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Koh RH, Kim J, Kim JU, Kim SL, Rajendran AK, Lee SS, Lee H, Kim JH, Jeong JH, Hwang Y, Bae JW, Hwang NS. Bioceramic-mediated chondrocyte hypertrophy promotes calcified cartilage formation for rabbit osteochondral defect repair. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:306-317. [PMID: 38978806 PMCID: PMC11228467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue is a highly specialized and complex tissue composed of articular cartilage and subchondral bone that are separated by a calcified cartilage interface. Multilayered or gradient scaffolds, often in conjunction with stem cells and growth factors, have been developed to mimic the respective layers for osteochondral defect repair. In this study, we designed a hyaline cartilage-hypertrophic cartilage bilayer graft (RGD/RGDW) with chondrocytes. Previously, we demonstrated that RGD peptide-modified chondroitin sulfate cryogel (RGD group) is chondro-conductive and capable of hyaline cartilage formation. Here, we incorporated whitlockite (WH), a Mg2+-containing calcium phosphate, into RGD cryogel (RGDW group) to induce chondrocyte hypertrophy and form collagen X-rich hypertrophic cartilage. This is the first study to use WH to produce hypertrophic cartilage. Chondrocytes-laden RGDW cryogel exhibited significantly upregulated expression of hypertrophy markers in vitro and formed ectopic hypertrophic cartilage in vivo, which mineralized into calcified cartilage in bone microenvironment. Subsequently, RGD cryogel and RGDW cryogel were combined into bilayer (RGD/RGDW group) and implanted into rabbit osteochondral defect, where RGD layer supports hyaline cartilage regeneration and bioceramic-containing RGDW layer promotes calcified cartilage formation. While the RGD group (monolayer) formed hyaline-like neotissue that extends into the subchondral bone, the RGD/RGDW group (bilayer) regenerated hyaline cartilage tissue confined to its respective layer and promoted osseointegration for integrative defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Koh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Uk Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seunghyun L Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Arun Kumar Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Seunghun S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 10326, South Korea
| | - Heesoo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Jong Woo Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, 27376, South Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- BioMAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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2
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Dehghan-Baniani D, Mehrjou B, Chu PK, Lee WYW, Wu H. Recent Advances in "Functional Engineering of Articular Cartilage Zones by Polymeric Biomaterials Mediated with Physical, Mechanical, and Biological/Chemical Cues". Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202581. [PMID: 36571465 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) plays an unquestionable role in joint movements but unfortunately the healing capacity is restricted due to its avascular and acellular nature. While cartilage tissue engineering has been lifesaving, it is very challenging to remodel the complex cartilage composition and architecture with gradient physio-mechanical properties vital to proper tissue functions. To address these issues, a better understanding of the intrinsic AC properties and how cells respond to stimuli from the external microenvironment must be better understood. This is essential in order to take one step closer to producing functional cartilaginous constructs for clinical use. Recently, biopolymers have aroused much attention due to their versatility, processability, and flexibility because the properties can be tailored to match the requirements of AC. This review highlights polymeric scaffolds developed in the past decade for reconstruction of zonal AC layers including the superficial zone, middle zone, and deep zone by means of exogenous stimuli such as physical, mechanical, and biological/chemical signals. The mimicked properties are reviewed in terms of the biochemical composition and organization, cell fate (morphology, orientation, and differentiation), as well as mechanical properties and finally, the challenges and potential ways to tackle them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Dehghan-Baniani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk Wai Lee
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, CUHK InnoHK Centres, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zelinka A, Roelofs AJ, Kandel RA, De Bari C. Cellular therapy and tissue engineering for cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1547-1560. [PMID: 36150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) has limited capacity for repair. The first attempt to repair cartilage using tissue engineering was reported in 1977. Since then, cell-based interventions have entered clinical practice in orthopaedics, and several tissue engineering approaches to repair cartilage are in the translational pipeline towards clinical application. Classically, these involve a scaffold, substrate or matrix to provide structure, and cells such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells to generate the tissue. We discuss the advantages and drawbacks of the use of various cell types, natural and synthetic scaffolds, multiphasic or gradient-based scaffolds, and self-organizing or self-assembling scaffold-free systems, for the engineering of cartilage constructs. Several challenges persist including achieving zonal tissue organization and integration with the surrounding tissue upon implantation. Approaches to improve cartilage thickness, organization and mechanical properties include mechanical stimulation, culture under hypoxic conditions, and stimulation with growth factors or other macromolecules. In addition, advanced technologies such as bioreactors, biosensors and 3D bioprinting are actively being explored. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches will help improve and refine therapy development. Finally, we discuss recent studies of the intrinsic cellular and molecular mechanisms of cartilage repair that have identified novel signals and targets and are inspiring the development of molecular therapies to enhance the recruitment and cartilage reparative activity of joint-resident stem and progenitor cells. A one-fits-all solution is unrealistic, and identifying patients who will respond to a specific targeted treatment will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zelinka
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - A J Roelofs
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R A Kandel
