1
|
Brown WE, Lavernia L, Bielajew BJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Human nasal cartilage: Functional properties and structure-function relationships for the development of tissue engineering design criteria. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:113-124. [PMID: 37454708 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nose reconstruction often requires scarce cartilage grafts. Nasal cartilage properties must be determined to serve as design criteria for engineering grafts. Thus, mechanical and biochemical properties were obtained in multiple locations of human nasal septum, upper lateral cartilage (ULC), and lower lateral cartilage (LLC). Within each region, no statistical differences among locations were detected, but anisotropy at some septum locations was noted. In the LLC, the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in the inferior-superior direction were statistically greater than in the anterior-posterior direction. Cartilage from all regions exhibited hyperelasticity in tension, but regions varied in degree of hyalinicity (i.e., Col II:Col I ratio). The septum contained the most collagen II and least collagen I and III, making it more hyaline than the ULC and LLC. The septum had a greater aggregate modulus, UTS, and lower total collagen/wet weight (Col/WW) than the ULC and LLC. The ULC had greater tensile modulus, DNA/WW, and lower glycosaminoglycan/WW than the septum and LLC. The ULC had a greater pyridinoline/Col than the septum. Histological staining suggested the presence of chondrons in all regions. In the ULC and LLC, tensile modulus correlated with total collagen content, while aggregate modulus correlated with pyridinoline content and weakly with pentosidine content. However, future studies should be performed to validate these proposed structure-function relationships. This study of human nasal cartilage provides 1) crucial design criteria for nasal cartilage tissue engineering efforts, 2) quantification of major and minor collagen subtypes and crosslinks, and 3) structure-function relationships. Surprisingly, the large mechanical properties found, particularly in the septum, suggests that nasal cartilage may experience higher-than-expected mechanical loads. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While tissue engineering holds promise to generate much-needed cartilage grafts for nasal reconstruction, little is known about nasal cartilage from an engineering perspective. In this study, the mechanical and biochemical properties of the septum, upper lateral cartilage (ULC), and lower lateral cartilage (LLC) were evaluated using cartilage-specific methods. For the first time in this tissue, all major and minor collagens and collagen crosslinks were measured, demonstrating that the septum was more hyaline than the ULC and LLC. Additionally, new structure-function relationships in the ULC and LLC were identified. This study greatly expands upon the quantitative understanding of human nasal cartilage and provides crucial engineering design criteria for much-needed nasal cartilage tissue engineering efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Laura Lavernia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holdorf HT, Kendall SJ, Ruh KE, Caputo MJ, Combs GJ, Henisz SJ, Brown WE, Bresolin T, Ferreira REP, Dorea JRR, White HM. Increasing the prepartum dose of rumen-protected choline: Effects on milk production and metabolism in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5988-6004. [PMID: 37225582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peripartum rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation is beneficial for cow health and production, yet the optimal dose is unknown. In vivo and in vitro supplementation of choline modulates hepatic lipid, glucose, and methyl donor metabolism. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of increasing the dose of prepartum RPC supplementation on milk production and blood biomarkers. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 116) were randomly assigned to one of 4 prepartum choline treatments that were fed from -21 d relative to calving (DRTC) until calving. From calving until +21 DRTC, cows were fed diets targeting 0 g/d choline ion (control, CTL) or the recommended dose (15 g/d choline ion; RD) of the same RPC product that they were fed prepartum. The resulting treatments targeted: (1) 0 g/d pre- and postpartum [0.0 ± 0.000 choline ion, percent of dry matter (%DM); CTL]; (2) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from an established product (prepartum: 0.10 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; RPC1RD▸RD); (3) 15 g/d pre- and postpartum of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (prepartum: 0.09 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; RPC2, Balchem Corp.; RPC2RD▸RD); or (4) 22 g/d prepartum and 15 g/d postpartum from RPC2 [prepartum: 0.13 ± 0.005 choline ion, %DM; postpartum: 0.05 ± 0.003 choline ion, %DM; high prepartum dose (HD), RPC2HD▸RD]. Treatments were mixed into a total mixed ration, and cows had ad libitum access via a roughage intake control system (Hokofarm Group). From calving to +21 DRTC, all cows were fed a common base diet and treatments were mixed into the total mixed ration (supplementation period, SP). Thereafter, all cows were fed a common diet (0 g/d choline ion) until +100 DRTC (postsupplementation period, postSP). Milk yield was recorded daily and composition analyzed weekly. Blood samples were obtained via tail vessel upon enrollment, approximately every other day from -7 to +21 DRTC, and at +56 and +100 DRTC. Feeding any RPC treatment reduced prepartum dry matter intake compared with CTL. During the SP, no evidence for a treatment effect on energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield was found, but during the postSP, RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase ECM, protein, and fat yields. During the postSP, the RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD treatments tended to increase, and RPC2HD▸RD increased, the de novo proportion of total milk fatty acids. During the early lactation SP, RPC2HD▸RD tended to increase plasma fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and RPC1RD▸RD and RPC2RD▸RD reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations compared with CTL. The RPC2HD▸RD treatment reduced early lactation serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein compared with CTL. Overall, peripartum RPC supplementation at the recommended dose tended to increase ECM yield postSP, but no evidence was seen of an additional benefit on milk production with an increased prepartum dose of choline ion. The effects of RPC on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers support the potential for RPC supplementation to affect transition cow metabolism and health and may support the production gains observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Holdorf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K E Ruh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M J Caputo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G J Combs
