healing. The final outcome has been widely seen as a faithful re-establishment of the skeletal elements, characterised by a seamless integration into the mature tissue. The process of skeletal integration, however, is not well understood, and several works have recently provided evidence of commonly occurring flawed regenerates. In this Review, we take the reader on a journey through the course of bone formation and regeneration in salamanders, laying down a foundation for critically examining the mechanisms behind skeletal integration. Integration is a phenomenon that could be influenced at various steps of regeneration, and hence, we assess the current knowledge in the field and discuss how early events, such as tissue histolysis and patterning, influence the faithful regeneration of the appendicular skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center for Healthy Aging, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Polikarpova A, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt-Bleek O, Grosser L, Bucher CH, Duda GN, Tanaka EM, Schmidt-Bleek K. The specialist in regeneration-the Axolotl-a suitable model to study bone healing? NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:35. [PMID: 35773262 PMCID: PMC9246919 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the axolotl's ability to completely regenerate amputated limbs is well known and studied, the mechanism of axolotl bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. One reason might be the lack of a standardized fracture fixation in axolotl. We present a surgical technique to stabilize the osteotomized axolotl femur with a fixator plate and compare it to a non-stabilized osteotomy and to limb amputation. The healing outcome was evaluated 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgery by microcomputer tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. Plate-fixated femurs regained bone integrity more efficiently in comparison to the non-fixated osteotomized bone, where larger callus formed, possibly to compensate for the bone fragment misalignment. The healing of a non-critical osteotomy in axolotl was incomplete after 9 months, while amputated limbs efficiently restored bone length and structure. In axolotl amputated limbs, plate-fixated and non-fixated fractures, we observed accumulation of PCNA+ proliferating cells at 3 weeks post-injury similar to mouse. Additionally, as in mouse, SOX9-expressing cells appeared in the early phase of fracture healing and amputated limb regeneration in axolotl, preceding cartilage formation. This implicates endochondral ossification to be the probable mechanism of bone healing in axolotls. Altogether, the surgery with a standardized fixation technique demonstrated here allows for controlled axolotl bone healing experiments, facilitating their comparison to mammals (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polikarpova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - O Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - L Grosser
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - C H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - E M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany.
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3
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Rux D, Helbig K, Han B, Cortese C, Koyama E, Han L, Pacifici M. Primary Cilia Direct Murine Articular Cartilage Tidemark Patterning Through Hedgehog Signaling and Ambulatory Load. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1097-1116. [PMID: 35060644 PMCID: PMC9177786 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is essential for body movement but is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases and has poor self-repair capacity. To improve current subpar regenerative treatments, developmental mechanisms of AC should be clarified and, specifically, how its postnatal multizone organization is acquired. Primary cilia are cell surface organelles crucial for mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Although their importance for chondrocyte function is appreciated, their specific roles in postnatal AC morphogenesis remain unclear. To explore these mechanisms, we used a murine conditional loss-of-function approach (Ift88-flox) targeting joint-lineage progenitors (Gdf5Cre) and monitored postnatal knee AC development. Joint formation and growth up to juvenile stages were largely unaffected. However, mature AC (aged 2 months) exhibited disorganized extracellular matrix, decreased aggrecan and collagen II due to reduced gene expression (not increased catabolism), and marked reduction of AC modulus by 30%-50%. In addition, and unexpectedly, we discovered that tidemark patterning was severely disrupted, as was hedgehog signaling, and exhibited specificity based on regional load-bearing functions of AC. Interestingly, Prg4 expression was markedly increased in highly loaded sites in mutants. Together, our data provide evidence that primary cilia orchestrate postnatal AC morphogenesis including tidemark topography, zonal matrix composition, and ambulation load responses. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Helbig
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Cortese