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Dept. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - C De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Fu L, Zhao W, Zhang L, Gao C, Zhang X, Yang X, Cai Q. Mimicking osteochondral interface using pre-differentiated BMSCs/fibrous mesh complexes to promote tissue regeneration. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:2081-2103. [PMID: 35765951 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2096525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of osteochondral tissue requires the construction of implant with biomimetic gradients. Electrospun fibrous meshes with different designs provide the feasibility in arranging such a kind of gradient structure via layer-by-layer stacking. In this study, a kind of triphasic implant was constructed by layering pre-differentiated cell sheets, which were hold by electrospun poly(L-lactide)/gelatin (PLLA/Gel) fibrous meshes containing hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate for the cartilage layer or hydroxyapatite for the bone layer. As for the calcified interlayer, the bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) seeded on PLLA/Gel fibrous mesh was pre-differentiated with a mixed osteoinductive/chondroinductive (1:1) medium. With this gradient construct being implanted in rabbit knee osteochondral defect, it was found that both the cartilage and subchondral bone were regenerated effectively with reproduced tidal line structure. The importance of implants with biomimetic gradients for osteochondral defect repair was confirmed, and cell sheets on electrospun fibrous meshes were flexible for gradient structure construction via the layer-by-layer stacking technology. HighlightsComposite fibrous meshes with tissue-specific components are electrospun.Confluent BMSCs on fibrous meshes are chondrogenically or osteogenically induced.BMSCs hypertrophy is induced with the mixture of chondroinductive and osteoinductive medium.The pre-differentiated cell/mesh complexes are stacked layer-by-layer to form gradient construct.The gradient construct efficiently promotes osteochondral regeneration in rabbit joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chenyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Foshan (Southern China) Institute for New Materials, Foshan, P.R. China
| | - Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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5
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Choe R, Devoy E, Jabari E, Packer JD, Fisher JP. Biomechanical Aspects of Osteochondral Regeneration: Implications and Strategies for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:766-788. [PMID: 34409874 PMCID: PMC9419968 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is among the most prevalent of musculoskeletal disorders in the world that causes joint pain, deformity, and limited range of movement. The resulting osteochondral defect can significantly decrease the patient's quality of life, but current treatment options have not demonstrated the capacity to fully regenerate the entire osteochondral microenvironment. Structurally, the osteochondral unit is a composite system composed of three layers-articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone. Collectively these distinct layers contribute to the distinct biomechanical properties that maintain the health and aid in load transfer during joint articulation. The purpose of this review was to examine the role of the osteochondral interface in tissue engineering. Topics of discussion include the biomechanics of the osteochondral unit and an overview of various strategies for osteochondral interface tissue engineering, with a specific focus on three-dimensional bioprinting. The goal of this review was to elucidate the importance of the osteochondral interface and overview some strategies of developing an interface layer within tissue engineered scaffolds. Impact Statement This review provides an overview of interface tissue engineering for osteochondral regeneration. It offers a detailed investigation into the biomechanics of the osteochondral unit as it relates to tissue engineering, and highlights the strategies that have been utilized to develop the osteochondral interface within tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Choe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to: Robert Choe, DMD, MSc, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Eoin Devoy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Erfan Jabari
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Packer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John P. Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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6
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Cui X, Alcala-Orozco CR, Baer K, Li J, Murphy C, Durham M, Lindberg G, Hooper GJ, Lim K, Woodfield TBF. 3D bioassembly of cell-instructive chondrogenic and osteogenic hydrogel microspheres containing allogeneic stem cells for hybrid biofabrication of osteochondral constructs. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35344942 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac61a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently developed modular bioassembly techniques hold tremendous potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, due to their ability to recreate the complex microarchitecture of native tissue. Here, we developed a novel approach to fabricate hybrid tissue-engineered constructs adopting high-throughput microfluidic and 3D bioassembly strategies. Osteochondral tissue fabrication was adopted as an example in this study, because of the challenges in fabricating load bearing osteochondral tissue constructs with phenotypically distinct zonal architecture. By developing cell-instructive chondrogenic and osteogenic bioink microsphere modules in high-throughput, together with precise manipulation of the 3D bioassembly process, we successfully fabricated hybrid engineered osteochondral tissue in vitro with integrated but distinct cartilage and bone layers. Furthermore, by encapsulating allogeneic umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UCB-MSCs), and demonstrating chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation, the hybrid biofabrication of hydrogel microspheres in this 3D bioassembly model offers potential for an off-the-shelf, single-surgery strategy for osteochondral tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Cesar R Alcala-Orozco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Kenzie Baer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Jun Li
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, Christchurch, Canterbury, 8011, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Caroline Murphy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Mitch Durham
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Gabriella Lindberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Gary J Hooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8041, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Khoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Tim B F Woodfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Ave, Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND
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Xu G, Zhao Y, Geng Y, Cao S, Pan P, Wang J, Chen J. Nano-hybrid gradient scaffold for articular repair. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112116. [PMID: 34564039 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis disease can easily lead to articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone damage, so the demand for suitable articular substitutes is gradually increasing. In order to simulate the complex environment of different layers in natural joint, we fabricate the continuous one-phase gradient scaffold. In the study, CS (chitosan) was modified with SH (sodium hyaluronate) and GO (graphene oxide) to form the whole scaffold. nHAP (Nano-hydroxyapatite) was in situ generated with gradient distribution in the scaffold. Continuous interface can better imitate the combination style of cartilage and subchondral bone at joint. The diverseness of scaffold's different layer in water absorption/retention rate and mechanical property is similar to the difference of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Meanwhile, the cell experiments demonstrated that the bionic scaffold can well promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell. Articular defect model further confirmed that the scaffold can better induce articular regeneration. Herein, the prepared scaffold might be an excellent candidate for endogenous articular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China; College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yao Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yusheng Geng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Shujun Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Panpan Pan
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Jingdi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, PR China.
