1
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Fugazzola M, Nissinen MT, Jäntti J, Tuppurainen J, Plomp S, Te Moller N, Mäkelä JTA, van Weeren R. Composition, architecture and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage in differently loaded areas of the equine stifle. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:573-585. [PMID: 37376723 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for articular cartilage repair need to take into account topographical differences in tissue composition and architecture to achieve durable functional outcome. These have not yet been investigated in the equine stifle. OBJECTIVES To analyse the biochemical composition and architecture of three differently loaded areas of the equine stifle. We hypothesise that site differences correlate with the biomechanical characteristics of the cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo study. METHODS Thirty osteochondral plugs per location were harvested from the lateral trochlear ridge (LTR), the distal intertrochlear groove (DITG) and the medial femoral condyle (MFC). These underwent biochemical, biomechanical and structural analysis. A linear mixed model with location as a fixed factor and horse as a random factor was applied, followed by pair-wise comparisons of estimated means with false discovery rate correction, to test for differences between locations. Correlations between biochemical and biomechanical parameters were tested using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Glycosaminoglycan content was different between all sites (estimated mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] for LTR 75.4 [64.5, 88.2], for intercondylar notch (ICN) 37.3 [31.9, 43.6], for MFC 93.7 [80.1109.6] μg/mg dry weight), as were equilibrium modulus (LTR2.20 [1.96, 2.46], ICN0.48 [0.37, 0.6], MFC1.36 [1.17, 1.56] MPa), dynamic modulus (LTR7.33 [6.54, 8.17], ICN4.38 [3.77, 5.03], MFC5.62 [4.93, 6.36] MPa) and viscosity (LTR7.49 [6.76, 8.26], ICN16.99 [15.88, 18.14], MFC8.7 [7.91,9.5]°). The two weightbearing areas (LTR and MCF) and the non-weightbearing area (ICN) differed in collagen content (LTR 139 [127, 152], ICN176[162, 191], MFC 127[115, 139] μg/mg dry weight), parallelism index and angle of collagen fibres. The strongest correlations were between proteoglycan content and equilibrium modulus (r: 0.642; p: 0.001), dynamic modulus (r: 0.554; p < 0.001) and phase shift (r: -0.675; p < 0.001), and between collagen orientation angle and equilibrium modulus (r: -0.612; p < 0.001), dynamic modulus (r: -0.424; p < 0.001) and phase shift (r: 0.609; p < 0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Only a single sample per location was analysed. CONCLUSIONS There were significant differences in cartilage biochemical composition, biomechanics and architecture between the three differently loaded sites. The biochemical and structural composition correlated with the mechanical characteristics. These differences need to be acknowledged by designing cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fugazzola
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko T Nissinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jiri Jäntti
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juuso Tuppurainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikae Te Moller
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Linus A, Tanska P, Nippolainen E, Tiitu V, Töyras J, Korhonen RK, Afara IO, Mononen ME. Site-specific elastic and viscoelastic biomechanical properties of healthy and osteoarthritic human knee joint articular cartilage. J Biomech 2024; 169:112135. [PMID: 38744145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage exhibits site-specific biomechanical properties. However, no study has comprehensively characterized site-specific cartilage properties from the same knee joints at different stages of osteoarthritis (OA). Cylindrical osteochondral explants (n = 381) were harvested from donor-matched lateral and medial tibia, lateral and medial femur, patella, and trochlea of cadaveric knees (N = 17). Indentation test was used to measure the elastic and viscoelastic mechanical properties of the samples, and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system was used to categorize the samples into normal (OARSI 0-1), early OA (OARSI 2-3), and advanced OA (OARSI 4-5) groups. OA-related changes in cartilage mechanical properties were site-specific. In the lateral and medial tibia and trochlea sites, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli were higher (p < 0.001) in normal tissue than in early and advanced OA tissue. In lateral and medial femur, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli were smaller in advanced OA, but not in early OA, than in normal tissue. The phase difference (0.1-0.25 Hz) between stress and strain was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) in advanced OA than in normal tissue across all sites except medial tibia. Our results indicated that in contrast to femoral and patellar cartilage, equilibrium, instantaneous and dynamic moduli of the tibia and trochlear cartilage decreased in early OA. These may suggest that the tibia and trochlear cartilage degrades faster than the femoral and patellar cartilage. The information is relevant for developing site-specific computational models and engineered cartilage constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awuniji Linus
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyras
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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3
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Abusara Z, Moo EK, Haider I, Timmermann C, Miller S, Timmermann S, Herzog W. Functional Assessment of Human Articular Cartilage Using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Imaging: A Feasibility Study. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1009-1020. [PMID: 38240956 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Many arthroscopic tools developed for knee joint assessment are contact-based, which is challenging for in vivo application in narrow joint spaces. Second harmonic generation (SHG) laser imaging is a non-invasive and non-contact method, thus presenting an attractive alternative. However, the association between SHG-based measures and cartilage quality has not been established systematically. Here, we investigated the feasibility of using image-based measures derived from SHG microscopy for objective evaluation of cartilage quality as assessed by mechanical testing. Human tibial plateaus harvested from nine patients were used. Cartilage mechanical properties were determined using indentation stiffness (Einst) and streaming potential-based quantitative parameters (QP). The correspondence of the cartilage electromechanical properties (Einst and QP) and the image-based measures derived from SHG imaging, tissue thickness and cell viability were evaluated using correlation and logistic regression analyses. The SHG-related parameters included the newly developed volumetric fraction of organised collagenous network (Φcol) and the coefficient of variation of the SHG intensity (CVSHG). We found that Φcol correlated strongly with Einst and QP (ρ = 0.97 and - 0.89, respectively). CVSHG also correlated, albeit weakly, with QP and Einst, (|ρ| = 0.52-0.58). Einst and Φcol were the most sensitive predictors of cartilage quality whereas CVSHG only showed moderate sensitivity. Cell viability and tissue thickness, often used as measures of cartilage health, predicted the cartilage quality poorly. We present a simple, objective, yet effective image-based approach for assessment of cartilage quality. Φcol correlated strongly with electromechanical properties of cartilage and could fuel the continuous development of SHG-based arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Abusara
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ifaz Haider
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Claire Timmermann
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sue Miller
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Taylor Institute for Teaching and Learning, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott Timmermann
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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4
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Karjalainen K, Tanska P, Collins KH, Herzog W, Korhonen RK, Moo EK. Independent and combined effects of obesity and traumatic joint injury to the structure and composition of rat knee cartilage. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:117-132. [PMID: 38530304 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2024.2310838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation. Risk factors for OA include joint trauma, obesity, and inflammation, each of which can affect joint health independently, but their interaction and the associated consequences of such interaction were largely unexplored. Here, we studied compositional and structural alterations in knee joint cartilages of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to two OA risk factors: joint injury and diet-induced obesity. Joint injury was imposed by surgical transection of anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLx), and obesity was induced by a high fat/high sucrose diet. Depth-dependent proteoglycan (PG) content and collagen structural network of cartilage were measured from histological sections collected previously in Collins et al.. (2015). We found that ACLx primarily affected the superficial cartilages. Compositionally, ACLx led to reduced PG content in lean animals, but increased PG content in obese rats. Structurally, ACLx caused disorganization of collagenous network in both lean and obese animals through increased collagen orientation in the superficial tissues and a change in the degree of fibrous alignment. However, the cartilage degradation attributed to joint injury and obesity was not necessarily additive when the two risk factors were present simultaneously, particularly for PG content and collagen orientation in the superficial tissues. Interestingly, sham surgeries caused a through-thickness disorganization of collagen network in lean and obese animals. We conclude that the interactions of multiple OA risk factors are complex and their combined effects cannot be understood by superposition principle. Further research is required to elucidate the interactive mechanism between OA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Crosstalk, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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5
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Song J, Zeng X, Li C, Yin H, Mao S, Ren D. Alteration in cartilage matrix stiffness as an indicator and modulator of osteoarthritis. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231730. [PMID: 38014522 PMCID: PMC10794814 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degeneration and destruction, leading to joint ankylosis and disability. The major challenge in diagnosing OA at early stage is not only lack of clinical symptoms but also the insufficient histological and immunohistochemical signs. Alteration in cartilage stiffness during OA progression, especially at OA initiation, has been confirmed by growing evidences. Moreover, the stiffness of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM), pericellular matrix (PCM) and chondrocytes during OA development are dynamically changed in unique and distinct fashions, revealing possibly inconsistent conclusions when detecting cartilage matrix stiffness at different locations and scales. In addition, it will be discussed regarding the mechanisms through which OA-related cartilage degenerations exhibit stiffened or softened matrix, highlighting some critical events that generally incurred to cartilage stiffness alteration, as well as some typical molecules that participated in constituting the mechanical properties of cartilage. Finally, in vitro culturing chondrocytes in various stiffness-tunable scaffolds provided a reliable method to explore the matrix stiffness-dependent modulation of chondrocyte metabolism, which offers valuable information on optimizing implant scaffolds to maximally promote cartilage repair and regeneration during OA. Overall, this review systematically and comprehensively elucidated the current progresses in the relationship between cartilage stiffness alteration and OA progression. We hope that deeper attention and understanding in this researching field will not only develop more innovative methods in OA early detection and diagnose but also provide promising ideas in OA therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Xuemin Zeng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Chenzhi Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Sui Mao
- Institute of Hybrid Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
| | - Dapeng Ren
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Department of Stomatology Medical Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, CN, China
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6