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Henisz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - T Bresolin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - R E P Ferreira
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J R R Dorea
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Holdorf HT, Brown WE, Combs GJ, Henisz SJ, Kendall SJ, Caputo MJ, Ruh KE, White HM. Increasing the prepartum dose of rumen-protected choline: Effects of maternal choline supplementation on growth, feed efficiency, and metabolism in Holstein and Holstein × Angus calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6005-6027. [PMID: 37500446 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Feeding pregnant cows rumen-protected choline (RPC) may have the potential to affect the growth and health of offspring, but little is known about the optimal dose, or the potential mechanisms of action. The objectives of this experiment were to 1) determine if increasing RPC supplementation during late gestation in multiparous Holstein cows would improve calf growth and 2) determine if maternal choline supplementation alters global DNA methylation patterns. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows (n = 116) were randomly assigned to diets targeting 0g choline ion (0.0 ± 0.000 choline ion, %DM, control; CTL), 15g of choline ion (recommended dose; RD) from an established RPC product (0.10 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM, RPC1RD; ReaShure, Balchem Corp.; positive control), or 15g (0.09 ± 0.004 choline ion, %DM, RPC2RD) or 22g (0.13 ± 0.005 choline ion, %DM, high dose; RPC2HD) of choline ion from a concentrated RPC prototype (RPC2; Balchem Corp.). Treatments were mixed into a total mixed ration and cows had ad libitum access via a roughage intake control system (Hokofarm Group, Marknesse, Netherlands). All female Holstein (n = 49) and Holstein × Angus calves (male, n = 18; female, n = 30) were enrolled and fed colostrum from a cow within the same treatment. Holstein calves and Holstein × Angus calves were fed an accelerated and traditional milk replacer program, respectively, and offered ad libitum access to calf starter. Jugular vein blood samples were collected, and body weight was measured at 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d of age. Categorical treatment and continuous effects of actual prepartum maternal choline ion intake were analyzed using mixed effect models. An interaction of treatment with sex, nested within breed, resulted in any choline treatment increasing the proportion of methylated whole blood DNA in male, but not female calves. Although 37% of Holstein calves across all treatments experienced abomasal bloat, no evidence for differences in health measurements (signs of respiratory disease and fecal consistency) were observed across treatments. During the first 2 wk of life in Holstein calves, RPC2HD tended to increase average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) compared with CTL and increasing maternal choline ion intake linearly increased ADG and FE. Maternal choline supplementation increased plasma glucose compared with CTL, while increasing serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and decreasing serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein at 7 d of age in Holstein calves. In Holstein × Angus calves, the effect of treatment on ADG tended to interact with sex: in males, RPC2HD increased ADG after 2 wk of life compared with CTL, without evidence of a treatment effect in female calves. Increasing maternal choline ion intake linearly increased ADG after 2 wk of age in male Holstein × Angus calves, while quadratically increasing FE in both sexes. Altered global DNA methylation patterns in male Holstein × Angus calves, and changes in blood metabolites in Holstein calves, provide 2 potential mechanisms for observed improvements in calf growth. Continuous treatment models demonstrated that the effects of maternal choline supplementation are sensitive to the amount of maternal choline ion intake, with greater benefit to calves observed at higher maternal intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Holdorf
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G J Combs
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Henisz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - S J Kendall
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - M J Caputo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - K E Ruh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - H M White
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Callan KT, Otarola G, Brown WE, Athanasiou KA, Wang D. The Longer-Term Effects of a Single Bupivacaine Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of Native Cartilage Explants. Cartilage 2023:19476035231164751. [PMID: 36992533 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231164751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of a single exposure of bupivacaine on the mechanical properties of bovine cartilage explants at 3 weeks. DESIGN Femoral condyle articular cartilage explants were aseptically harvested from juvenile bovine stifle joints before being exposed to chondrogenic medium containing 0.50% (wt/vol) bupivacaine, 0.25% (wt/vol) bupivacaine, or no medication (control) for 1 hour. Explants were then washed and maintained in culture in vitro for 3 weeks before testing. Cell viability, tensile and compressive mechanical properties, histological properties, and biochemical properties were then assessed. RESULTS Explants exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in mean tensile Young's modulus with increasing bupivacaine concentration (9.86 MPa in the controls, 6.48 MPa in the 0.25% bupivacaine group [P = 0.048], and 4.72 MPa in the 0.50% bupivacaine group [P = 0.005]). Consistent with these results, collagen content and collagen crosslinking decreased with bupivacaine exposure as measured by mass spectrometry. Compressive properties of the explants were unaffected by bupivacaine exposure. Explants also exhibited a trend toward dose-dependent decreases in viability (51.2% for the controls, 47.3% for the 0.25% bupivacaine-exposed group, and 37.0% for the 0.50% bupivacaine-exposed group [P = 0.072]). CONCLUSIONS Three weeks after 1-hour bupivacaine exposure, the tensile properties of bovine cartilage explants were significantly decreased, while the compressive properties remained unaffected. These decreases in tensile properties corresponded with reductions in collagen content and crosslinking of collagen fibers. Physicians should be judicious regarding the intra-articular administration of bupivacaine in native joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie T Callan