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Engineering large, anatomically shaped osteochondral constructs with robust interfacial shear properties. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:42. [PMID: 34362933 PMCID: PMC8346478 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of large (>5 cm2) articular cartilage defects involving underlying bone, current tissue-engineered therapies only address small defects. Tissue-engineered, anatomically shaped, native-like implants may address the need for off-the-shelf, tissue-repairing therapies for large cartilage lesions. This study fabricated an osteochondral construct of translationally relevant geometry with robust functional properties. Scaffold-free, self-assembled neocartilage served as the chondral phase, and porous hydroxyapatite served as the osseous phase of the osteochondral constructs. Constructs in the shape and size of an ovine femoral condyle (31 × 14 mm) were assembled at day 4 (early) or day 10 (late) of neocartilage maturation. Early osteochondral assembly increased the interfacial interdigitation depth by 244%, interdigitation frequency by 438%, interfacial shear modulus by 243-fold, and ultimate interfacial shear strength by 4.9-fold, compared to late assembly. Toward the development of a bioprosthesis for the repair of cartilage lesions encompassing up to an entire condylar surface, this study generated a large, anatomically shaped osteochondral construct with robust interfacial mechanical properties and native-like neocartilage interdigitation.
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Hall GN, Tam WL, Andrikopoulos KS, Casas-Fraile L, Voyiatzis GA, Geris L, Luyten FP, Papantoniou I. Patterned, organoid-based cartilaginous implants exhibit zone specific functionality forming osteochondral-like tissues in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120820. [PMID: 33872857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineered constructs have the potential to respond to the unmet medical need of treating deep osteochondral defects. However, current tissue engineering strategies struggle in the attempt to create patterned constructs with biologically distinct functionality. In this work, a developmentally-inspired modular approach is proposed, whereby distinct cartilaginous organoids are used as living building blocks. First, a hierarchical construct was created, composed of three layers of cartilaginous tissue intermediates derived from human periosteum-derived cells: (i) early (SOX9), (ii) mature (COL2) and (iii) (pre)hypertrophic (IHH, COLX) phenotype. Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice generated a hybrid tissue containing one mineralized and one non-mineralized part. However, the non-mineralized part was represented by a collagen type I positive fibrocartilage-like tissue. To engineer a more stable articular cartilage part, iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues (SOX9, COL2; IHH neg) were generated. Subcutaneous implantation of assembled iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues resulted in a homogenous cartilaginous tissue positive for collagen type II but negative for osteocalcin. Finally, iPSC-derived cartilage microtissues in combination with the pre-hypertrophic cartilage organoids (IHH, COLX) could form dual tissues consisting of i) a cartilaginous safranin O positive and ii) a bony osteocalcin positive region upon subcutaneous implantation, corresponding to the pre-engineered zonal pattern. The assembly of functional building blocks, as presented in this work, opens possibilities for the production of complex tissue engineered implants by embedding zone-specific functionality through the use of pre-programmed living building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wai Long Tam
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos S Andrikopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Patras, GR-265 00, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Leire Casas-Fraile
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - George A Voyiatzis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in Silico Medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de L'Hôpital 11 - BAT 34, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, PB 2419, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Stadiou, 26504, Platani, Patras, Greece.