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Moo EK, Sibole SC, Federico S, Korhonen RK, Herzog W. Microscale investigation of the anisotropic swelling of cartilage tissue and cells in response to hypo-osmotic challenges. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:54-65. [PMID: 37415557 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue swelling represents an early sign of osteoarthritis, reflecting osmolarity changes from iso- to hypo-osmotic in the diseased joints. Increased tissue hydration may drive cell swelling. The opposing cartilages in a joint may swell differently, thereby predisposing the more swollen cartilage and cells to mechanical injuries. However, our understanding of the tissue-cell interdependence in osmotically loaded joints is limited as tissue and cell swellings have been studied separately. Here, we measured tissue and cell responses of opposing patellar (PAT) and femoral groove (FG) cartilages in lapine knees exposed to an extreme hypo-osmotic challenge. We found that the tissue matrix and most cells swelled during the hypo-osmotic challenge, but to a different extent (tissue: <3%, cells: 11%-15%). Swelling-induced tissue strains were anisotropic, showing 2%-4% stretch and 1%-2% compression along the first and third principal directions, respectively. These strains were amplified by 5-8 times in the cells. Interestingly, the first principal strains of tissue and cells occurred in different directions (60-61° for tissue vs. 8-13° for cells), suggesting different mechanisms causing volume expansion in the tissue and the cells. Instead of the continuous swelling observed in the tissue matrix, >88% of cells underwent regulatory volume decrease to return to their pre-osmotic challenge volumes. Cell shapes changed in the early phase of swelling but stayed constant thereafter. Kinematic changes to tissue and cells were larger for PAT cartilage than for FG cartilage. We conclude that the swelling-induced deformation of tissue and cells is anisotropic. Cells actively restored volume independent of the surrounding tissues and seemed to prioritize volume restoration over shape restoration. Our findings shed light on tissue-cell interdependence in changing osmotic environments that is crucial for cell mechano-transduction in swollen/diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Linus A, Tanska P, Sarin JK, Nippolainen E, Tiitu V, Mäkelä JTA, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK, Mononen ME, Afara IO. Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Enables Differentiation of Normal and Early Osteoarthritic Human Knee Joint Articular Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2245-2257. [PMID: 37332006 PMCID: PMC10518273 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis degenerates cartilage and impairs joint function. Early intervention opportunities are missed as current diagnostic methods are insensitive to early tissue degeneration. We investigated the capability of visible light-near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIRS) to differentiate normal human cartilage from early osteoarthritic one. Vis-NIRS spectra, biomechanical properties and the state of osteoarthritis (OARSI grade) were quantified from osteochondral samples harvested from different anatomical sites of human cadaver knees. Two support vector machines (SVM) classifiers were developed based on the Vis-NIRS spectra and OARSI scores. The first classifier was designed to distinguish normal (OARSI: 0-1) from general osteoarthritic cartilage (OARSI: 2-5) to check the general suitability of the approach yielding an average accuracy of 75% (AUC = 0.77). Then, the second classifier was designed to distinguish normal from early osteoarthritic cartilage (OARSI: 2-3) yielding an average accuracy of 71% (AUC = 0.73). Important wavelength regions for differentiating normal from early osteoarthritic cartilage were related to collagen organization (wavelength region: 400-600 nm), collagen content (1000-1300 nm) and proteoglycan content (1600-1850 nm). The findings suggest that Vis-NIRS allows objective differentiation of normal and early osteoarthritic tissue, e.g., during arthroscopic repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awuniji Linus
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko K Sarin
- Department of Medical Physics, Medical Imaging Center, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Orozco GA, Ristaniemi A, Haghighatnejad M, Mohammadi A, Finnilä MAJ, Saarakkala S, Herzog W, Isaksson H, Korhonen RK. Adaptation of Fibril-Reinforced Poroviscoelastic Properties in Rabbit Collateral Ligaments 8 Weeks After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:726-740. [PMID: 36129552 PMCID: PMC10023629 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ligaments of the knee provide stability and prevent excessive motions of the joint. Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), a common sports injury, results in an altered loading environment for other tissues in the joint, likely leading to their mechanical adaptation. In the collateral ligaments, the patterns and mechanisms of biomechanical adaptation following ACL transection (ACLT) remain unknown. We aimed to characterize the adaptation of elastic and viscoelastic properties of the lateral and medial collateral ligaments eight weeks after ACLT. Unilateral ACLT was performed in six rabbits, and collateral ligaments were harvested from transected and contralateral knee joints after eight weeks, and from an intact control group (eight knees from four animals). The cross-sectional areas were measured with micro-computed tomography. Stepwise tensile stress-relaxation testing was conducted up to 6% final strain, and the elastic and viscoelastic properties were characterized with a fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic material model. We found that the cross-sectional area of the collateral ligaments in the ACL transected knees increased, the nonlinear elastic collagen network modulus of the LCL decreased, and the amount of fast relaxation in the MCL decreased. Our results indicate that rupture of the ACL leads to an early adaptation of the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the collagen fibrillar network in the collateral ligaments. These adaptations may be important to consider when evaluating whole knee joint mechanics after ACL rupture, and the results aid in understanding the consequences of ACL rupture on other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 188, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aapo Ristaniemi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mehrnoush Haghighatnejad
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 188, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Honkanen MKM, Mohammadi A, Te Moller NCR, Ebrahimi M, Xu W, Plomp S, Pouran B, Lehto VP, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J, Mäkelä JTA. Dual-contrast micro-CT enables cartilage lesion detection and tissue condition evaluation ex vivo. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:315-324. [PMID: 35353399 PMCID: PMC10084070 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic osteoarthritis is a frequent joint disease in the horse. Currently, equine medicine lacks effective methods to diagnose the severity of chondral defects after an injury. OBJECTIVES To investigate the capability of dual-contrast-enhanced computed tomography (dual-CECT) for detection of chondral lesions and evaluation of the severity of articular cartilage degeneration in the equine carpus ex vivo. STUDY DESIGN Pre-clinical experimental study. METHODS In nine Shetland ponies, blunt and sharp grooves were randomly created (in vivo) in the cartilage of radiocarpal and middle carpal joints. The contralateral joint served as control. The ponies were subjected to an 8-week exercise protocol and euthanised 39 weeks after surgery. CECT scanning (ex vivo) of the joints was performed using a micro-CT scanner 1 hour after an intra-articular injection of a dual-contrast agent. The dual-contrast agent consisted of ioxaglate (negatively charged, q = -1) and bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs, q = 0, diameter ≈ 0.2 µm). CECT results were compared to histological cartilage proteoglycan content maps acquired using digital densitometry. RESULTS BiNPs enabled prolonged visual detection of both groove types as they are too large to diffuse into the cartilage. Furthermore, proportional ioxaglate diffusion inside the tissue allowed differentiation between the lesion and ungrooved articular cartilage (3 mm from the lesion and contralateral joint). The mean ioxaglate partition in the lesion was 19 percentage points higher (P < 0.001) when compared with the contralateral joint. The digital densitometry and the dual-contrast CECT findings showed good subjective visual agreement. MAIN LIMITATIONS Ex vivo study protocol and a low number of investigated joints. CONCLUSIONS The dual-CECT methodology, used in this study for the first time to image whole equine joints, is capable of effective lesion detection and simultaneous evaluation of the condition of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miitu K M Honkanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nikae C R Te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammadhossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Wujun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Al-Saffar Y, Moo EK, Pingguan-Murphy B, Matyas J, Korhonen RK, Herzog W. Dependence of crack shape in loaded articular cartilage on the collagenous structure. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:294-306. [PMID: 36853960 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2166500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage cracks disrupt tissue mechanics, alter cell mechanobiology, and often trigger tissue degeneration. Yet, some tissue cracks heal spontaneously. A primary factor determining the fate of tissue cracks is the compression-induced mechanics, specifically whether a crack opens or closes when loaded. Crack deformation is thought to be affected by tissue structure, which can be probed by quantitative polarized light microscopy (PLM). It is unclear how the PLM measures are related to deformed crack morphology. Here, we investigated the relationship between PLM-derived cartilage structure and mechanical behavior of tissue cracks by testing if PLM-derived structural measures correlated with crack morphology in mechanically indented cartilages. METHODS Knee joint cartilages harvested from mature and immature animals were used for their distinct collagenous fibrous structure and composition. The cartilages were cut through thickness, indented over the cracked region, and processed histologically. Sample-specific birefringence was quantified as two-dimensional (2D) maps of azimuth and retardance, two measures related to local orientation and degree of alignment of the collagen fibers, respectively. The shape of mechanically indented tissue cracks, measured as depth-dependent crack opening, were compared with azimuth, retardance, or "PLM index," a new parameter derived by combining azimuth and retardance. RESULTS Of the three parameters, only the PLM index consistently correlated with the crack shape in immature and mature tissues. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we identified the relative roles of azimuth and retardance on the deformation of tissue cracks, with azimuth playing the dominant role. The applicability of the PLM index should be tested in future studies using naturally-occurring tissue cracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Al-Saffar
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John Matyas
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Kosonen JP, Eskelinen ASA, Orozco GA, Nieminen P, Anderson DD, Grodzinsky AJ, Korhonen RK, Tanska P. Injury-related cell death and proteoglycan loss in articular cartilage: Numerical model combining necrosis, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010337. [PMID: 36701279 PMCID: PMC9879441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disease that leads to deterioration of articular cartilage, joint pain, and decreased quality of life. When OA develops after a joint injury, it is designated as post-traumatic OA (PTOA). The etiology of PTOA remains poorly understood, but it is known that proteoglycan (PG) loss, cell dysfunction, and cell death in cartilage are among the first signs of the disease. These processes, influenced by biomechanical and inflammatory stimuli, disturb the normal cell-regulated balance between tissue synthesis and degeneration. Previous computational mechanobiological models have not explicitly incorporated the cell-mediated degradation mechanisms triggered by an injury that eventually can lead to tissue-level compositional changes. Here, we developed a 2-D mechanobiological finite element model to predict necrosis, apoptosis following excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1)-driven apoptosis in cartilage explant. The resulting PG loss over 30 days was simulated. Biomechanically triggered PG degeneration, associated with cell necrosis, excessive ROS production, and cell apoptosis, was predicted to be localized near a lesion, while interleukin-1 diffusion-driven PG degeneration was manifested more globally. Interestingly, the model also showed proteolytic activity and PG biosynthesis closer to the levels of healthy tissue when pro-inflammatory cytokines were rapidly inhibited or cleared from the culture medium, leading to partial recovery of PG content. The numerical predictions of cell death and PG loss were supported by previous experimental findings. Furthermore, the simulated ROS and inflammation mechanisms had longer-lasting effects (over 3 days) on the PG content than localized necrosis. The mechanobiological model presented here may serve as a numerical tool for assessing early cartilage degeneration mechanisms and the efficacy of interventions to mitigate PTOA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas P. Kosonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gustavo A. Orozco