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gaston Otarola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amirhekmat A, Brown WE, Salinas EY, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA, Wang D. Mechanical Evaluation of Commercially Available Fibrin Sealants for Cartilage Repair. Cartilage 2023:19476035231163273. [PMID: 36974340 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231163273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrin sealants are routinely used for intra-articular surgical fixation of cartilage fragments and implants. However, the mechanical properties of fibrin sealants in the context of cartilage repair are unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the adhesive and frictional properties of fibrin sealants using an ex vivo model. DESIGN Native bovine cartilage-bone composites were assembled with a single application of Tisseel or Vistaseal. Composites were tested in tension and lap shear. In addition, the coefficient of friction (COF) was measured in a native cartilage annulus model alone and with minced cartilage. Finally, the effect of a double application of fibrin sealant was evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences in tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), shear modulus, or ultimate shear strength (USS) between the 2 fibrin sealants. Both fibrin sealants demonstrated a UTS and USS of <8 and <30 kPa, respectively. There were no differences in COF between the sealants when tested alone or with minced cartilage. A double application of fibrin sealant did not alter the mechanical properties compared with a single application of fibrin sealant. CONCLUSIONS Fibrin sealant adhesive properties are not affected by the sealant type studied or the number of applications in a bovine cartilage-bone model. Fibrin sealant tribological properties are not affected by sealant type or the addition of minced cartilage. The adhesive properties of Tisseel and Vistaseal were less than those desired for the in vivo fixation of cartilage repair implants. These findings motivate the development of an improved cartilage-specific adhesive for cartilage repair applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arya Amirhekmat
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Evelia Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bougouin A, Hristov A, Dijkstra J, Aguerre MJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Arndt C, Bannink A, Bayat AR, Benchaar C, Boland T, Brown WE, Crompton LA, Dehareng F, Dufrasne I, Eugène M, Froidmont E, van Gastelen S, Garnsworthy PC, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Herremans S, Huhtanen P, Johansen M, Kidane A, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Lessire F, Lund P, Minnée EMK, Muñoz C, Niu M, Nozière P, Pacheco D, Prestløkken E, Reynolds CK, Schwarm A, Spek JW, Terranova M, Vanhatalo A, Wattiaux MA, Weisbjerg MR, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Yu Z, Kebreab E. Prediction of nitrogen excretion from data on dairy cows fed a wide range of diets compiled in an intercontinental database: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7462-7481. [PMID: 35931475 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manure nitrogen (N) from cattle contributes to nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions and nitrate leaching. Measurement of manure N outputs on dairy farms is laborious, expensive, and impractical at large scales; therefore, models are needed to predict N excreted in urine and feces. Building robust prediction models requires extensive data from animals under different management systems worldwide. Thus, the study objectives were (1) to collate an international database of N excretion in feces and urine based on individual lactating dairy cow data from different continents; (2) to determine the suitability of key variables for predicting fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion; and (3) to develop robust and reliable N excretion prediction models based on individual data from lactating dairy cows consuming various diets. A raw data set was created based on 5,483 individual cow observations, with 5,420 fecal N excretion and 3,621 urine N excretion measurements collected from 162 in vivo experiments conducted by 22 research institutes mostly located in Europe (n = 14) and North America (n = 5). A sequential approach was taken in developing models with increasing complexity by incrementally adding variables that had a significant individual effect on fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion. Nitrogen excretion was predicted by fitting linear mixed models including experiment as a random effect. Simple models requiring dry matter intake (DMI) or N intake performed better for predicting fecal N excretion than simple models using diet nutrient composition or milk performance parameters. Simple models based on N intake performed better for urinary and total manure N excretion than those based on DMI, but simple models using milk urea N (MUN) and N intake performed even better for urinary N excretion. The full model predicting fecal N excretion had similar performance to simple models based on DMI but included several independent variables (DMI, diet crude protein content, diet neutral detergent fiber content, milk protein), depending on the location, and had root mean square prediction errors as a fraction of the observed mean values of 19.1% for intercontinental, 19.8% for European, and 17.7% for North American data sets. Complex total manure N excretion models based on N intake and MUN led to prediction errors of about 13.0% to 14.0%, which were comparable to models based on N intake alone. Intercepts and slopes of variables in optimal prediction equations developed on intercontinental, European, and North American bases differed from each other, and therefore region-specific models are preferred to predict N excretion. In conclusion, region-specific models that include information on DMI or N intake and MUN are required for good prediction of fecal, urinary, and total manure N excretion. In absence of intake data, region-specific complex equations using easily and routinely measured variables to predict fecal, urinary, or total manure N excretion may be used, but these equations have lower performance than equations based on intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bougouin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616.