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Comellas E, Farkas JE, Kleinberg G, Lloyd K, Mueller T, Duerr TJ, Muñoz JJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Local mechanical stimuli correlate with tissue growth in axolotl salamander joint morphogenesis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220621. [PMID: 35582804 PMCID: PMC9114971 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement-induced forces are critical to correct joint formation, but it is unclear how cells sense and respond to these mechanical cues. To study the role of mechanical stimuli in the shaping of the joint, we combined experiments on regenerating axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) forelimbs with a poroelastic model of bone rudiment growth. Animals either regrew forelimbs normally (control) or were injected with a transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) agonist during joint morphogenesis. We quantified growth and shape in regrown humeri from whole-mount light sheet fluorescence images of the regenerated limbs. Results revealed significant differences in morphology and cell proliferation between groups, indicating that TRPV4 desensitization has an effect on joint shape. To link TRPV4 desensitization with impaired mechanosensitivity, we developed a finite element model of a regenerating humerus. Local tissue growth was the sum of a biological contribution proportional to chondrocyte density, which was constant, and a mechanical contribution proportional to fluid pressure. Computational predictions of growth agreed with experimental outcomes of joint shape, suggesting that interstitial pressure driven from cyclic mechanical stimuli promotes local tissue growth. Predictive computational models informed by experimental findings allow us to explore potential physical mechanisms involved in tissue growth to advance our understanding of the mechanobiology of joint morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Comellas
- Serra Húnter Fellow, Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Giona Kleinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Katlyn Lloyd
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Jose J. Muñoz
- Department of Mathematics, Laboratori de Càlcul Numeric (LaCàN), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Internacional de Mètodes Numèrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Matemàtiques de la UPC-BarcelonaTech (IMTech), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James R. Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute for Chemical Imaging of Living Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
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Thampi P, Dubey R, Lowney R, Adam EN, Janse S, Wood CL, MacLeod JN. Effect of Skeletal Paracrine Signals on the Proliferation of Interzone Cells. Cartilage 2021; 13:82S-94S. [PMID: 31023058 PMCID: PMC8804777 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519841680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Articular cartilage in mammals has limited intrinsic capacity to repair structural defects, a fact that contributes to the chronic and progressive nature of osteoarthritis. In contrast, Mexican axolotl salamanders have demonstrated the remarkable ability to spontaneously and completely repair large joint cartilage lesions, a healing process that involves interzone cells in the intraarticular space. Furthermore, interzone tissue transplanted into skeletal defects in the axolotl salamander demonstrates a multi-differentiation potential. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of this repair process remain unclear. The objective of this study was to examine whether paracrine mitogenic signals are an important variable in the interaction between interzone cells and the skeletal microenvironment. DESIGN The paracrine regulation of the proliferation of equine interzone cells was evaluated in an in vitro co-culture system. Cell viability and proliferation were measured in equine fetal interzone cells after exposure to conditioned medium from skeletal and nonskeletal primary cell lines. Steady-state expression was determined for genes encoding 37 putative mitogens secreted by cells that generated the conditioned medium. RESULTS All experimental groups of conditioned media elicited a mitogenic response in interzone cells. Fetal anlage chondrocytes (P < 0.0001) and dermal fibroblasts (P < 0.0001) conditioned medium showed a significantly higher mitogenic potential compared with interzone cells. Conditioned medium from bone marrow-derived cells elicited a significantly higher proliferative response relative to that from young adult articular chondrocytes (P < 0.0001) or dermal fibroblasts (P < 0.0001). Sixteen genes had expression patterns consistent with the functional proliferation assays. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate a mitogenic effect of skeletal paracrine signals on interzone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Thampi
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rashmi Dubey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachael Lowney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma N. Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah Janse
- Department of Statistics, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Constance L. Wood
- Department of Statistics, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James N. MacLeod
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center,
Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Riquelme-Guzmán C, Schuez M, Böhm A, Knapp D, Edwards-Jorquera S, Ceccarelli AS, Chara O, Rauner M, Sandoval-Guzmán T. Postembryonic development and aging of the appendicular skeleton in Ambystoma mexicanum. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1015-1034. [PMID: 34322944 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs develop postembryonically. In this work, we evaluated the postembryonic development of the appendicular skeleton and its changes with aging. RESULTS The juvenile limb skeleton is formed mostly by Sox9/Col1a2 cartilage cells. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton starts when animals reach a length of 10 cm, and cartilage cells are replaced by a primary ossification center, consisting of cortical bone and an adipocyte-filled marrow cavity. Vascularization is associated with the ossification center and the marrow cavity formation. We identified the contribution of Col1a2-descendants to bone and adipocytes. Moreover, ossification progresses with age toward the epiphyses of long bones. Axolotls are neotenic salamanders, and still ossification remains responsive to l-thyroxine, increasing the rate of bone formation. CONCLUSIONS In axolotls, bone maturation is a continuous process that extends throughout their life. Ossification of the appendicular bones is slow and continues until the complete element is ossified. The cellular components of the appendicular skeleton change accordingly during ossification, creating a heterogenous landscape in each element. The continuous maturation of the bone is accompanied by a continuous body growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Riquelme-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maritta Schuez
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhm
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dunja Knapp
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Edwards-Jorquera
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alberto S Ceccarelli
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- System Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySiB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,Instituto de Tecnología, Universidad Argentina de la Empresa (UADE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tatiana Sandoval-Guzmán
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Adam EN, Janes J, Lowney R, Lambert J, Thampi P, Stromberg A, MacLeod JN. Chondrogenic differentiation potential of adult and fetal equine cell types. Vet Surg 2019; 48:375-387. [PMID: 30801754 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the chondrogenic potential of cells derived from interzone tissue, the normal progenitor of articular cartilage during fetal development, compared to that of adult bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal cell isolates. The objective of this study was to compare the chondrogenic potential of fetal musculoskeletal progenitor cells to adult cell types, which are currently used therapeutically to facilitate joint cartilage repair in equine clinical practice. The hypothesis tested was that cells derived from interzone tissue have a chondrogenic potential that exceeds that of adult bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal cell isolates. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. ANIMALS Six young adult horses (15-17 months of age) and 6 equine fetuses aged 45-46 days of gestation. METHODS Three-dimensional pellet cultures were established under chondrogenic conditions with fresh, primary cells isolated from adult (articular cartilage, bone marrow, adipose, dermis) and fetal (interzone, skeletal anlagen cartilage, dermis) tissues. Cellular morphology, pellet architecture, and proteoglycan synthesis were assessed in the pellet cultures. Steady state levels of ACAN (aggrecan core protein), COL2A1 (collagen type II), and COL1A1 (collagen type I) messenger RNA (mRNA) were compared among these cell types as pellet cultures and monolayer cultures. RESULTS Adult articular chondrocytes, fetal interzone cells, and fetal anlage cells generated the largest pellets under these chondrogenic culture conditions. Pellets derived from adult articular chondrocytes and fetal anlage cells had the highest scores on a neocartilage grading scale. Fetal anlage and adult articular chondrocyte pellets had low steady-state levels of COL1A mRNA but high COL2A1 expression. Anlage chondrocyte pellets also had the highest expression of ACAN. CONCLUSION Adult articular chondrocytes, fetal interzone cells, and fetal anlage chondrocytes exhibited the highest chondrogenic potential. In this study, adult adipose-derived cells exhibited very limited chondrogenesis, and bone marrow-derived cells had limited and variable chondrogenic potential. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Additional investigation of the high chondrogenic potential of fetal interzone cells and anlage chondrocytes to advance cell-based therapies in diarthrodial joints is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Adam
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jennifer Janes
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Rachael Lowney
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Parvathy Thampi
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - James N MacLeod
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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8