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10
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Fu L, Zhang L, Zhang X, Chen L, Cai Q, Yang X. Roles of oxygen level and hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway in cartilage, bone and osteochondral tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:022006. [PMID: 33440367 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abdb73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The repair and treatment of articular cartilage injury is a huge challenge of orthopedics. Currently, most of the clinical methods applied in treating cartilage injuries are mainly to relieve pains rather than to cure them, while the strategy of tissue engineering is highly expected to achieve the successful repair of osteochondral defects. Clear understandings of the physiological structures and mechanical properties of cartilage, bone and osteochondral tissues have been established, but the understanding of their physiological heterogeneity still needs further investigation. Apart from the gradients in the micromorphology and composition of cartilage-to-bone extracellular matrixes, an oxygen gradient also exists in natural osteochondral tissue. The response of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated cells to oxygen would affect the differentiation of stem cells and the maturation of osteochondral tissue. This article reviews the roles of oxygen level and HIF signaling pathway in the development of articular cartilage tissue, and their prospective applications in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The strategies for regulating HIF signaling pathway and how these strategies finding their potential applications in the regeneration of integrated osteochondral tissue are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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Kisiday JD, Liebig BE, Goodrich LR. Adult ovine chondrocytes in expansion culture adopt progenitor cell properties that are favorable for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1996-2005. [PMID: 32222117 PMCID: PMC8442064 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human chondrocytes in expansion culture can become progenitor-like in their ability to proliferate extensively and secrete neocartilage in chondrogenic culture. Sheep are used as a large animal model for cartilage tissue engineering, although for testing progenitor-like chondrocytes it is important that ovine chondrocytes resemble human in the ability to adopt progenitor properties. Here, we investigate whether ovine chondrocytes can adopt progenitor properties as indicated by rapid proliferation in a colony-forming fashion, and high levels of neocartilage secretion in chondrogenic culture. In conditions known to promote expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells, ovine chondrocytes proliferated through approximately 12 population doublings in 10 days. Time-lapse imaging indicated rapid proliferation in a colony-forming pattern. Expanded ovine chondrocytes that were seeded into agarose and cultured in chondrogenic medium accumulated neocartilage over 2 weeks, to a greater extent than primary chondrocytes. These data confirm that ovine chondrocytes resemble human chondrocytes in their ability to acquire progenitor properties that are important for cartilage tissue engineering. Given the broad interest in using progenitor cells to heal connective tissues, next we compared proliferation and trilineage differentiation of ovine chondrocytes, meniscus cells, and tenocytes. Meniscus cells and tenocytes experienced more than 13 population doublings in 10 days. In chondrogenic culture, cartilage matrix accumulation, and gene expression were largely similar among the cell types. All cell types resisted osteogenesis, while expanded tenocytes and meniscal cells were capable of adipogenesis. While ovine connective tissue cells demonstrated limited lineage plasticity, these data support the potential to promote certain progenitor properties with expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Reserch CenterC. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Bethany E. Liebig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Reserch CenterC. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Reserch CenterC. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute Fort Collins Colorado
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12
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Chen J, Chin A, Almarza AJ, Taboas JM. Hydrogel to guide chondrogenesis versus osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells for fabrication of cartilaginous tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:045006. [PMID: 31470441 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab401f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ideal combination of hydrogel components for regeneration of cartilage and cartilaginous interfaces is a significant challenge because control over differentiation into multiple lineages is necessary. Stabilization of the phenotype of stem cell derived chondrocytes is needed to avoid undesired progression to terminal hypertrophy and tissue mineralization. A novel ternary blend hydrogel composed of methacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), gelatin, and heparin (PGH) was designed to guide chondrogenesis by bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and maintenance of their cartilaginous phenotype. The hydrogel material effects on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation by BMSCs were evaluated in comparison to methacrylated gelatin hydrogel (GEL), a conventional bioink used for both chondrogenic and osteogenic applications. PGH and GEL hydrogels were loaded with goat BMSCs and cultured in chondrogenic and osteogenic mediums in vitro over six weeks. The PGH showed no sign of mineral deposition in an osteogenic environment in vitro. To further evaluate material effects, the hydrogels were loaded with adult human BMSCs (hBMSCs) and transforming growth factor β-3 and grown in subcutaneous pockets in mice over eight weeks. Consistent with the in vitro results, the PGH had greater potential to induce chondrogenesis by BMSCs in vivo compared to the GEL as evidenced by elevated gene expression of chondrogenic markers, supporting its potential for stable cartilage engineering. The PGH also showed a greater percentage of GAG positive cells compared to the GEL. Unlike the GEL, the PGH hydrogel exhibited anti-osteogenic effects in vivo as evidenced by negative Von Kossa staining and suppressed gene expression of hypertrophic and osteogenic markers. By nature of their polymer composition alone, the PGH and GEL regulated BMSC differentiation down different osteochondral lineages. Thus, the PGH and GEL are promising hydrogels to regenerate stratified cartilaginous interfacial tissues in situ, such as the mandibular condyle surface, using undifferentiated BMSCs and a stratified scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Chen
- Department of Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America. Center for Craniofacial Regeneration; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
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13