| | - A Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16803
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M J Aguerre
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - S Ahvenjärvi
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Arndt
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A R Bayat
- Animal Nutrition, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - C Benchaar
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - T Boland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205; Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - L A Crompton
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - F Dehareng
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - I Dufrasne
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Eugène
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - E Froidmont
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - S van Gastelen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P C Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Herremans
- Department of Valorisation of Agricultural Products, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Science for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A Kidane
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - M Kreuzer
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Kuhla
- Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Dummerstorf, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - F Lessire
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - E M K Minnée
- DairyNZ Ltd., Private Bag 3221, Hamilton, New Zealand 3240
| | - C Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA Remehue, Ruta 5 S, Osorno, Chile
| | - M Niu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Nozière
- INRAE - Université Clermont Auvergne - VetAgroSup UMR 1213 Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores, Centre de recherche Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - D Pacheco
- Ag Research, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - E Prestløkken
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - C K Reynolds
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - A Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - J W Spek
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Terranova
- AgroVet-Strickhof, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706-1205
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Dk-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Estación Experimental del Zaidin, CSIC, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - E Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Suppression of appetite, or hypophagia, is among the most recognizable effects of disease in livestock, with the potential to impair growth, reproduction, and lactation. The continued evolution of the field of immunology has led to a greater understanding of the immune and endocrine signaling networks underlying this conserved response to disease. Inflammatory mediators, especially including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, are likely pivotal to disease-induced hypophagia, based on findings in both rodents and cattle. However, the specific mechanisms linking a cytokine surge to decreased feeding behavior are more difficult to pin down and likely include direct effects on appetite centers in the brain, alteration of gastric motility, and modulation of other endocrine factors that influence appetite and satiety. These insights into the mechanisms for disease-induced hypophagia have great relevance for management of neonatal calves, mature cows transitioning to lactation, and cows experiencing mastitis; however, it is not necessarily the case that increasing feed intake by any means possible will improve health outcomes for diseased cattle. We explore conflicting effects of hypophagia on immune responses, which may be impaired by the lack of specific substrates, versus apparent benefits for controlling the growth of some pathogens. Anti-inflammatory strategies have shown promise for promoting recovery of feed intake following some conditions but not others. Finally, we explore the potential for early disease detection through automated monitoring of feeding behavior and consider which strategies may be implemented to respond to early hypophagia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oyadomari S, Brown WE, Kwon H, Otarola G, Link JM, Athanasiou KA, Wang D. In Vitro Effects of Bupivacaine on the Viability and Mechanics of Native and Engineered Cartilage Grafts. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:1305-1312. [PMID: 33667144 DOI: 10.1177/0363546521995184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the toxic effects of bupivacaine on chondrocyte monolayer culture have been well described, its cellular and mechanical effects on native and engineered articular cartilage remain unclear. For the repair of articular cartilage defects, fresh autologous and allogenic cartilage grafts are commonly used, and engineered cell-based therapies are emerging. The outcome of grafting therapies aimed at repairing damaged cartilage relies largely on maintaining proper viability and mechanical suitability of the donor tissues. PURPOSE To investigate the in vitro effects of single bupivacaine exposure on the viability and mechanics of 2 cartilage graft types: native articular cartilage and engineered neocartilage. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Articular cartilage explants were harvested from the bovine stifle femoral condyles, and neocartilage constructs were engineered from bovine stifle chondrocytes using the self-assembling process, a scaffold-free approach to engineer cartilage tissue. Both explants and neocartilage were exposed to chondrogenic medium containing a clinically applicable bolus of 0.5%, 0.25%, or 0% (control) bupivacaine for 1 hour, followed by fresh medium wash and exchange. Cell viability and matrix content (collagen and glycosaminoglycan) were assessed at t = 24 hours after treatment, and compressive mechanical properties were assessed with creep indentation testing at t = 5 to 6 days after treatment. RESULTS Single bupivacaine exposure was chondrotoxic in both explants and neocartilage, with 0.5% bupivacaine causing a significant decrease in chondrocyte viability compared with the control condition (55.0% ± 13.4% vs 71.9% ± 13.5%; P < .001). Bupivacaine had no significant effect on matrix content for either tissue type. There was significant weakening of the mechanical properties in the neocartilage when treated with 0.5% bupivacaine compared with control, with decreased aggregate modulus (415.8 ± 155.1 vs 660.3 ± 145.8 kPa; P = .003), decreased shear modulus (143.2 ± 14.0 vs 266.5 ± 89.2 kPa; P = .002), and increased permeability (14.7 ± 8.1 vs 6.6 ± 1.7 × 10-15 m4/Ns; P = .009). Bupivacaine exposure did not have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of native cartilage explants. CONCLUSION Single bupivacaine exposure resulted in significant chondrotoxicity in native explants and neocartilage and significant weakening of mechanical properties of neocartilage. The presence of abundant extracellular matrix does not appear to confer any additional resistance to the toxic effects of bupivacaine. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians should be judicious regarding the use of intra-articular bupivacaine in the setting of articular cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Oyadomari
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gaston Otarola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jarrett M Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang D, Cubberly M, Brown WE, Kwon H, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Diagnostic Arthroscopy of the Minipig Stifle (Knee) for Translational Large Animal Research. Arthrosc Tech 2021; 10:e297-e301. [PMID: 33680759 PMCID: PMC7917015 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain regulatory approval for the clinical use of knee biologics and devices in humans, translational large-animal studies are typically required. Animal models that permit second-look arthroscopy are valuable because they allow for longitudinal assessment of the treated tissue without needing to sacrifice the animal. The minipig is an ideal preclinical animal model for the investigation of therapies for the knee, in part because arthroscopy can be performed in its stifle (knee) joint with the use of standard surgical equipment used in humans. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe a reproducible technique for diagnostic arthroscopy of the minipig stifle (knee) joint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A.,Address correspondence to Dean Wang, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCI Health, 101 The City Dr S, Pav III, Orange, CA 92868, U.S.A.