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Rux D, Decker RS, Koyama E, Pacifici M. Joints in the appendicular skeleton: Developmental mechanisms and evolutionary influences. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 133:119-151. [PMID: 30902250 PMCID: PMC6988388 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Rebekah S Decker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Tesařová M, Mancini L, Simon A, Adameyko I, Kaucká M, Elewa A, Lanzafame G, Zhang Y, Kalasová D, Szarowská B, Zikmund T, Novotná M, Kaiser J. A quantitative analysis of 3D-cell distribution in regenerating muscle-skeletal system with synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14145. [PMID: 30237460 PMCID: PMC6148031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest enigmas of modern biology is how the geometry of muscular and skeletal structures are created and how their development is controlled during growth and regeneration. Scaling and shaping of vertebrate muscles and skeletal elements has always been enigmatic and required an advanced technical level in order to analyse the cell distribution in 3D. In this work, synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography (µCT) and chemical contrasting has been exploited for a quantitative analysis of the 3D-cell distribution in tissues of a developing salamander (Pleurodeles waltl) limb – a key model organism for vertebrate regeneration studies. We mapped the limb muscles, their size and shape as well as the number and density of cells within the extracellular matrix of the developing cartilage. By using tomographic approach, we explored the polarity of the cells in 3D, in relation to the structure of developing joints. We found that the polarity of chondrocytes correlates with the planes in joint surfaces and also changes along the length of the cartilaginous elements. Our approach generates data for the precise computer simulations of muscle-skeletal regeneration using cell dynamics models, which is necessary for the understanding how anisotropic growth results in the precise shapes of skeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Tesařová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andras Simon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markéta Kaucká
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dominika Kalasová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bára Szarowská
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 171777, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Novotná
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Thampi P, Liu J, Zeng Z, MacLeod JN. Changes in the appendicular skeleton during metamorphosis in the axolotl salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum). J Anat 2018; 233:468-477. [PMID: 29992565 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotl salamanders (Ambystoma mexicanum) remain aquatic in their natural state, during which biomechanical forces on their diarthrodial limb joints are likely reduced relative to salamanders living on land. However, even as sexually mature adults, these amphibians can be induced to metamorphose into a weight-bearing terrestrial stage by environmental stress or the exogenous administration of thyroxine hormone. In some respects, this aquatic to terrestrial transition of axolotl salamanders through metamorphosis may model developmental and changing biomechanical skeletal forces in mammals during the prenatal to postnatal transition at birth and in the early postnatal period. To assess differences in the appendicular skeleton as a function of metamorphosis, anatomical and gene expression parameters were compared in skeletal tissues between aquatic and terrestrial axolotls that were the same age and genetically full siblings. The length of long bones and area of cuboidal bones in the appendicular skeleton, as well as the cellularity of cartilaginous and interzone tissues of femorotibial joints were generally higher in aquatic axolotls compared with their metamorphosed terrestrial siblings. A comparison of steady-state mRNA transcripts encoding aggrecan core protein (ACAN), type II collagen (COL2A1), and growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) in femorotibial cartilaginous and interzone tissues did not reveal any significant differences between aquatic and terrestrial axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Thampi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James N MacLeod
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Demircan T, İlhan AE, Aytürk N, Yıldırım B, Öztürk G, Keskin İ. A histological atlas of the tissues and organs of neotenic and metamorphosed axolotl. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:746-759. [PMID: 27436816 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Axolotl (Ambystoma Mexicanum) has been emerging as a promising model in stem cell and regeneration researches due to its exceptional regenerative capacity. Although it represents lifelong lasting neoteny, induction to metamorphosis with thyroid hormones (THs) treatment advances the utilization of Axolotl in various studies. It has been reported that amphibians undergo anatomical and histological remodeling during metamorphosis and this transformation is crucial for adaptation to terrestrial conditions. However, there is no comprehensive histological investigation regarding the morphological alterations of Axolotl organs and tissues throughout the metamorphosis. Here, we reveal the histological differences or resemblances between the neotenic and metamorphic axolotl tissues. In order to examine structural features and cellular organization of Axolotl organs, we performed Hematoxylin & Eosin, Luxol-Fast blue, Masson's trichrome, Alcian blue, Orcein and Weigart's staining. Stained samples from brain, gallbladder, heart, intestine, liver, lung, muscle, skin, spleen, stomach, tail, tongue and vessel were analyzed under the light microscope. Our findings contribute to the validation of the link between newly acquired functions and structural changes of tissues and organs as observed in tail, skin, gallbladder and spleen. We believe that this descriptive work provides new insights for a better histological understanding of both neotenic and metamorphic Axolotl tissues.