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Gugjoo MB, Fazili MUR, Gayas MA, Ahmad RA, Dhama K. Animal mesenchymal stem cell research in cartilage regenerative medicine - a review. Vet Q 2020; 39:95-120. [PMID: 31291836 PMCID: PMC8923021 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2019.1643051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing of articular cartilage is a major clinical challenge as it also lacks a direct vasculature and nerves, and carries a limited number of resident chondrocytes that do not proliferate easily. Damaged articular cartilages are usually replaced by fibrocartilages, which are mechanically and structurally weaker and less resilient. Regenerative medicine involving stem cells is considered to have a definitive potential to overcome the limitations associated with the currently available surgical methods of cartilage repair. Among various stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are preferred for clinical applications. These cells can be readily derived from various sources and have the ability to trans-differentiate into various tissue-specific cells, including those of the cartilage by the process of chondrogenesis. Compared to embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), no ethical or teratogenic issues are associated with MSCs. These stem cells are being extensively evaluated for the treatment of joint affections and the results appear promising. Unlike human medicine, in veterinary medicine, the literature on stem cell research for cartilage regeneration is limited. This review, therefore, aims to comprehensively discuss the available literature and pinpoint the achievements and limitations associated with the use of MSCs for articular cartilage repair in animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raja Aijaz Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, FVSc and AH, SKUAST , Srinagar , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly, India
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14
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Kosik-Kozioł A, Costantini M, Mróz A, Idaszek J, Heljak M, Jaroszewicz J, Kijeńska E, Szöke K, Frerker N, Barbetta A, Brinchmann JE, Święszkowski W. 3D bioprinted hydrogel model incorporating β-tricalcium phosphate for calcified cartilage tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035016. [PMID: 30943457 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab15cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One promising strategy to reconstruct osteochondral defects relies on 3D bioprinted three-zonal structures comprised of hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone. So far, several studies have pursued the regeneration of either hyaline cartilage or bone in vitro while-despite its key role in the osteochondral region-only few of them have targeted the calcified layer. In this work, we present a 3D biomimetic hydrogel scaffold containing β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) for engineering calcified cartilage through a co-axial needle system implemented in extrusion-based bioprinting process. After a thorough bioink optimization, we showed that 0.5% w/v TCP is the optimal concentration forming stable scaffolds with high shape fidelity and endowed with biological properties relevant for the development of calcified cartilage. In particular, we investigate the effect induced by ceramic nano-particles over the differentiation capacity of bioprinted bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells in hydrogel scaffolds cultured up to 21 d in chondrogenic media. To confirm the potential of the presented approach to generate a functional in vitro model of calcified cartilage tissue, we evaluated quantitatively gene expression of relevant chondrogenic (COL1, COL2, COL10A1, ACAN) and osteogenic (ALPL, BGLAP) gene markers by means of RT-qPCR and qualitatively by means of fluorescence immunocytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kosik-Kozioł
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Wu Z, Lu H, Yao J, Zhang X, Huang Y, Ma S, Zou K, Wei Y, Yang Z, Li J, Zhao J. GABARAP promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-based the osteoarthritis cartilage regeneration through the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21014-21026. [PMID: 31020644 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the cartilage prevalent in the middle-aged and elderly demographic. Direct transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) or stem cell-derived chondrocytes into the damaged cartilage is a promising therapeutic strategy for OA, but is limited by the poor survival and in situ stability of the chondrocytes. Autophagy is a unique catabolic pathway conserved across eukaryotes that maintains cellular homeostasis, recycles damaged proteins and organelles, and promotes survival. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the proautophagic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) on the therapeutic effects of BMSCs-derived chondrocytes in a rat model of OA, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats to simulate OA, and the animals were injected weekly with recombinant human His6-GABARAP protein, BMSCs-derived differentiated chondrocytes (DCs) or their combination directly into the knee cartilage. The regenerative effects of GABARAP and/or DCs were determined in term of International Cartilage Repair Society scores and cartilage thickness. The combination treatment of DCs and GABARAP significantly increased the levels of the ECM proteins Col II and SOX9, indicating formation of hyaline-like cartilage, and decreased chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation. DCs + GABARAP treatment also upregulated the mediators of the autophagy pathway and suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, indicating a mechanistic basis of its therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yimei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shiting Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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16
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Gugjoo MB, Amarpal. Mesenchymal stem cell research in sheep: Current status and future prospects. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Graceffa V, Vinatier C, Guicheux J, Stoddart M, Alini M, Zeugolis DI. Chasing Chimeras - The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype. Biomaterials 2018; 192:199-225. [PMID: 30453216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The choice of the best-suited cell population for the regeneration of damaged or diseased cartilage depends on the effectiveness of culture conditions (e.g. media supplements, three-dimensional scaffolds, mechanical stimulation, oxygen tension, co-culture systems) to induce stable chondrogenic phenotype. Herein, advances and shortfalls in in vitro, preclinical and clinical setting of various in vitro microenvironment modulators on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype or directing stem cells towards chondrogenic lineage are critically discussed. Chondrocytes possess low isolation efficiency, limited proliferative potential and rapid phenotypic drift in culture. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively readily available, possess high proliferation potential, exhibit great chondrogenic differentiation capacity, but they tend to acquire a hypertrophic phenotype when exposed to chondrogenic stimuli. Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, despite their promising in vitro and preclinical data, are still under-investigated. Although a stable chondrogenic phenotype remains elusive, recent advances in in vitro microenvironment modulators are likely to develop clinically- and commercially-relevant therapies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Claire Vinatier