| | - Mark Cubberly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Wendy E. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kwon H, Brown WE, O'Leary SA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Rejuvenation of extensively passaged human chondrocytes to engineer functional articular cartilage. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33418542 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abd9d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human articular chondrocytes (hACs) are scarce and lose their chondrogenic potential during monolayer passaging, impeding their therapeutic use. This study investigated i) the translatability of conservative chondrogenic passaging and aggregate rejuvenation on restoring chondrogenic properties of hACs passaged up to P9; and ii) the efficacy of a combined treatment of TGF-β1 (T), chondroitinase-ABC (C), and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (L), collectively termed TCL, on engineering functional human neocartilage via the self-assembling process, as a function of passage number up to P11. Here, we show that aggregate rejuvenation enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and type II collagen staining at all passages and yielded human neocartilage with chondrogenic phenotype present up to P7. Addition of TCL extended the chondrogenic phenotype to P11 and significantly enhanced GAG content and type II collagen staining at all passages. Human neocartilage derived from high passages, treated with TCL, displayed mechanical properties that were on par with or greater than those derived from low passages. Conservative chondrogenic passaging and aggregate rejuvenation may be a viable new strategy 1) to address the perennial problem of chondrocyte scarcity and 2) to successfully rejuvenate the chondrogenic phenotype of extensively passaged cells (up to P11). Furthermore, tissue engineering human neocartilage via self-assembly in conjunction with TCL treatment advances the clinical use of extensively passaged human chondrocytes for cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Siobhan A O'Leary
- Align Technology Inc, 2820 Orchard Pkwy, San Jose, California, 95134, UNITED STATES
| | - Jerry C Hu
- University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vapniarsky N, Kwon H, Paschos NK, Haudenschild AK, Brown WE, DuRaine GD, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Adult Dermal Stem Cells for Scaffold-Free Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Exploration of Strategies. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:598-607. [PMID: 33198584 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermis-isolated adult stem (DIAS) cells, abundantly available, are attractive for regenerative medicine. Strategies have been devised to isolate and to chondroinduce DIAS cells from various animals. This study aimed to characterize DIAS cells from human abdominal skin (human dermis-isolated adult stem [hDIAS] cells) and to compare and to refine various chondroinduction regimens to form functional neocartilage constructs. The stemness of hDIAS cells was verified (Phase I), three chondroinduction pretreatments were compared (Phase II), and, from these, one regimen was carried forward for refinement in Phase III for improving the mechanical properties of hDIAS cell-derived constructs. Multilineage differentiation and mesenchymal stem cell markers were observed. Among various chondroinduction pretreatments, the nodule formation pretreatment yielded constructs at least 72% larger in diameter, with higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by 44%, compared with other pretreatments. Furthermore, it was found that culturing cells on nontissue culture-treated surfaces yielded constructs (1) on par with constructs derived from aggrecan-coated surfaces and (2) with superior mechanical properties than constructs derived from cells cultured on tissue culture-treated surfaces. After the nodule formation pretreatment, combined supplementation of TGF-β1, IGF-I, and fetal bovine serum significantly enhanced aggregate modulus and shear modulus by 75% and 69%, respectively, over the supplementation by TGF-β1 alone. In summary, human skin-derived DIAS cells are responsive to chondroinduction for forming neocartilage. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the resultant human constructs can be improved by treatments shown to be efficacious in animal models. Advances made toward tissue-engineering cartilage using animal cells were shown to be applicable to hDIAS cells for cartilage repair and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anne K Haudenschild
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Grayson D DuRaine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brown WE, Garcia M, Mamedova LK, Christman KR, Zenobi MG, Staples CR, Leno BM, Overton TR, Whitlock BK, Daniel JA, Bradford BJ. Acute-phase protein α-1-acid glycoprotein is negatively associated with feed intake in postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:806-817. [PMID: 33131805 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-1-Acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute-phase protein that may suppress dry matter intake (DMI), potentially by acting on the leptin receptor in the hypothalamus. Our objectives were to characterize plasma AGP concentration and associations with DMI during the transition period, and to determine the utility of AGP to identify or predict cows with low DMI. Plasma samples (n = 2,086) from 434 Holstein cows in 6 studies were analyzed on d -21, -13 ± 2, -3, 1, 3, 7 ± 1, 14 ± 1, and 21 ± 1 relative to parturition. A commercially available ELISA kit specific for bovine AGP was validated, and 2 internal controls were analyzed on each plate with interplate variation of 15.0 and 17.3%, respectively. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between AGP and DMI. For significant associations, treatment(study) was added to the model, and quadratic associations were included in the model if significant. Plasma AGP concentration (±SEM) increased from 213 ± 37.3 μg/mL on d -3 to 445 ± 60.0 μg/mL on d 14. On d 3, AGP was associated negatively with DMI in a quadratic manner for wk 1 and wk 2 and linearly for wk 3. Day 7 AGP was associated negatively with DMI in a quadratic manner for wk 2 and linearly for wk 3. Similarly, d 14 AGP was negatively associated with DMI for wk 3 and wk 4. As d 3 AGP concentration increased over the interquartile range, a calculated 1.4 (8.5%), 0.5 (2.7%), and 0.4 (1.9%) kg/d reduction in predicted DMI was detected during wk 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Using bivariate analysis, d 3 AGP explained 10% of the variation in DMI during wk 1. We explored the clinical utility of d 3 AGP to diagnose low DMI, defined as wk 1 DMI >1 standard deviation below the mean. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a threshold of 480.9 μg/mL, providing 76% specificity and 48% sensitivity (area under the curve = 0.60). Limited associations occurred between AGP and blood biomarkers; however, AGP was associated with plasma haptoglobin concentration postpartum and incidence of displaced abomasum, retained placenta, and metritis. These results demonstrate a negative association between plasma AGP concentration and DMI in early-postpartum dairy cows, although its diagnostic performance was marginal. Further investigation into whether AGP directly suppresses DMI in dairy cattle is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