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Tsutsumi R, Yamada S, Agata K. Functional joint regeneration is achieved using reintegration mechanism in Xenopus laevis. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:26-38. [PMID: 27499877 PMCID: PMC4857750 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A functional joint requires integration of multiple tissues: the apposing skeletal elements should form an interlocking structure, and muscles should insert into skeletal tissues via tendons across the joint. Whereas newts can regenerate functional joints after amputation, Xenopus laevis regenerates a cartilaginous rod without joints, a "spike." Previously we reported that the reintegration mechanism between the remaining and regenerated tissues has a significant effect on regenerating joint morphogenesis during elbow joint regeneration in newt. Based on this insight into the importance of reintegration, we amputated frogs' limbs at the elbow joint and found that frogs could regenerate a functional elbow joint between the remaining tissues and regenerated spike. During regeneration, the regenerating cartilage was partially connected to the remaining articular cartilage to reform the interlocking structure of the elbow joint at the proximal end of the spike. Furthermore, the muscles of the remaining part inserted into the regenerated spike cartilage via tendons. This study might open up an avenue for analyzing molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint regeneration using Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Tsutsumi
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigehito Yamada
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan; Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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Dyment NA, Galloway JL. Regenerative biology of tendon: mechanisms for renewal and repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:124-131. [PMID: 26389023 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tissue turnover and repair are essential towards addressing pathologies in aging, injury and disease. Each tissue has distinct means of maintaining homeostasis and healing after injury. For some, resident stem cell populations mediate both of these processes. These stem cells, by definition, are self renewing and give rise to all the differentiated cells of that tissue. However, not all organs fit with this traditional stem cell model of regeneration, and some do not appear to harbor somatic stem or progenitor cells capable of multilineage in vivo reconstitution. Despite recent progress in tendon progenitor cell research, our current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating tendon cell homeostasis and injury response is limited. Understanding the role of resident tendon cell populations is of great importance for regenerative medicine based approaches to tendon injuries and disease. The goal of this review is to bring to light our current knowledge regarding tendon progenitor cells and their role in tissue maintenance and repair. We will focus on pressing questions in the field and the new tools, including model systems, available to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute
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Nowlan NC, Sharpe J. Joint shape morphogenesis precedes cavitation of the developing hip joint. J Anat 2013; 224:482-9. [PMID: 24266523 PMCID: PMC4098681 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and mechanobiology of joint cavitation have undergone extensive investigation, but we have almost no understanding of the development of joint shape. Joint morphogenesis, the development of shape, has been identified as the 'least understood aspect of joint formation' (2005, Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 75, 237), despite the clinical relevance of shape morphogenesis to postnatal skeletal malformations such as developmental dysplasia of the hip. In this study, we characterise development of early hip joint shape in the embryonic chick using direct capture 3D imaging. Contrary to formerly held assumptions that cavitation precedes morphogenesis in joint development, we have found that the major anatomical features of the adult hip are present at Hamburger Hamilton (HH)32, a full day prior to cavitation of the joint at HH34. We also reveal that the pelvis undergoes significant changes in orientation with respect to the femur, despite the lack of a joint cavity between the rudiments. Furthermore, we have identified the appearance of the ischium and pubis several developmental stages earlier than was previously reported, illustrating the value and importance of direct capture 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh C Nowlan
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation, UPF, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
In spite of numerous investigations of regenerating salamander limbs, little attention has been paid to the details of how joints are reformed. An understanding of the process and mechanisms of joint regeneration in this model system for tetrapod limb regeneration would provide insights into developing novel therapies for inducing joint regeneration in humans. To this end, we have used the axolotl (Mexican Salamander) model of limb regeneration to describe the morphology and the expression patterns of marker genes during joint regeneration in response to limb amputation. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms of joint formation whether it be development or regeneration are conserved. We also have determined that defects in the epiphyseal region of both forelimbs and hind limbs in the axolotl are regenerated only when the defect is small. As is the case with defects in the diaphysis, there is a critical size above which the endogenous regenerative response is not sufficient to regenerate the joint. This non-regenerative response in an animal that has the ability to regenerate perfectly provides the opportunity to screen for the signaling pathways to induce regeneration of articular cartilage and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Gardiner
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- The Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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