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Guicheux
- INSERMU1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), University of Nantes, UFR Odontologie & CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, 44042 Nantes, France
| | - Martin Stoddart
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Kunisch E, Knauf AK, Hesse E, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Bothe F, Diederichs S, Richter W. StarPEG/heparin-hydrogel based in vivo engineering of stable bizonal cartilage with a calcified bottom layer. Biofabrication 2018; 11:015001. [PMID: 30376451 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aae75a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Repaired cartilage tissue lacks the typical zonal structure of healthy native cartilage needed for appropriate function. Current grafts for treatment of full thickness cartilage defects focus primarily on a nonzonal design and this may be a reason why inferior nonzonal regeneration tissue developed in vivo. No biomaterial-based solutions have been developed so far to induce a proper zonal architecture into a non-mineralized and a calcified cartilage layer. The objective was to grow bizonal cartilage with a calcified cartilage bottom zone wherein main tissue development is occurring in vivo. We hypothesized that starPEG/heparin-hydrogel owing to the glycosaminoglycan heparin contained as a building-block would prevent mineralization of the upper cartilage zone and be beneficial in inhibiting long-term progression of calcified cartilage into bone. MSCs were pre-cultured as self-assembling non-mineralized cell discs before a chondrocyte-seeded fibrin- or starPEG/heparin-hydrogel layer was cast on top directly before ectopic implantation. Bizonal cartilage with a calcified bottom-layer developed in vivo showing stronger mineralization compared to in vitro samples, but the hydrogel strongly determined outcome. Zonal fibrin-constructs lost volume and allowed non-organized expansion of collagen type X, ALP-activity and mineralization from the bottom-layer into upper regions, whereas zonal starPEG/heparin-constructs were of stable architecture. While non-zonal MSCs-derived discs formed bone over 12 weeks, the starPEG/heparin-chondrocyte layer prevented further progression of calcified cartilage into bone tissue. Conclusively, starPEG/heparin-hydrogel-controlled and cell-type mediated spatiotemporal regulation allowed in vivo growth of bizonal cartilage with a stable calcified cartilage layer. Altogether our work is an important milestone encouraging direct in vivo growth of organized cartilage after biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kunisch
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Brown WE, Huey DJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Functional self-assembled neocartilage as part of a biphasic osteochondral construct. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195261. [PMID: 29634740 PMCID: PMC5892872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-to-bone integration can be obtained by osteoconductive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but cartilage-to-cartilage integration is notoriously difficult. Many cartilage repair therapies, including microfracture and mosaicplasty, capitalize on the reparative aspects of subchondral bone due to its resident population of stem cells and vascularity. A strategy of incorporating tissue engineered neocartilage into a ceramic to form an osteochondral construct may serve as a suitable alternative to achieve cartilage graft fixation. The use of a tissue engineered osteochondral construct to repair cartilage defects may also benefit from the ceramic’s proximity to underlying bone and abundant supply of progenitor cells and nutrients. The objective of the first study was to compare HAp and β-TCP ceramics, two widely used ceramics in bone regeneration, in terms of their ability to influence neocartilage interdigitation at an engineered osteochondral interface. Additional assays quantified ceramic pore size, porosity, and compressive strength. The compressive strength of HAp was six times higher than that of β-TCP due to differences in porosity and pore size, and HAp was thus carried forward in the second study as the composition with which to engineer an osteochondral construct. Importantly, it was shown that incorporation of the HAp ceramic in conjunction with the self-assembling process resulted in functionally viable neocartilage. For example, only collagen/dry weight and ultimate tensile strength of the chondral control constructs remained significantly greater than the neocartilage cut off the osteochondral constructs. By demonstrating that the functional properties of engineered neocartilage are not negatively affected by the inclusion of an HAp ceramic in culture, neocartilage engineering strategies may be directly applied to the formation of an osteochondral construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Huey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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20
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Sánchez-Téllez DA, Téllez-Jurado L, Rodríguez-Lorenzo LM. Hydrogels for Cartilage Regeneration, from Polysaccharides to Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E671. [PMID: 30965974 PMCID: PMC6418920 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this paper are: (1) to review the current state of the art in the field of cartilage substitution and regeneration; (2) to examine the patented biomaterials being used in preclinical and clinical stages; (3) to explore the potential of polymeric hydrogels for these applications and the reasons that hinder their clinical success. The studies about hydrogels used as potential biomaterials selected for this review are divided into the two major trends in tissue engineering: (1) the use of cell-free biomaterials; and (2) the use of cell seeded biomaterials. Preparation techniques and resulting hydrogel properties are also reviewed. More recent proposals, based on the combination of different polymers and the hybridization process to improve the properties of these materials, are also reviewed. The combination of elements such as scaffolds (cellular solids), matrices (hydrogel-based), growth factors and mechanical stimuli is needed to optimize properties of the required materials in order to facilitate tissue formation, cartilage regeneration and final clinical application. Polymer combinations and hybrids are the most promising materials for this application. Hybrid scaffolds may maximize cell growth and local tissue integration by forming cartilage-like tissue with biomimetic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Anahí Sánchez-Téllez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIQIE, Depto. Ing. en Metalurgia y Materiales, UPALM-Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico.