| | - M Garcia
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
| | - L K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R Christman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
| | - M G Zenobi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608
| | - B M Leno
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - B K Whitlock
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 27996
| | - J A Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA 30149
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502; Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brown WE, Bradford BJ. Effects of a high-protein corn product compared with soy and canola protein sources on nutrient digestibility and production responses in mid-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6233-6243. [PMID: 32418685 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a novel and proprietary high-protein corn product [56% crude protein (CP)] relative to other common sources of protein on the lactation performance of dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (620 ± 47.7 kg of body weight, 111 ± 34 d in milk, 2.28 ± 0.46 lactations; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design balanced for carryover effects. Cows were individually fed 1 of 4 diets with a different protein concentrate source during each 28-d period, including soybean meal (SBM), high-protein corn product (HPCP), soybean meal with rumen-bypass soy protein (SBMBP), and canola meal with rumen-bypass soy protein (CANBP). Diets were formulated for equal concentrations of CP and balanced to meet predicted lysine and methionine requirements. The SBM diet was formulated to provide 5.7% rumen-undegradable protein (RUP), whereas SBMBP and CANBP diets were formulated for 6.8% RUP to match HPCP. Data were analyzed using mixed models with the fixed effects of treatment, period, square, the interactions of treatment and period and of treatment and square, and the random effect of cow. The CANBP diet increased dry matter intake (DMI) compared with SBM and HPCP. Treatment affected milk yield, as SBMBP and CANBP increased yield compared with SBM, but HPCP decreased milk yield compared with all treatments. The HPCP diet reduced CP intake as a percent of total DMI and increased the CP content of orts, indicative of selection against HPCP. The HPCP diet also decreased apparent total-tract and CP digestibility, leading to less urine nitrogen excretion and greater fecal nitrogen output. The SBMBP and CANBP diets performed similarly in nearly every variable measured, except that SBMBP increased milk urea nitrogen. In conclusion, the HPCP diet reduced yield of milk and milk components, likely because of reduced apparent total-tract dry matter and CP digestibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coil DA, Neches RY, Lang JM, Jospin G, Brown WE, Cavalier D, Hampton-Marcell J, Gilbert JA, Eisen JA. Bacterial communities associated with cell phones and shoes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9235. [PMID: 32551196 PMCID: PMC7292020 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every human being carries with them a collection of microbes, a collection that is likely both unique to that person, but also dynamic as a result of significant flux with the surrounding environment. The interaction of the human microbiome (i.e., the microbes that are found directly in contact with a person in places such as the gut, mouth, and skin) and the microbiome of accessory objects (e.g., shoes, clothing, phones, jewelry) is of potential interest to both epidemiology and the developing field of microbial forensics. Therefore, the microbiome of personal accessories are of interest because they serve as both a microbial source and sink for an individual, they may provide information about the microbial exposure experienced by an individual, and they can be sampled non-invasively. Findings We report here a large-scale study of the microbiome found on cell phones and shoes. Cell phones serve as a potential source and sink for skin and oral microbiome, while shoes can act as sampling devices for microbial environmental experience. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the microbiome of thousands of paired sets of cell phones and shoes from individuals at sporting events, museums, and other venues around the United States. Conclusions We place this data in the context of previous studies and demonstrate that the microbiome of phones and shoes are different. This difference is driven largely by the presence of “environmental” taxa (taxa from groups that tend to be found in places like soil) on shoes and human-associated taxa (taxa from groups that are abundant in the human microbiome) on phones. This large dataset also contains many novel taxa, highlighting the fact that much of microbial diversity remains uncharacterized, even on commonplace objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Coil
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Russell Y Neches
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jenna M Lang
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America.,Science Cheerleaders, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Darlene Cavalier
- Science Cheerleaders, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,SciStarter.org, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jarrad Hampton-Marcell
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Genome Center, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kwon H, Brown WE, Lee CA, Wang D, Paschos N, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:550-570. [PMID: 31296933 PMCID: PMC7192556 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to articular cartilage and menisci can lead to cartilage degeneration that ultimately results in arthritis. Different forms of arthritis affect ~50 million people in the USA alone, and it is therefore crucial to identify methods that will halt or slow the progression to arthritis, starting with the initiating events of cartilage and meniscus defects. The surgical approaches in current use have a limited capacity for tissue regeneration and yield only short-term relief of symptoms. Tissue engineering approaches are emerging as alternatives to current surgical methods for cartilage and meniscus repair. Several cell-based and tissue-engineered products are currently in clinical trials for cartilage lesions and meniscal tears, opening new avenues for cartilage and meniscus regeneration. This Review provides a summary of surgical techniques, including tissue-engineered products, that are currently in clinical use, as well as a discussion of state-of-the-art tissue engineering strategies and technologies that are being developed for use in articular cartilage and meniscus repair and regeneration. The obstacles to clinical translation of these strategies are also included to inform the development of innovative tissue engineering approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Paschos