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donald D. Anderson
- Departments of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Korhonen RK, Eskelinen ASA, Orozco GA, Esrafilian A, Florea C, Tanska P. Multiscale In Silico Modeling of Cartilage Injuries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:45-56. [PMID: 37052845 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Injurious loading of the joint can be accompanied by articular cartilage damage and trigger inflammation. However, it is not well-known which mechanism controls further cartilage degradation, ultimately leading to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. For personalized prognostics, there should also be a method that can predict tissue alterations following joint and cartilage injury. This chapter gives an overview of experimental and computational methods to characterize and predict cartilage degradation following joint injury. Two mechanisms for cartilage degradation are proposed. In (1) biomechanically driven cartilage degradation, it is assumed that excessive levels of strain or stress of the fibrillar or non-fibrillar matrix lead to proteoglycan loss or collagen damage and degradation. In (2) biochemically driven cartilage degradation, it is assumed that diffusion of inflammatory cytokines leads to degradation of the extracellular matrix. When implementing these two mechanisms in a computational in silico modeling workflow, supplemented by in vitro and in vivo experiments, it is shown that biomechanically driven cartilage degradation is concentrated on the damage environment, while inflammation via synovial fluid affects all free cartilage surfaces. It is also proposed how the presented in silico modeling methodology may be used in the future for personalized prognostics and treatment planning of patients with a joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Atte S A Eskelinen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gustavo A Orozco
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amir Esrafilian
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Karjalainen K, Tanska P, Sibole SC, Mikkonen S, Herzog W, Korhonen RK, Moo EK. Effect of cells on spatial quantification of proteoglycans in articular cartilage of small animals. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:603-614. [PMID: 35322732 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2048827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Histochemical characterization of proteoglycan content in articular cartilage is important for the understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis. However, cartilage cells may interfere with the measurement of matrix proteoglycan content in small animal models (e.g. mice and rats) due to the high cell volume fraction (38%) in mice compared to human tissue (~1%). We investigated whether excluding the cells from image analysis affects the histochemically measured proteoglycan content of rat knee joint cartilage and assessed the effectiveness of a deep learning algorithm-based tool named U-Net in cell segmentation. DESIGN Histological sections were stained with Safranin-O, after which optical densities were measured using digital densitometry to estimate proteoglycan content. U-Net was trained with 600 annotated Safranin-O cartilage images for exclusion of cells from the cartilage extracellular matrix. Optical densities of the ECM with and without cells were compared as a function of normalized tissue depth. RESULTS U-Net cell segmentation was accurate, with the measured cell area fraction following largely that of ground-truth images (average difference: 4.3%). Cell area fraction varied as a function of tissue depth and took up 8-21% of the tissue area. The exclusion of cells from the analysis led to an increase in the analyzed depth-dependent optical density of cartilage by approximately 0.6-1.8% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Although the effect of cells on the analyzed proteoglycan content is small, it should be considered for improved sensitivity, especially at the onset of the disease during which cells may proliferate in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Karjalainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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14
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Moo EK, Ebrahimi M, Sibole SC, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. The intrinsic quality of proteoglycans, but not collagen fibres, degrades in osteoarthritic cartilage. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:178-189. [PMID: 36113721 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The function of articular cartilage as a load-bearing connective tissue is derived primarily from a balanced interaction between the swelling proteoglycan (PG) matrix and tension-resistant collagen fibrous network. Such balance is compromised during joint disease such as osteoarthritis (OA) due to degradation to PGs and/or collagens. While the PG degradation is generally thought to be related to a loss of protein abundance, the collagenous degradation is more complex as it can be caused independently by a decrease of collagen content, disorganisation of fibrous structure and softening of individual collagen fibrils. A comprehensive understanding of the initial trajectories of degradation of PGs and collagen network can improve our chance of finding potential therapeutic solutions for OA. Here, we developed geometrically, structurally, and compositionally realistic and sample-specific Finite Element (FE) models under the framework of multiphasic mixture theory, from which the elastic moduli of collagen fibres and the PG load-bearing quality in healthy and diseased cartilages were estimated by numerical optimisation of the multi-step indentation stress relaxation force-time curves. We found the intrinsic quality of collagen fibres, measured by their elastic moduli, to stay constant for healthy and diseased cartilages. Combining with previous findings which show unaltered collagen content during early stages of OA, our results suggest the disorganisation of collagen fibrous network as the first form of collagenous degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage. We also found that PG degradation involves not only a loss of protein abundance, but also the quality of the remaining PGs in generating sufficient osmotic pressure for load bearing. This study sheds light on the mechanism of OA pathogenesis and highlights the restoration of collageneous organisation in cartilage as key medical intervention for OA. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Collagen network in articular cartilage consists of individual fibres that are organised into depth-dependent structure specialised for joint load-bearing and lubrication. During osteoarthritis, the collagen network undergoes mechanical degradation, but it is unclear if a loss of content, disorganisation of fibrous structure, or softening of individual fibres causes this degeneration. Using mechanical indentation, Finite Element modelling, and numerical optimisation methods, we determined that individual fibres did not soften in early disease stage. Together with previous findings showing unaltered collagen content, our results pinpoint the disorganisation of collagen structure as the main culprit for early collagenous degradation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Thus, early restoration in cartilage of collagen organisation, instead of individual fibre quality, may be key to slow osteoarthritis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta 2N1N4, Canada.
| | | | - Scott C Sibole
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta 2N1N4, Canada
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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15
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Bosser C, Auregan JC, Bensidhoum M, Hoc T, Bégué T, Vialle R, Nouguier-Lehon C, Bachy M. Early impairment of cartilage poroelastic properties in an animal model of ACL tear. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2022; 108:103116. [PMID: 34666200 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In more than 50% of cases, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Ligament reconstruction stabilizes the joint, but the tear seems to impair the poroelasticity of the cartilage: synovial membrane fluid inflammation is observed 3 weeks after tearing. There have been some descriptions of visible cartilage changes, but poroelasticity has never been analyzed at this early stage. The present animal study aimed to determine (1) whether cartilage showed early poroelastic deterioration after ACL tear; (2) whether an impairment correlated with macroscopic changes; and (3) whether cartilage poroelasticity deteriorated over time. HYPOTHESIS In the days following trauma, cartilage poroelasticity is greatly impaired, without macroscopically visible change. MATERIAL AND METHODS ACL tear was surgically induced in 18 New-Zealand rabbits. Cartilage poroelasticity was assessed on indentation-relaxation test in 3 groups: "early", at 2 weeks postoperatively (n=6), "mid-early" at 6 weeks (n=6) and in a non-operated control group ("non-op"). Macroscopic changes were scored in the same groups. RESULTS Poroelastic impairment was greatest at the early time-point (2 weeks). Permeability ranged from a mean 0.08±0.05×10-15 m4/Ns (range, 0.028-0.17) in the "non-op" group to 1.03±0.60×10-15 m4/Ns (range, 0.24-2.15) in the "early" group (p=0.007). Shear modulus ranged from 0.53±0.11MPa (range, 0.36-0.66) to 0.23±0.10MPa (range, 0.12-0.43), respectively (p=0.013). Macroscopic deterioration, on the other hand, differed significantly only between the "mid-early" and the "non-op" groups: p=0.011 for cartilage deterioration and p=0.008 for osteophyte formation. At the "mid-early" time point, poroelastic deterioration was less marked, with 0.33±0.33×10-15 m4/Ns permeability (range, 0.06-1.06) and shear modulus 0.30±0.10MPa (range, 0.13-0.41: respectively p=0.039 and p=0.023 compared to the "non-op" group. DISCUSSION The severe rapid deterioration in poroelasticity following ACL tear in an animal model, as notably seen in increased permeability, corresponds to changes in cartilage microstructure, with easier outflows of interstitial fluid. This mechanical degradation may underlie onset of microcracks within the cartilage, leading to physiological loading that the cartilage by its nature is unable to repair. Further investigations are needed to correlate these experimental data with clinical findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III; comparative study with control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cartherine Bosser
- HealthDataSciences, 45, chemin du Barthélémy, 69260 Charbonnières-les-Bains, France
| | - Jean Charles Auregan
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; Service d'orthopédie, université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère, 157, rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Morad Bensidhoum
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Hoc
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; École centrale de Lyon, département de mécanique, MSGMGC, 36, avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - Thierry Bégué
- Service d'orthopédie, université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère, 157, rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Raphaël Vialle
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et réparatrice de l'enfant, AP-HP-Sorbonne université, hôpital Trousseau, 26, avenue du Docteur-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Nouguier-Lehon
- Université de Lyon, LTDS UMR CNRS 5513, école centrale de Lyon, 36, avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Ecully cedex, France
| | - Manon Bachy
- Université de Paris, B3OA, UMR CNRS 7052, Inserm U1271, 10, avenue de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France; Service de chirurgie orthopédique et réparatrice de l'enfant, AP-HP-Sorbonne université, hôpital Trousseau, 26, avenue du Docteur-Arnold-Netter, 75012 Paris, France.