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Téllez-Jurado
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIQIE, Depto. Ing. en Metalurgia y Materiales, UPALM-Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico.
| | - Luís María Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department Polymeric Nanomaterials and Biomaterials, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Lee WD, Gawri R, Pilliar RM, Stanford WL, Kandel RA. Sol gel-derived hydroxyapatite films over porous calcium polyphosphate substrates for improved tissue engineering of osteochondral-like constructs. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:352-361. [PMID: 28818689 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Integration of in vitro-formed cartilage on a suitable substrate to form tissue-engineered implants for osteochondral defect repair is a considerable challenge. In healthy cartilage, a zone of calcified cartilage (ZCC) acts as an intermediary for mechanical force transfer from soft to hard tissue, as well as an effective interlocking structure to better resist interfacial shear forces. We have developed biphasic constructs that consist of scaffold-free cartilage tissue grown in vitro on, and interdigitated with, porous calcium polyphosphate (CPP) substrates. However, as CPP degrades, it releases inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) that can inhibit local mineralization, thereby preventing the formation of a ZCC at the interface. Thus, we hypothesize that coating CPP substrate with a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) might prevent or limit this polyP release. To investigate this we tested both inorganic or organic sol-gel processing methods, asa barrier coating on CPP substrate to inhibit polyP release. Both types of coating supported the formation of ZCC in direct contact with the substrate, however the ZCC appeared more continuous in the tissue formed on the organic HA sol gel coated CPP. Tissues formed on coated substrates accumulated comparable quantities of extracellular matrix and mineral, but tissues formed on organic sol-gel (OSG)-coated substrates accumulated less polyP than tissues formed on inorganic sol-gel (ISG)-coated substrates. Constructs formed with OSG-coated CPP substrates had greater interfacial shear strength than those formed with ISG-coated and non-coated substrates. These results suggest that the OSG coating method can modify the location and distribution of ZCC and can be used to improve the mechanical integrity of tissue-engineered constructs formed on porous CPP substrates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Articular cartilage interfaces with bone through a zone of calcified cartilage. This study describes a method to generate an "osteochondral-like" implant that mimics this organization using isolated deep zone cartilage cells and a sol-gel hydroxyapatite coated bone substitute material composed of calcium polyphosphate (CPP). Developing a layer of calcified cartilage at the interface should contribute to enhancing the success of this "osteochondral-like" construct following implantation to repair cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitaik David Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Rahul Gawri
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Robert M Pilliar
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511., Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rita A Kandel
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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22
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Shi WJ, Tjoumakaris FP, Lendner M, Freedman KB. Biologic injections for osteoarthritis and articular cartilage damage: can we modify disease? PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2017; 45:203-223. [PMID: 28719231 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2017.1357421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present investigation is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to review the clinical results of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cell treatments (MSC) (biologics) for articular cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis of the knee. METHODS A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was performed to identify studies involving biologic therapy for osteoarthritis or osteochondral defects. Only Level I-III clinical trials with at least 3-month follow-up were included. Outcome data was gathered on any patient-completed surveys, 2nd look arthroscopy, follow-up imaging, biopsy/histology results, and any adverse effects of treatment. RESULTS Thirty-three articles met our inclusion criteria. There was a total of 21 PRP studies in the study. All PRP studies showed clinical improvement with PRP therapies in outcomes surveys measuring patient satisfaction, pain, and function. Two studies reported no significant difference in improvement compared to hyaluronic acid (HA). Similarly, the 7/9 MSC studies showed improvement. One study found BM-MSC implantation was not significantly superior to matrix assisted chondrocyte implantation (MACI), while one reported peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) did not significantly improve outcomes over HA. Of the three studies looking at a combination of MSC/PRP, two found MSC/PRP combination did not improve outcomes compared to MSC or PRP therapy alone. The one PRP study that had a 2nd look arthroscopy reported increases cartilage regeneration with PRP. All 8 MSC studies with follow-up MRI and all 7 MSC studies with 2nd look arthroscopy showed improvement in cartilage regeneration in terms of coverage, fill of the defect, and/or firmness of the new cartilage. CONCLUSION Current data suggests that, of the two treatments, MSC provides more significant disease modifying effect; however, further research needs to be done to compare these two treatments and determine if there is a synergetic effect when combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong J Shi
- a Department of Sports Medicine Orthopaedics , Rothman Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Fotios P Tjoumakaris
- a Department of Sports Medicine Orthopaedics , Rothman Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Mayan Lendner
- a Department of Sports Medicine Orthopaedics , Rothman Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Kevin B Freedman
- a Department of Sports Medicine Orthopaedics , Rothman Institute , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Recapitulation of physiological spatiotemporal signals promotes in vitro formation of phenotypically stable human articular cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2556-2561. [PMID: 28228529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611771114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard isotropic culture fails to recapitulate the spatiotemporal gradients present during native development. Cartilage grown from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is poorly organized and unstable in vivo. We report that human cartilage with physiologic organization and in vivo stability can be grown in vitro from self-assembling hMSCs by implementing spatiotemporal regulation during induction. Self-assembling hMSCs formed cartilage discs in Transwell inserts following isotropic chondrogenic induction with transforming growth factor β to set up a dual-compartment culture. Following a switch in the basal compartment to a hypertrophic regimen with thyroxine, the cartilage discs underwent progressive deep-zone hypertrophy and mineralization. Concurrent chondrogenic induction in the apical compartment enabled the maintenance of functional and hyaline cartilage. Cartilage homeostasis, chondrocyte maturation, and terminal differentiation markers were all up-regulated versus isotropic control groups. We assessed the in vivo stability of the cartilage formed under different induction regimens. Cartilage formed under spatiotemporal regulation in vitro resisted endochondral ossification, retained the expression of cartilage markers, and remained organized following s.c. implantation in immunocompromised mice. In contrast, the isotropic control groups underwent endochondral ossification. Cartilage formed from hMSCs remained stable and organized in vivo. Spatiotemporal regulation during induction in vitro recapitulated some aspects of native cartilage development, and potentiated the maturation of self-assembling hMSCs into stable and organized cartilage resembling the native articular cartilage.