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lavernia L, Brown WE, Wong BJF, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Toward tissue-engineering of nasal cartilages. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:42-56. [PMID: 30794988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nasal cartilage pathologies are common; for example, up to 80% of people are afflicted by deviated nasal septum conditions. Because cartilage provides the supportive framework of the nose, afflicted patients suffer low quality of life. To correct pathologies, graft cartilage is often required. Grafts are currently sourced from the patient's septum, ear, or rib. However, their use yields donor site morbidity and is limited by tissue quantity and quality. Additionally, rhinoplasty revision rates exceed 15%, exacerbating the shortage of graft cartilage. Alternative grafts, such as irradiated allogeneic rib cartilage, are associated with complications. Tissue-engineered neocartilage holds promise to address the limitations of current grafts. The engineering design process may be used to create suitable graft tissues. This process begins by identifying the surgeon's needs. Second, nasal cartilages' properties must be understood to define engineering design criteria. Limited investigations have examined nasal cartilage properties; numerous additional studies need to be performed to examine topographical variations, for example. Third, tissue-engineering processes must be applied to achieve the engineering design criteria. Within the recent past, strategies have frequently utilized human septal chondrocytes. As autologous and allogeneic rib graft cartilage is used, its suitability as a cell source should also be examined. Fourth, quantitative verification of engineered neocartilage is critical to check for successful achievement of the engineering design criteria. Finally, following the FDA paradigm, engineered neocartilage must be orthotopically validated in animals. Together, these steps delineate a path to engineer functional nasal neocartilages that may, ultimately, be used to treat human patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nasal cartilage pathologies are common and lead to greatly diminished quality of life. The ability to correct pathologies is limited by cartilage graft quality and quantity, as well as donor site morbidity and surgical complications, such as infection and resorption. Despite the significance of nasal cartilage pathologies and high rhinoplasty revision rates (15%), little characterization and tissue-engineering work has been performed compared to other cartilages, such as articular cartilage. Furthermore, most work is published in clinical journals, with little in biomedical engineering. Therefore, this review discusses what nasal cartilage properties are known, summarizes the current state of nasal cartilage tissue-engineering, and makes recommendations via the engineering design process toward engineering functional nasal neocartilage to address current limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lavernia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Nasal cartilage pathologies are common; for example, up to 80% of people are afflicted by deviated nasal septum conditions. Because cartilage provides the supportive framework of the nose, afflicted patients suffer low quality of life. To correct pathologies, graft cartilage is often required. Grafts are currently sourced from the patient's septum, ear, or rib. However, their use yields donor site morbidity and is limited by tissue quantity and quality. Additionally, rhinoplasty revision rates exceed 15%, exacerbating the shortage of graft cartilage. Alternative grafts, such as irradiated allogeneic rib cartilage, are associated with complications. Tissue-engineered neocartilage holds promise to address the limitations of current grafts. The engineering design process may be used to create suitable graft tissues. This process begins by identifying the surgeon's needs. Second, nasal cartilages' properties must be understood to define engineering design criteria. Limited investigations have examined nasal cartilage properties; numerous additional studies need to be performed to examine topographical variations, for example. Third, tissue-engineering processes must be applied to achieve the engineering design criteria. Within the recent past, strategies have frequently utilized human septal chondrocytes. As autologous and allogeneic rib graft cartilage is used, its suitability as a cell source should also be examined. Fourth, quantitative verification of engineered neocartilage is critical to check for successful achievement of the engineering design criteria. Finally, following the FDA paradigm, engineered neocartilage must be orthotopically validated in animals. Together, these steps delineate a path to engineer functional nasal neocartilages that may, ultimately, be used to treat human patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nasal cartilage pathologies are common and lead to greatly diminished quality of life. The ability to correct pathologies is limited by cartilage graft quality and quantity, as well as donor site morbidity and surgical complications, such as infection and resorption. Despite the significance of nasal cartilage pathologies and high rhinoplasty revision rates (15%), little characterization and tissue-engineering work has been performed compared to other cartilages, such as articular cartilage. Furthermore, most work is published in clinical journals, with little in biomedical engineering. Therefore, this review discusses what nasal cartilage properties are known, summarizes the current state of nasal cartilage tissue-engineering, and makes recommendations via the engineering design process toward engineering functional nasal neocartilage to address current limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lavernia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brown WE, DuRaine GD, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Structure-function relationships of fetal ovine articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:235-244. [PMID: 30716555 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial that the properties of engineered neocartilage match healthy native cartilage to promote the functional restoration of damaged cartilage. To accurately assess the quality of neocartilage and the degree of biomimicry achieved, its properties must be