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16
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Mohammadi A, te Moller NCR, Ebrahimi M, Plomp S, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Mäkelä JTA, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Site- and Zone-Dependent Changes in Proteoglycan Content and Biomechanical Properties of Bluntly and Sharply Grooved Equine Articular Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1787-1797. [PMID: 35754073 PMCID: PMC9794534 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we mapped and quantified changes of proteoglycan (PG) content and biomechanical properties in articular cartilage in which either blunt or sharp grooves had been made, both close to the groove and more remote of it, and at the opposing joint surface (kissing site) in equine carpal joints. In nine adult Shetland ponies, standardized blunt and sharp grooves were surgically made in the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints of a randomly chosen front limb. The contralateral control limb was sham-operated. At 39 weeks after surgery, ponies were euthanized. In 10 regions of interest (ROIs) (six remote from the grooves and four directly around the grooves), PG content as a function of tissue-depth and distance-to-groove was estimated using digital densitometry. Biomechanical properties of the cartilage were evaluated in the six ROIs remote from the grooves. Compared to control joints, whole tissue depth PG loss was found in sites adjacent to sharp and, to a larger extent, blunt grooves. Also, superficial PG loss of the surgically untouched kissing cartilage layers was observed. Significant PG loss was observed up to 300 µm (sharp) and at 500 µm (blunt) from the groove into the surrounding tissue. Equilibrium modulus was lower in grooved cartilage than in controls. Grooves, in particular blunt grooves, gave rise to severe PG loss close to the grooved sites and to mild degeneration more remote from the grooves in both sharply and bluntly grooved cartilage and at the kissing sites, resulting in loss of mechanical strength over the 9-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nikae C. R. te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammadhossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland ,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P. René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Janne T. A. Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland ,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ,Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Liang D, Onodera T, Hamasaki M, Hishimura R, Homan K, Xu L, Tian Y, Kanai S, Iwasaki N. Quantification of Cartilage Surface Degeneration by Curvature Analysis Using 3D Scanning in a Rabbit Model. Cartilage 2021; 13:1734S-1741S. [PMID: 34802259 PMCID: PMC8804731 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211059597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate analysis to quantify cartilage morphology is critical for evaluating degenerative conditions in osteoarthritis (OA). Three-dimensional (3D) optical scanning provides 3D data for the entire cartilage surface; however, there is no consensus on how to quantify it. Our purpose was to validate a 3D method for evaluating spatiotemporal alterations in degenerative cartilages in a rabbit OA model by analyzing their curvatures at various stages of progression. DESIGN Twelve rabbits underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) unilaterally and were divided into 4 groups: 4 weeks control, 4 weeks OA, 8 weeks control, and 8 weeks OA. 3D scanning, India ink staining, and histological assessments were performed in all groups. In 3D curvature visualization, the surfaces of the condyles were divided into 8 areas. The standard deviations (SD) of mean curvatures from all vertices of condylar surfaces and subareas were calculated. RESULTS Regarding the site of OA change, curvature analysis was consistent with India ink scoring. The SD of mean curvature correlated strongly with the India ink Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score. In curvature histograms, the curvature distribution in OA was more scattered than in control. Of the 8 areas, significant OA progression in the posterolateral part of the lateral condyle (L-PL) was observed at 4 weeks. The histology result was consistent with the 3D evaluation in terms of representative section. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that 3D scanning with curvature analysis can quantify the severity of cartilage degeneration objectively. Furthermore, the L-PL was found to be the initial area where OA degeneration occurred in the rabbit ACLT model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan,Tomohiro Onodera, Department of Orthopaedic
Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo 060-8648, Japan.
| | - Masanari Hamasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Ryosuke Hishimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanai
- Division of Systems Science and
Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan
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18
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Yue D, Du L, Zhang B, Wu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Pan J. Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2021; 17:85-99. [PMID: 34806543 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1991199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and joint damage easily degenerates cartilage and turns into osteoarthritis (OA), which seriously affects human life and work, and has no cure currently. The temporal and spatial changes of multiple microenvironments upon the damage of cartilage and joint are noticed, including the emergences of inflammation, bone remodeling, blood vessels, and nerves, as well as alterations of extracellular and pericellular matrix, oxygen tension, biomechanics, underneath articular cartilage tissues, and pH value. This review summarizes the existing literatures on microenvironmental changes, mechanisms, and their negative effects on cartilage regeneration following cartilage and joint damage. We conclude that time-dependently rebuilding the multiple normal microenvironments of damaged cartilage is the key for cartilage regeneration after systematic studies for the timing and correlations of various microenvironment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Yue
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin Du
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Orthopedic Department, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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19
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te Moller NCR, Mohammadi A, Plomp S, Serra Bragança FM, Beukers M, Pouran B, Afara IO, Nippolainen E, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J, Brommer H, van Weeren PR. Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt and sharp cartilage damage on the joint: A 9-month equine groove model study. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:2363-2375. [PMID: 33368588 PMCID: PMC8597083 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the long-term progression of blunt and sharp cartilage defects and their effect on joint homeostasis and function of the equine carpus. In nine adult Shetland ponies, the cartilage in the radiocarpal and middle carpal joint of one front limb was grooved (blunt or sharp randomized). The ponies were subjected to an 8-week exercise protocol and euthanized at 39 weeks. Structural and compositional alterations in joint tissues were evaluated in vivo using serial radiographs, synovial biopsies, and synovial fluid samples. Joint function was monitored by quantitative gait analysis. Macroscopic, microscopic, and biomechanical evaluation of the cartilage and assessment of subchondral bone parameters were performed ex vivo. Grooved cartilage showed higher OARSI microscopy scores than the contra-lateral sham-operated controls (p < 0.0001). Blunt-grooved cartilage scored higher than sharp-grooved cartilage (p = 0.007) and fixed charge density around these grooves was lower (p = 0.006). Equilibrium and instantaneous moduli trended lower in grooved cartilage than their controls (significant for radiocarpal joints). Changes in other tissues included a threefold to sevenfold change in interleukin-6 expression in synovium from grooved joints at week 23 (p = 0.042) and an increased CPII/C2C ratio in synovial fluid extracted from blunt-grooved joints at week 35 (p = 0.010). Gait analysis outcome revealed mild, gradually increasing lameness. In conclusion, blunt and, to a lesser extent, sharp grooves in combination with a period of moderate exercise, lead to mild degeneration in equine carpal cartilage over a 9-month period, but the effect on overall joint health remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikae C. R. te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Saskia Plomp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Filipe M. Serra Bragança
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Beukers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | | | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - P. René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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20
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Linus A, Ebrahimi M, Turunen MJ, Saarakkala S, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Koistinen A, Finnilä MA, Afara IO, Mononen ME, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. High-resolution infrared microspectroscopic characterization of cartilage cell microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2021; 134:252-260. [PMID: 34365039 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lateral resolution of infrared spectroscopy has been inadequate for accurate biochemical characterization of the cell microenvironment, a region regulating biochemical and biomechanical signals to cells. In this study, we demonstrate the capacity of a high-resolution Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) to characterize the collagen content of this region. Specifically, we focus on the collagen content in the cartilage cell (chondrocyte) microenvironment of healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. Human tibial cartilage samples (N = 28) were harvested from 7 cadaveric donors and graded for OA severity (healthy, early OA, advanced OA). HR-FTIR-MS was used to analyze the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment of five distinct zones across the tissue depth. HR-FTIR-MS successfully showed collagen content distribution across chondrocytes and their environment. In zones 2 and 3 (10 - 50% of the tissue thickness), we observed that collagen content was smaller (P < 0.05) in early OA compared to the healthy tissue in the vicinity of cells (pericellular region). The collagen content loss was extended to the extracellular matrix in advanced OA tissue. No significant differences in the collagen content of the chondrocyte microenvironment were observed between the groups in the most superficial (0-10%) and deep zones (50-100%). HR-FTIR-MS revealed collagen loss in the early OA cartilage pericellular region before detectable changes in the extracellular matrix in advanced OA. HR-FTIR-MS-based compositional assessment enables a better understanding of OA-related changes in tissues. This technique can be used to identify new disease mechanisms enabling better intervention strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability. While significant progress has been made in OA research, OA pathogenesis is still poorly understood and current OA treatments are mainly palliative. This study demonstrates that high-resolution FTIR microspectroscopy (HR-FTIR-MS) can characterize OA-induced compositional changes in the cell microenvironment (pericellular matrix) during the early disease stages before tissue changes in the extracellular matrix become apparent. This technique may further enable the identification of new OA mechanisms and improve our current understanding of OA pathogenesis, thus, enabling the development of better treatment methods.