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Shalumon KT, Sheu C, Fong YT, Liao HT, Chen JP. Microsphere-Based Hierarchically Juxtapositioned Biphasic Scaffolds Prepared from Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) and Nanohydroxyapatite for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E429. [PMID: 30974705 PMCID: PMC6431887 DOI: 10.3390/polym8120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to prepare biphasic osteochondral scaffolds based on seamless joining of sintered polymer and polymer/ceramic microspheres for co-culture of chondrocytes and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microspheres and 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP)-incorporated PLGA (PGA/nHAP) microspheres were prepared through the oil-in-water precipitation method. Virgin (V) and composite (C) scaffolds were prepared from 250⁻500 µm PLGA and PLGA/nHAP microspheres, respectively, while osteochondral (OC) scaffolds were fabricated through the combination of V and C scaffolds. Physico-chemical properties of scaffolds were characterized through microscopic-spectroscopic evaluations. The effect of nHAP in scaffolds was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical testing, while surface hydrophobicity was tested through contact angle measurements. Rabbit chondrocytes and BMSCs were used for cell culture, and cell morphology and proliferation were determined from SEM and DNA assays. Alizarin red and Alcian blue stains were used to identify the in vitro bone and cartilage tissue-specific regeneration, while cetylpyridinium chloride was used to quantitatively estimate calcium in mineralized bone. For co-culture in OC scaffolds, BMSCs were first seeded in the bone part of the scaffold and cultured in osteogenic medium, followed by seeding chondrocytes in the cartilage part, and cultured in chondrocyte medium. High cell viability was confirmed from the Live/Dead assays. Actin cytoskeleton organization obtained by DAPI-phalloidin staining revealed proper organization of chondrocytes and BMSCs in OC scaffolds. Immunofluorescent staining of bone (type I collagen and osteocalcin (OCN)) and cartilage marker proteins (type II collagen (COL II)) confirmed cellular behavior of osteoblasts and chondrocytes in vitro. Using an ectopic osteochondral defect model by subcutaneous implantation of co-cultured OC scaffolds in nude mice confirmed cell proliferation and tissue development from gross view and SEM observation. IF staining of OCN and COL II in the bone and cartilage parts of OC scaffolds and tissue-specific histological analysis exhibited a time-dependent tissue re-modeling and confirmed the potential application of the biphasic scaffold in osteochondral tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Shalumon
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chialin Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Yi Teng Fong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Tsung Liao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry and Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
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Gadjanski I, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Challenges in engineering osteochondral tissue grafts with hierarchical structures. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1583-99. [PMID: 26195329 PMCID: PMC4628577 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major hurdle in treating osteochondral (OC) defects is the different healing abilities of two types of tissues involved - articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Biomimetic approaches to OC-construct engineering, based on recapitulation of biological principles of tissue development and regeneration, have potential for providing new treatments and advancing fundamental studies of OC tissue repair. AREAS COVERED This review on state of the art in hierarchical OC tissue graft engineering is focused on tissue engineering approaches designed to recapitulate the native milieu of cartilage and bone development. These biomimetic systems are discussed with relevance to bioreactor cultivation of clinically sized, anatomically shaped human cartilage/bone constructs with physiologic stratification and mechanical properties. The utility of engineered OC tissue constructs is evaluated for their use as grafts in regenerative medicine, and as high-fidelity models in biological research. EXPERT OPINION A major challenge in engineering OC tissues is to generate a functionally integrated stratified cartilage-bone structure starting from one single population of mesenchymal cells, while incorporating perfusable vasculature into the bone, and in bone-cartilage interface. To this end, new generations of advanced scaffolds and bioreactors, implementation of mechanical loading regimens and harnessing of inflammatory responses of the host will likely drive the further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Center for Bioengineering – BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia, Tel: +381 64 083 58 62, Fax: +381 11 203 06 28,
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Columbia University, 622 west 168th Street, VC12-234, New York NY 10032, USA, tel: +1-212-305-2304, fax: +1-212-305-4692,
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