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21
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Khan B, Kafian-Attari I, Nippolainen E, Shaikh R, Semenov D, Hauta-Kasari M, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Articular cartilage optical properties in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range vary with depth and tissue integrity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6066-6080. [PMID: 34745722 PMCID: PMC8548021 DOI: 10.1364/boe.430053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical properties of biological tissues in the NIR spectral range have demonstrated significant potential for in vivo diagnostic applications and are critical parameters for modelling light interaction in biological tissues. This study aims to investigate the optical properties of articular cartilage as a function of tissue depth and integrity. The results suggest consistent wavelength-dependent variation in optical properties between cartilage depth-wise zones, as well as between healthy and degenerated tissue. Also, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in both optical properties were observed between the different cartilage depth-wise zones and as a result of tissue degeneration. When taken into account, the outcome of this study could enable accurate modelling of light interaction in cartilage matrix and could provide useful diagnostic information on cartilage integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilour Khan
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Iman Kafian-Attari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Rubina Shaikh
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
| | - Dmitry Semenov
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu, Finland, 80110, Finland
| | - Markku Hauta-Kasari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu, Finland, 80110, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, St. Lucia, Australia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland, 70120, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, St. Lucia, Australia, QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Nissinen MT, Hänninen N, Prakash M, Mäkelä JTA, Nissi MJ, Töyräs J, Nieminen MT, Korhonen RK, Tanska P. Functional and structural properties of human patellar articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. J Biomech 2021; 126:110634. [PMID: 34454206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) mechanical material parameters of human patellar cartilage at different stages of osteoarthritis (OA) are not known. Further, the patellofemoral joint loading is thought to include more sliding and shear compared to other knee joint locations, thus, the relations between structural and functional changes may differ in OA. Thus, our aim was to determine the patellar cartilage FRPE properties followed by associating them with the structure and composition. Osteochondral plugs (n = 14) were harvested from the patellae of six cadavers. Then, the FRPE material properties were determined, and those properties were associated with proteoglycan content, collagen fibril orientation angle, optical retardation (fibril parallelism), and the state of OA of the samples. The initial fibril network modulus and permeability strain-dependency factor were 72% and 63% smaller in advanced OA samples when compared to early OA samples. Further, we observed a negative association between the initial fibril network modulus and optical retardation (r = -0.537, p < 0.05). We also observed positive associations between 1) the initial permeability and optical retardation (r = 0.547, p < 0.05), and 2) the initial fibril network modulus and optical density (r = 0.670, p < 0.01).These results suggest that the reduced pretension of the collagen fibrils, as shown by the reduced initial fibril network modulus, is linked with the loss of proteoglycans and cartilage swelling in human patellofemoral OA. The characterization of these changes is important to improve the representativeness of knee joint models in tissue and cell scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko T Nissinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Nina Hänninen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mithilesh Prakash
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janne T A Mäkelä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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23
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Elastic, Dynamic Viscoelastic and Model-Derived Fibril-Reinforced Poroelastic Mechanical Properties of Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Femoral Condyle Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2622-2634. [PMID: 34341898 PMCID: PMC8455392 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) degrades articular cartilage and weakens its function. Modern fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) computational models can distinguish the mechanical properties of main cartilage constituents, namely collagen, proteoglycans, and fluid, thus, they can precisely characterize the complex mechanical behavior of the tissue. However, these properties are not known for human femoral condyle cartilage. Therefore, we aimed to characterize them from human subjects undergoing knee replacement and from deceased donors without known OA. Multi-step stress-relaxation measurements coupled with sample-specific finite element analyses were conducted to obtain the FRPE material properties. Samples were graded using OARSI scoring to determine the severity of histopathological cartilage degradation. The results suggest that alterations in the FRPE properties are not evident in the moderate stages of cartilage degradation (OARSI 2-3) as compared with normal tissue (OARSI 0-1). Drastic deterioration of the FRPE properties was observed in severely degraded cartilage (OARSI 4). We also found that the FRPE properties of femoral condyle cartilage related to the collagen network (initial fibril-network modulus) and proteoglycan matrix (non-fibrillar matrix modulus) were greater compared to tibial and patellar cartilage in OA. These findings may inform cartilage tissue-engineering efforts and help to improve the accuracy of cartilage representations in computational knee joint models.
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24
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Otoo B, Li L, Hart DA, Herzog W. Development of a Porcine Model to Assess the Effect of In-Situ Knee Joint Loading On Site-Specific Cartilage Gene Expression. J Biomech Eng 2021; 144:1115048. [PMID: 34318319 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic mechanical loading of cartilage induces stresses and fluid flow which are thought to modulate chondrocyte metabolism. The uneven surface, plus the heterogeneity of cartilage within a joint, makes stress and fluid pressure distribution in the tissue non-uniform, and gene expression may vary at different sites as a function of load magnitude, frequency and time. In previous studies, cartilage explants were used for loading tests to investigate biological responses of the cartilage to mechanical loading. In contrast, we used loading tests on intact knee joints, to better reflect the loading conditions in a joint, and thus provide a more physiologically relevant mechanical environment. Gene expression levels in loaded samples for a selection of relevant genes were compared with those of the corresponding unloaded control samples to characterize potential differences. Furthermore, the effect of load magnitude and duration on gene expression levels were investigated. We observed differences in gene expression levels between samples from different sites in the same joint and between corresponding samples from the same site in loaded and unloaded joints. Consistent with previous findings, our results indicate that there is a critical upper and lower threshold of loading for triggering the expression of certain genes. Variations in gene expression levels may reflect the effect of local loading, topography and structure of the cartilage in an intact joint on the metabolic activity of the associated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baaba Otoo
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - LePing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4; Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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25
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Orozco GA, Bolcos P, Mohammadi A, Tanaka MS, Yang M, Link TM, Ma B, Li X, Tanska P, Korhonen RK. Prediction of local fixed charge density loss in cartilage following ACL injury and reconstruction: A computational proof-of-concept study with MRI follow-up. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1064-1081. [PMID: 32639603 PMCID: PMC7790898 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to develop three-dimensional patient-specific mechanobiological knee joint models to simulate alterations in the fixed charged density (FCD) around cartilage lesions during the stance phase of the walking gait. Two patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed knees were imaged at 1 and 3 years after surgery. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were used for segmenting the knee geometries, including the cartilage lesions. Based on these geometries, finite element (FE) models were developed. The gait of the patients was obtained using a motion capture system. Musculoskeletal modeling was utilized to calculate knee joint contact and lower extremity muscle forces for the FE models. Finally, a cartilage adaptation algorithm was implemented in both FE models. In the algorithm, it was assumed that excessive maximum shear and deviatoric strains (calculated as the combination of principal strains), and fluid velocity, are responsible for the FCD loss. Changes in the longitudinal T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were postulated to be related to changes in the cartilage composition and were compared with the numerical predictions. In patient 1 model, both the excessive fluid velocity and strain caused the FCD loss primarily near the cartilage lesion. T1ρ and T2 relaxation times increased during the follow-up in the same location. In contrast, in patient 2 model, only the excessive fluid velocity led to a slight FCD loss near the lesion, where MRI parameters did not show evidence of alterations. Significance: This novel proof-of-concept study suggests mechanisms through which a local FCD loss might occur near cartilage lesions. In order to obtain statistical evidence for these findings, the method should be investigated with a larger cohort of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.,Corresponding author: Gustavo A. Orozco, Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, 70210 Kuopio, FI, Tel: +358 50 3485018,
| | - Paul Bolcos
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthew S. Tanaka
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingrui Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin Ma
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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26
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Bhattarai A, Mäkelä JTA, Pouran B, Kröger H, Weinans H, Grinstaff MW, Töyräs J, Turunen MJ. Effects of human articular cartilage constituents on simultaneous diffusion of cationic and nonionic contrast agents. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:771-779. [PMID: 32767676 PMCID: PMC8048551 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is an emerging diagnostic technique for osteoarthritis. However, the effects of increased water content, as well as decreased collagen and proteoglycan concentrations due to cartilage degeneration, on the diffusion of cationic and nonionic agents, are not fully understood. We hypothesize that for a cationic agent, these variations increase the diffusion rate while decreasing partition, whereas, for a nonionic agent, these changes increase both the rate of diffusion and partition. Thus, we examine the diffusion of cationic and nonionic contrast agents within degraded tissue in time- and depth-dependent manners. Osteochondral plugs (N = 15, d = 8 mm) were extracted from human cadaver knee joints, immersed in a mixture of cationic CA4+ and nonionic gadoteridol contrast agents, and imaged at multiple time-points, using the dual-contrast method. Water content, and collagen and proteoglycan concentrations were determined using lyophilization, infrared spectroscopy, and digital densitometry, respectively. Superficial to mid (0%-60% depth) cartilage CA4+ partitions correlated with water content (R < -0.521, P < .05), whereas in deeper (40%-100%) cartilage, CA4+ correlated only with proteoglycans (R > 0.671, P < .01). Gadoteridol partition correlated inversely with collagen concentration (0%-100%, R < -0.514, P < .05). Cartilage degeneration substantially increased the time for CA4+ compared with healthy tissue (248 ± 171 vs 175 ± 95 minute) to reach the bone-cartilage interface, whereas for gadoteridol the time (111 ± 63 vs 179 ± 163 minute) decreased. The work clarifies the diffusion mechanisms of two different contrast agents and presents depth and time-dependent effects resulting from articular cartilage constituents. The results will inform the development of new contrast agents and optimal timing between agent administration and joint imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Bhattarai
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | | | - Behdad Pouran
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand SurgeryKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of OrthopaedicsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials EngineeringDelft University of Technology (TU Delft)DelftThe Netherlands
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and MedicineBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
- School of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Mikael J. Turunen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- SIB LabsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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27
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Badar F, Lee J, Qu X, Xia Y. Topographical and zonal patterns of T2 relaxation in osteoarthritic tibial cartilage by low- and high-resolution MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 78:98-108. [PMID: 33493580 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to establish the topographical and zonal T2 patterns of multi-resolution MRI in medial tibial cartilage in a canine model of osteoarthritis (OA), initiated by the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection surgery, and studied after 8-weeks and 12-weeks post-surgery. METHODS Articular cartilage from healthy, two stages of contralateral, and of OA knees were quantitatively imaged by the MRI T2 protocols at two imaging resolutions (100 and 17.6 μm/pixel). The zonal T2 changes at five topographical locations (anterior (AMT), exterior (EMT), posterior (PMT), central (CMT) and interior (IMT) medial tibia) and subsequent two averaged regions (covered by meniscus and exposed) were analyzed. At each location, full-thickness cartilage was studied in four sub-tissue zones (superficial, transitional, upper and lower radial zones). RESULTS Tissue degradation can be detected by measurable changes of T2, which is resolution- and orientation-dependent. T2 changes ranging from +28.82% increase (SZ, PMT) to -23.15% decrease (RZ1, AMT) in healthy to disease (8C), with the largest increase of T2 in the surface tissue. Various location-dependent patterns of degradation are found over the tibial surface, most commonly shown in early-stage OA (8C) on the anterior site, different from the posterior. Finally, the contralateral cartilage has specific degradation patterns, different from those in OA cartilage. CONCLUSIONS This is the first quantitative and highest multi-resolution characterization of cartilage at five topographical locations over the medial tibial plateau with fine zonal resolution in an animal model of OA, which would benefit future investigation of human OA in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Xianggui Qu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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28
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Kafian-Attari I, Nippolainen E, Semenov D, Hauta-Kasari M, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Tissue optical properties combined with machine learning enables estimation of articular cartilage composition and functional integrity. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6480-6494. [PMID: 33282503 PMCID: PMC7687936 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Absorption and reduced scattering coefficients ( μ a , μ s ' ) of biological tissues have shown significant potential in biomedical applications. Thus, they are effective parameters for the characterization of tissue integrity and provide vital information on the health of biological tissues. This study investigates the potential of optical properties ( μ a , μ s ' ) for estimating articular cartilage composition and biomechanical properties using multivariate and machine learning techniques. The results suggest that μa could optimally estimate cartilage proteoglycan content in the superficial zone, in addition to its equilibrium modulus. While μ s ' could effectively estimate the proteoglycan content of the middle and deep zones in addition to the instantaneous and dynamic moduli of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Kafian-Attari
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70120, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70120, Finland
| | - Dmitry Semenov
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu 80110, Finland
| | - Markku Hauta-Kasari
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Computing, Lämsikatu 15, Joensuu 80110, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70120, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology, and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio 70120, Finland
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29
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Elder SH, Mosher ML, Jarquin P, Smith P, Chironis A. Effects of short-duration treatment of cartilage with punicalagin and genipin and the implications for treatment of osteoarthritis. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 109:818-828. [PMID: 33103838 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Punicalagin (PA) not only binds type II collagen, but also blocks its MMP-13-mediated degradation, and genipin (GNP) is a collagen cross-linking agent. We hypothesized that these drugs could mitigate the loss of cartilage if administered in the early phase of osteoarthritis, and experiments were designed to provide proof-of-concept. Porcine cartilage was exposed to both drugs in a manner designed to simulate intra-articular (IA) injection. Based on penetration of PA into cartilage, the rate of drug diffusion was conservatively estimated at 2 μm per minute. GNP caused a measurable degree of cross-linking, increased compressive resistance and coefficient of friction, and substantially inhibited degradation by collagenase, but not by hyaluronidase. Pre-incubation of GNP with collagenase had no effect on enzymatic activity. PA did not cross-link collagen nor affect the mechanical properties of cartilage. It did, however, increase resistance to degradation by collagenase and hyaluronidase. Furthermore, it reacted with collagenase in solution and inhibited its subsequent enzymatic activity. Effects of PA and GNP were not additive. The chondroprotective effect of semi-weekly IA injections was investigated in the monoiodoacetate-induced model of OA in rats. Quantitative histology suggested that injection of PA decreased the amount of cartilage lost compared to saline-injected controls, and the addition of GNP made no difference. This study supports the notion that IA delivery of PA could mitigate OA-induced cartilage erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Elder
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Mark L Mosher
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Paulino Jarquin
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Preston Smith
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrea Chironis
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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Kajabi AW, Casula V, Ojanen S, Finnilä MA, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK, Nissi MJ, Nieminen MT. Multiparametric MR imaging reveals early cartilage degeneration at 2 and 8 weeks after ACL transection in a rabbit model. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1974-1986. [PMID: 32129515 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the rabbit model with anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was used to investigate early degenerative changes in cartilage using multiparametric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI). ACLT was surgically induced in the knees of skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits (n = 14). ACL transected and contralateral knee compartments-medial femur, lateral femur, medial tibia, and lateral tibia-were harvested 2 (n = 8) and 8 weeks (n = 6) postsurgery. Twelve age-matched nonoperated rabbits served as control. qMRI was conducted at 9.4 T and included relaxation times T1 , T2 , continuous-wave T1ρ (CWT1ρ ), adiabatic T1ρ (AdT1ρ ), adiabatic T2ρ (AdT2ρ ), and relaxation along a fictitious field (TRAFF ). For reference, quantitative histology and biomechanical measurements were carried out. Posttraumatic changes were primarily noted in the superficial half of the cartilage. Prolonged T1 , T2 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ were observed in the lateral femur 2 and 8 weeks post-ACLT, compared with the corresponding control and contralateral groups (P < .05). Collagen orientation was significantly altered in the lateral femur at 2 weeks post-ACLT compared with the corresponding control group. In the medial femur, all the studied relaxation time parameters, except TRAFF , were increased 8 weeks post-ACLT, as compared with the corresponding contralateral and control groups (P < .05). Similarly, significant proteoglycan loss was observed in the medial femur at 8 weeks following surgery (P < .05). Multiparametric MRI demonstrated early degenerative changes primarily in the superficial cartilage with T1 , T2 , CWT1ρ , and AdT1ρ sensitive to cartilage changes at 2 weeks after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahed Kajabi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Victor Casula
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simo Ojanen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika T Nieminen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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31
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Ebrahimi M, Turunen MJ, Finnilä MA, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK, Tanska P. Structure-Function Relationships of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Tibial Cartilage: Experimental and Numerical Investigation. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2887-2900. [PMID: 32648191 PMCID: PMC7723942 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between composition, structure and constituent-specific functional properties of human articular cartilage at different stages of osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly known. We established these relationships by comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and fibril-reinforced poroelastic mechanical properties with microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of structure and composition of healthy and osteoarthritic human tibial cartilage (n = 27). At a low frequency (0.005 Hz), proteoglycan content correlated negatively and collagen content correlated positively with the phase difference (i.e. tissue viscosity). At a high-frequency regime (> 0.05 Hz), proteoglycan content correlated negatively and collagen orientation angle correlated positively with the phase difference. Proteoglycans were lost in the early and advanced OA groups compared to the healthy group, while the superficial collagen orientation angle was greater only in the advanced OA group compared to the healthy group. Simultaneously, the initial fibril network modulus (fibril pretension) was smaller in the early and advanced OA groups compared to the healthy group. These findings suggest different mechanisms contribute to cartilage viscosity in low and high frequencies, and that the loss of superficial collagen pretension during early OA is due to lower tissue swelling (PG loss), while in advanced OA, both collagen disorganization and lower swelling modulate the collagen fibril pretension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhossein Ebrahimi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- SIBlabs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko A Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Eskelinen ASA, Tanska P, Florea C, Orozco GA, Julkunen P, Grodzinsky AJ, Korhonen RK. Mechanobiological model for simulation of injured cartilage degradation via pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanical stimulus. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007998. [PMID: 32584809 PMCID: PMC7343184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is associated with cartilage degradation, ultimately leading to disability and decrease of quality of life. Two key mechanisms have been suggested to occur in PTOA: tissue inflammation and abnormal biomechanical loading. Both mechanisms have been suggested to result in loss of cartilage proteoglycans, the source of tissue fixed charge density (FCD). In order to predict the simultaneous effect of these degrading mechanisms on FCD content, a computational model has been developed. We simulated spatial and temporal changes of FCD content in injured cartilage using a novel finite element model that incorporates (1) diffusion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 into tissue, and (2) the effect of excessive levels of shear strain near chondral defects during physiologically relevant loading. Cytokine-induced biochemical cartilage explant degradation occurs near the sides, top, and lesion, consistent with the literature. In turn, biomechanically-driven FCD loss is predicted near the lesion, in accordance with experimental findings: regions near lesions showed significantly more FCD depletion compared to regions away from lesions (p<0.01). Combined biochemical and biomechanical degradation is found near the free surfaces and especially near the lesion, and the corresponding bulk FCD loss agrees with experiments. We suggest that the presence of lesions plays a role in cytokine diffusion-driven degradation, and also predisposes cartilage for further biomechanical degradation. Models considering both these cartilage degradation pathways concomitantly are promising in silico tools for predicting disease progression, recognizing lesions at high risk, simulating treatments, and ultimately optimizing treatments to postpone the development of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Gustavo A. Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - Petro Julkunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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33
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Ristaniemi A, Torniainen J, Stenroth L, Finnilä M, Paakkonen T, Töyräs J, Korhonen R. Comparison of water, hydroxyproline, uronic acid and elastin contents of bovine knee ligaments and patellar tendon and their relationships with biomechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 104:103639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Machine Learning Classification of Articular Cartilage Integrity Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:219-228. [PMID: 32426059 PMCID: PMC7225230 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Assessment of cartilage integrity during arthroscopy is limited by the subjective visual nature of the technique. To address this shortcoming in diagnostic evaluation of articular cartilage, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been proposed. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of NIRS, combined with machine learning techniques, to classify cartilage integrity. Methods Rabbit (n = 14) knee joints with artificial injury, induced via unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and the corresponding contra-lateral (CL) joints, including joints from separate non-operated control (CNTRL) animals (n = 8), were used. After sacrifice, NIR spectra (1000–2500 nm) were acquired from different anatomical locations of the joints (nTOTAL = 313: nCNTRL = 111, nCL = 97, nACLT = 105). Machine and deep learning methods (support vector machines–SVM, logistic regression–LR, and deep neural networks–DNN) were then used to develop models for classifying the samples based solely on their NIR spectra. Results The results show that the model based on SVM is optimal of distinguishing between ACLT and CNTRL samples (ROC_AUC = 0.93, kappa = 0.86), LR is capable of distinguishing between CL and CNTRL samples (ROC_AUC = 0.91, kappa = 0.81), while DNN is optimal for discriminating between the different classes (multi-class classification, kappa = 0.48). Conclusion We show that NIR spectroscopy, when combined with machine learning techniques, is capable of holistic assessment of cartilage integrity, with potential for accurately distinguishing between healthy and diseased cartilage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12195-020-00612-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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35
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Ojanen SP, Finnilä MA, Mäkelä JT, Saarela K, Happonen E, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Anterior cruciate ligament transection of rabbits alters composition, structure and biomechanics of articular cartilage and chondrocyte deformation 2 weeks post-surgery in a site-specific manner. J Biomech 2020; 98:109450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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Liukkonen MK, Mononen ME, Vartiainen P, Kaukinen P, Bragge T, Suomalainen JS, Malo MKH, Venesmaa S, Käkelä P, Pihlajamäki J, Karjalainen PA, Arokoski JP, Korhonen RK. Evaluation of the Effect of Bariatric Surgery-Induced Weight Loss on Knee Gait and Cartilage Degeneration. J Biomech Eng 2019; 140:2662611. [PMID: 29101403 DOI: 10.1115/1.4038330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of bariatric surgery-induced weight loss on knee gait and cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) by combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gait analysis, finite element (FE) modeling, and cartilage degeneration algorithm. Gait analyses were performed for obese subjects before and one-year after the bariatric surgery. FE models were created before and after weight loss for those subjects who did not have severe tibio-femoral knee cartilage loss. Knee cartilage degenerations were predicted using an adaptive cartilage degeneration algorithm which is based on cumulative overloading of cartilage, leading to iteratively altered cartilage properties during OA. The average weight loss was 25.7±11.0 kg corresponding to a 9.2±3.9 kg/m2 decrease in body mass index (BMI). External knee rotation moment increased, and minimum knee flexion angle decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after weight loss. Moreover, weight loss decreased maximum cartilage degeneration by 5±23% and 13±11% on the medial and lateral tibial cartilage surfaces, respectively. Average degenerated volumes in the medial and lateral tibial cartilage decreased by 3±31% and 7±32%, respectively, after weight loss. However, increased degeneration levels could also be observed due to altered knee kinetics. The present results suggest that moderate weight loss changes knee kinetics and kinematics and can slow-down cartilage degeneration for certain patients. Simulation results also suggest that prediction of cartilage degeneration is subject-specific and highly depend on the altered gait loading, not just the patient's weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi K Liukkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Mika E Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Paavo Vartiainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Päivi Kaukinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland e-mail:
| | - Timo Bragge
- Charles River Discovery Research Services, Microkatu 1, Kuopio FI-70210, Finland e-mail:
| | - Juha-Sampo Suomalainen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Markus K H Malo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Sari Venesmaa
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland e-mail:
| | - Pirjo Käkelä
- Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland e-mail:
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland e-mail:
| | - Pasi A Karjalainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland e-mail:
| | - Jari P Arokoski
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 349, Helsinki FI-00029, Finland; University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 3, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland e-mail:
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, Kuopio FI-70029, Finland e-mail:
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Nakamura S, Ikebuchi M, Saeki S, Furukawa D, Orita K, Niimi N, Tsukahara Y, Nakamura H. Changes in viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in early stage of osteoarthritis, as determined by optical coherence tomography-based strain rate tomography. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:417. [PMID: 31492126 PMCID: PMC6731561 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomechanical changes in articular cartilage are associated with the onset of osteoarthritis. We developed an optical coherence tomography-based strain rate tomography method: stress relaxation optical coherence straingraphy (SR-OCSA). The purpose of this study was to establish an approach for measuring mechanical properties of articular cartilage using SR-OCSA, and to investigate the distribution of viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in early osteoarthritis. METHODS Anterior cruciate ligament transection surgery was performed on the left knees of 8-9-month-old New Zealand white rabbits. SR-OCSA was used to visualize and measure the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage via attenuation coefficient of strain rate (ACSR). Using the same conditions as in the SR-OCSA test, an indentation test was conducted, and relaxation time was measured to evaluate the relationship between ACSR and relaxation time. RESULTS SR-OCSA could nondestructively detect and visualize changes in the distribution of viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in early osteoarthritis. SR-OCSA captured significant increases in ACSR in cartilage at 2 weeks after surgery, when a histologically slight osteoarthritis sign was present. As cartilage degeneration progressed, ACSR increased, whereas relaxation time decreased in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, ACSR negatively correlated with relaxation time. In particular, ACSR was elevated around the tidemark and the elevation tended to move as cartilage degeneration progressed. CONCLUSIONS SR-OCSA could tomographically and nondestructively detect and visualize changes in the distribution of viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage in early osteoarthritis. The mechanical properties around the tidemark were degraded as cartilage degeneration progressed. Thus, SR-OCSA provides important data needed to understand the biomechanics of early osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikebuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Souichi Saeki
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Furukawa
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4 Ebinokuchi Tsuchiya, Yurihonjo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Niimi
- Nippon Sigmax Co. Ltd., 33rd Floor Shinjuku Oak Tower, 6-8-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163-6033, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsukahara
- Nippon Sigmax Co. Ltd., 33rd Floor Shinjuku Oak Tower, 6-8-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 163-6033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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38
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Dataset on equine cartilage near infrared spectra, composition, and functional properties. Sci Data 2019; 6:164. [PMID: 31471536 PMCID: PMC6717194 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a well-established technique that is widely employed in agriculture, chemometrics, and pharmaceutical engineering. Recently, the technique has shown potential in clinical orthopaedic applications, for example, assisting in the diagnosis of various knee-related diseases (e.g., osteoarthritis) and their pathologies. NIR spectroscopy (NIRS) could be especially useful for determining the integrity and condition of articular cartilage, as the current arthroscopic diagnostics is subjective and unreliable. In this work, we present an extensive dataset of NIRS measurements for evaluating the condition, mechanical properties, structure, and composition of equine articular cartilage. The dataset contains NIRS measurements from 869 different locations across the articular surfaces of five equine fetlock joints. A comprehensive library of reference values for each measurement location is also provided, including results from a mechanical indentation testing, digital densitometry imaging, polarized light microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The published data can either be used as a model of human cartilage or to advance equine veterinary research.
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Bascuñán AL, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:292. [PMID: 31555675 PMCID: PMC6727067 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large animal (non-rodent mammal) models are commonly used in ACL research, but no species is currently considered the gold standard. Important considerations when selecting a large animal model include anatomical differences, the natural course of ACL pathology in that species, and biomechanical differences between humans and the chosen model. This article summarizes recent reports related to anatomy, pathology, and biomechanics of the ACL for large animal species (dog, goat, sheep, pig, and rabbit) commonly used in ACL research. Each species has unique features and benefits as well as potential drawbacks, which are highlighted in this review. This information may be useful in the selection process when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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40
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Mustonen AM, Käkelä R, Finnilä MAJ, Sawatsky A, Korhonen RK, Saarakkala S, Herzog W, Paakkonen T, Nieminen P. Anterior cruciate ligament transection alters the n-3/n-6 fatty acid balance in the lapine infrapatellar fat pad. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:67. [PMID: 30885225 PMCID: PMC6421636 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of the knee joint has received lots of attention recently due to its emerging role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), where it displays an inflammatory phenotype. The aim of the present study was to examine the infrapatellar fatty acid (FA) composition in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) model of early OA created by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). Methods OA was induced randomly in the left or right knee joint of skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits by ACLT, while the contralateral knee was left intact. A separate group of unoperated rabbits served as controls. The IFP of the ACLT, contralateral, and control knees were harvested following euthanasia 2 or 8 weeks post-ACLT and their FA composition was determined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) ratio shifted in a pro-inflammatory direction after ACLT, already observed 2 weeks after the operation (0.20 ± 0.008 vs. 0.18 ± 0.009). At 8 weeks, the FA profile of the ACLT group was characterized with increased percentages of 20:4n-6 (0.44 ± 0.064 vs. 0.98 ± 0.339 mol-%) and 22:6n-3 (0.03 ± 0.014 vs. 0.07 ± 0.015 mol-%) and with decreased monounsaturated FA (MUFA) sums (37.19 ± 1.586 vs. 33.20 ± 1.068 mol-%) and n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios (0.20 ± 0.008 vs. 0.17 ± 0.008). The FA signature of the contralateral knees resembled that of the unoperated controls in most aspects, but had increased proportions of total n-3 PUFA and reduced MUFA sums. Conclusions These findings provide novel information on the effects of early OA on the infrapatellar FA profile in the rabbit ACLT model. The reduction in the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio of the IFP is in concordance with the inflammation and cartilage degradation in early OA and could contribute to disease pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1008-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tommi Paakkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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41
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Elastic, Viscoelastic and Fibril-Reinforced Poroelastic Material Properties of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Tibial Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:953-966. [PMID: 30690688 PMCID: PMC8494710 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage constituents (collagen, proteoglycans, fluid) are significantly altered during osteoarthritis (OA). A fibril-reinforced poroelastic (FRPE) material model can separate the contribution of each constituent on the mechanical response of cartilage. Yet, these properties and their OA related alterations are not known for human tibial cartilage. To answer this gap in the knowledge, we characterized the FRPE as well as elastic and viscoelastic properties of healthy and osteoarthritic human tibial cartilage. Tibial osteochondral explants (n = 27) harvested from 7 cadavers were mechanically tested in indentation followed by a quantification of elastic, viscoelastic and FRPE properties. Then they were histopathologically OARSI graded for the severity of OA. FRPE modeling revealed that non-fibrillar matrix modulus was higher in the healthy group compared to the early OA (p = 0.003) and advanced OA (p < 0.001) groups. The initial fibril network modulus was also higher in the healthy group compared to the early OA (p = 0.009) and advanced OA (p < 0.001) groups. The permeability correlated with the OARSI grade (p = 0.002, r = 0.56). For the first time, the FRPE properties were characterized for human tibial cartilage. This knowledge is crucial to improve the accuracy of computational knee joint models.
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42
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Ronkainen A, Tanska P, Fick J, Herzog W, Korhonen R. Interrelationship of cartilage composition and chondrocyte mechanics after a partial meniscectomy in the rabbit knee joint – Experimental and numerical analysis. J Biomech 2019; 83:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Effect of centrifugal force on the development of articular neocartilage with bovine primary chondrocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:629-639. [PMID: 30349935 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A lot has been invested into understanding how to assemble cartilage tissue in vitro and various designs have been developed to manufacture cartilage tissue with native-like biological properties. So far, no satisfactory design has been presented. Bovine primary chondrocytes are used to self-assemble scaffold-free constructs to investigate whether mechanical loading by centrifugal force would be useful in manufacturing cartilage tissue in vitro. Six million chondrocytes were laid on top of defatted bone disks placed inside an agarose well in 50-ml culture tubes. The constructs were centrifuged once or three times per day for 15 min at a centrifugal force of 771×g for up to 4 weeks. Control samples were cultured under the same conditions without exposure to centrifugation. The samples were analysed by (immuno)histochemistry, Fourier transform infrared imaging, micro-computed tomography, biochemical and gene expression analyses. Biomechanical testing was also performed. The centrifuged tissues had a more even surface covering a larger area of the bone disk. Fourier transform infrared imaging analysis indicated a higher concentration of collagen in the top and bottom edges in some of the centrifuged samples. Glycosaminoglycan contents increased along the culture, while collagen content remained at a rather constant level. Aggrecan and procollagen α1(II) gene expression levels had no significant differences, while procollagen α2(I) levels were increased significantly. Biomechanical analyses did not reveal remarkable changes. The centrifugation regimes lead to more uniform tissue constructs, whereas improved biological properties of the native tissue could not be obtained by centrifugation.
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44
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Intraarticular injection for rabbit knee osteoarthritis: effectiveness among hyaluronic acid, platelet-rich plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Mechanical alterations of the bone-cartilage unit in a rabbit model of early osteoarthrosis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 83:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Mononen ME, Tanska P, Isaksson H, Korhonen RK. New algorithm for simulation of proteoglycan loss and collagen degeneration in the knee joint: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1673-1683. [PMID: 29150953 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a harmful joint disease but prediction of disease progression is problematic. Currently, there is only one modeling framework which can be applied to predict the progression of knee osteoarthritis but it only considers degenerative changes in the collagen fibril network. Here, we have developed the framework further by considering all of the major tissue changes (proteoglycan content, fluid flow, and collagen fibril network) occurring in osteoarthritis. While excessive levels of tissue stresses controlled degeneration of the collagen fibril network, excessive levels of tissue strains controlled the decrease in proteoglycan content and the increase in permeability. We created four knee joint models with increasing degrees of complexity based on the depth-wise composition. Models were tested for normal and abnormal, physiologically relevant, loading conditions in the knee. Finally, the predicted depth-wise compositional changes from each model were compared against experimentally observed compositional changes in vitro. The model incorporating the typical depth-wise composition of cartilage produced the best match with experimental observations. Consistent with earlier in vitro experiments, this model simulated the greatest proteoglycan depletion in the superficial and middle zones, while the collagen fibril degeneration was located mostly in the superficial zone. The presented algorithm can be used for predicting simultaneous collagen degeneration and proteoglycan loss during the development of knee osteoarthritis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1673-1683, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika E Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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47
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Ojanen SP, Finnilä MAJ, Reunamo AE, Ronkainen AP, Mikkonen S, Herzog W, Saarakkala S, Korhonen RK. Site-specific glycosaminoglycan content is better maintained in the pericellular matrix than the extracellular matrix in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196203. [PMID: 29694389 PMCID: PMC5919041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the characteristics of early osteoarthritis (OA) is the loss of fixed charged density (FCD) of glycosaminoglycans in the superficial zone of articular cartilage. However, possible local changes in the FCD content of the pericellular matrix (PCM) are not fully understood. Hence, our aim was to investigate the effect of unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rabbit knees on estimated FCD in the PCM compared to that in the ECM, and relate these results with cell morphology. Methods Articular cartilage samples were collected from ACLT, contralateral and intact control knee joints from lateral and medial femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, and from the femoral groove and patella. Histological samples were prepared and stained with Safranin-O to estimate the FCD content around the chondrocytes in the PCM and the ECM with digital densitometry. Results As a result of ACLT, the greatest decreases in the FCD content of the PCM were observed in the superficial zone of the lateral femoral condyle (p = 0.02), medial tibial plateau (p = 0.002) and patellar (p < 0.001) cartilage. The normalized FCD content of the PCM compared to the surrounding ECM was increased most in the femoral condyles (p < 0.01) and medial tibial plateau (p = 0.02) cartilage. The high normalized FCD content of the PCM in the superficial zone of lateral femoral condyle cartilage was consistent with the round cell morphology in that location. Conclusions In conclusion, we suggest that certain sites in the knee joint, particularly the lateral femoral condyle cartilage, experience less FCD loss in the PCM than in the ECM in early post-traumatic OA, which could lead to altered cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo P. Ojanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikko A. J. Finnilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aino E. Reunamo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari P. Ronkainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, AB, Calgary, Canada
- Human performance laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, AB, Calgary, Canada
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Tong L, Hao Z, Wan C, Wen S. Detection of depth-depend changes in porcine cartilage after wear test using Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700217. [PMID: 29227045 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage damage and wear can lead to severe diseases, such as osteoarthritis, thus, many studies on the cartilage wear process have already been performed to better understand the cartilage wear mechanism. However, most characterization methods focus on the cartilage surface or the total wear extent. With the advantages of high spatial resolution and easy characterization, Raman microspectroscopy was employed for the first time to characterize full-depth changes in the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) after wear test. Sections from the cartilage samples after wear were compared with sections from the control group. Univariate and multivariate analyses both indicated that collagen content loss at certain depths (20%-30% relative to the cartilage surface) is possibly the dominating alteration during wear rather than changes in collagen fiber orientation or proteoglycan content. These findings are consistent with the observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy and histological staining. This study successfully used Raman microspectroscopy efficiently assess full-depth changes in cartilage ECM after wear test, thus providing new insight into cartilage damage and wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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49
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Mäkelä JTA, Cooper BG, Korhonen RK, Grinstaff MW, Snyder BD. Functional effects of an interpenetrating polymer network on articular cartilage mechanical properties. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:414-421. [PMID: 29326062 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depletion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and degradation of collagen network are early hallmarks of osteoarthritis (OA). Currently, there are no chondroprotective therapies that mitigate the loss of GAGs or effectively restore the collagen network. Recently, a novel polymeric cartilage supplement was described that forms a charged interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) reconstituting the hydrophilic properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To investigate the mechanism by which this hydrophilic IPN improves articular cartilage material properties, a finite element (FE) model is used to evaluate the IPN's effect on the fibrillar collagen network, nonfibrillar matrix, and interstitial fluid flow. METHODS Bovine osteochondral plugs were degraded with chondroitinase ABC to selectively decrease GAG content. Samples were mechanically tested before and after IPN treatment using unconfined testing geometry and stress-relaxation protocol. Every measurement was modeled separately using a fibril-reinforced poroviscoelastic FE model. Measurement replication was achieved by optimizing the following model parameters: initial and strain-dependent fibril network modulus (Ef0, Efε, respectively), nonfibrillar matrix modulus (Enf), initial permeability (k0) and strain-dependent permeability factor (M). RESULTS Based on the FE model results, treatment of native and GAG depleted cartilage with the hydrophilic IPN increases the ECM stiffness and impedes fluid flow. The IPN did not alter the stiffness of fibrillary network. Cartilage permeability and the strain-dependent permeability factor decreased with increasing IPN w/v%. CONCLUSIONS The IPN reconstitutes cartilage material properties primarily by augmenting the hydrophilic ECM. This reinforcement of the solid phase also affects the fluid phase reestablishing low permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T A Mäkelä
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B G Cooper
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - B D Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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50
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Han SK, Ronkainen AP, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Alterations in structural macromolecules and chondrocyte deformations in lapine retropatellar cartilage 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:342-350. [PMID: 28688215 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity and mechanical environment of the articular cartilage matrix directly affect chondrocyte deformations. Rabbit models of early osteoarthritis at 9 weeks following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) have been shown to alter the deformation behavior of superficial zone chondrocytes in mechanically loaded articular cartilage. However, it is not fully understood whether these changes in cell mechanics are caused by changes in structural macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the proteoglycan content, collagen content, and collagen orientation at 9 weeks post ACLT using microscopic techniques, and relate these changes to the altered cell mechanics observed upon mechanical loading of cartilage. At 9 weeks following ACLT, collagen orientation was significantly (p < 0.05) altered and proteoglycan content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the superficial zone cartilage matrix. These structural changes either in the extracellular or pericellular matrix (ECM and PCM) were also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with chondrocyte width and height changes, thereby suggesting that chondrocyte deformation response to mechanical compression in early OA changes primarily because of alterations in matrix structure. However, compared to the normal group, proteoglycan content in the PCM from the ACLT group decreased less than that in the surrounding ECM. Therefore, PCM could play a key role to protect excessive chondrocyte deformations in the ACLT group. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:342-350, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kuy Han
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Advanced Biomedical and Welfare Technology R&BD Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan-si, Korea
| | - Ari P Ronkainen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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