evaluated against native cartilage and tissue from which the cells for neocartilage formation were sourced. Fetal ovine cartilage is a promising and translationally relevant cell source with which to engineer neocartilage, yet, it is largely non-characterized. The influence of biomechanics during cartilage development, as well as their potential impact on structure-function relationships in utero motivates additional study of fetal cartilage. Toward providing tissue engineering design criteria and elucidating structure-function relationships, 11 locations across four regions of the fetal ovine stifle were characterized. Locational and regional differences were found to exist. Although differences in GAG content were observed, compressive stiffness did not vary or correlate with any biochemical component. Patellar cartilage tensile stiffness and strength were significantly greater than those of the medial condyle. Tensile modulus and UTS significantly correlated with pyridinoline content. More advanced zonal organization, more intense collagen II staining, and greater collagen and pyridinoline contents in the trochlear groove and patella suggest these regions exhibit a more advanced maturational state than others. Regional differences in functional properties and their correlations suggest that structure-function relationships emerge in utero. These data address the dearth of information of the fetal ovine stifle, may serve as a repository of information for cartilage engineering strategies, and may help elucidate functional adaptation in fetal articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Engineered neocartilage must be evaluated against healthy native cartilage and cell source tissue to determine its quality and degree of biomimicry. While fetal ovine cartilage has emerged as a promising and translationally relevant cell source with which to engineer neocartilage, it is largely non-characterized. Therefore, 11 locations across four regions (medial condyle, lateral condyle, trochlear groove, and patella) of the fetal ovine stifle were characterized. Importantly, locational and regional differences in functional properties were observed, and significant correlations of tensile properties to collagen and crosslink contents were detected, suggesting that functional adaptation begins in utero. This study provides a repository of quantitative information, clarifies the developmental order of cartilage functional properties, and informs future cartilage engineering efforts.
Collapse
|
19
|
van Ramshorst GH, O'Shannassy S, Brown WE, Kench JG, Solomon MJ. A qualitative study of the development of a multidisciplinary case conference review methodology to reduce involved margins in pelvic exenteration surgery for recurrent rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2018; 20:1004-1013. [PMID: 29920909 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Pelvic exenteration surgery remains the only curative option for recurrent rectal cancer. Microscopically involved surgical margins (R1) are associated with a higher risk of local recurrence and decreased survival. Our study aimed to develop a post hoc multidisciplinary case conference review and investigate its potential for identifying areas for improvement. METHOD Patients who underwent pelvic exenteration surgery for recurrent rectal cancer with R1 resections at a tertiary referral centre between April 2014 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with non-rectal cancers or who underwent palliative surgery were excluded. Cases, imaging and histopathology were evaluated by a dedicated panel including colorectal surgeons, an abdominal radiologist and a gastrointestinal pathologist. RESULTS R1 resections were reported in 32 of 110 pelvic exenterations. Patients with other tumours were excluded and one patient had a palliative resection. Nine male patients with 11 exenterations were included with a median age of 56 years. All patients had positive soft tissue margins, and one patient also had an involved bony margin. Failures were due to (interdisciplinary) communication problems, specific management of tumour biology (multifocality, spiculated tumours), which can lead to radiological undercalling, and inadequate surgical technical planning. In hindsight, surgery would have been withheld from one patient. CONCLUSION A retrospective multidisciplinary case evaluation of pelvic exenteration patients with involved surgical margins led to a list of recommendations which included the need to plan for wider surgical soft tissue resections and improvement in interdisciplinary communication. Lessons learned may increase clear margin rates in future resections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G H van Ramshorst
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,SOuRCe (Surgical Outcomes Research Centre), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S O'Shannassy
- SOuRCe (Surgical Outcomes Research Centre), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W E Brown
- Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M J Solomon
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,SOuRCe (Surgical Outcomes Research Centre), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Academic Surgery at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hivert LG, Clarke JR, Peck SJ, Lawrence C, Brown WE, Huxtable SJ, Schaap D, Pemberton D, Grueber CE. High blood lead concentrations in captive Tasmanian devils (
Sarcophilus harrisii
): a threat to the conservation of the species? Aust Vet J 2018; 96:442-449. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- LG Hivert
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 3 France
| | - JR Clarke
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - SJ Peck
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - C Lawrence
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - WE Brown
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - SJ Huxtable
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - D Schaap
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - D Pemberton
- Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - CE Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global San Diego CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang BJ, Brown WE, Keown T, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Overcoming Challenges in Engineering Large, Scaffold-Free Neocartilage with Functional Properties. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1652-1662. [PMID: 29766751 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous cartilage engineering methods have been described, few report generation of constructs greater than 4 cm2, which is the typical lesion size considered for cell-based therapies. Furthermore, current cell-based therapies only target focal lesions, while treatment of large nonisolated lesions remains an area of great demand. The objective of this study was to scale up fabrication of self-assembled neocartilage from standard sizes of 0.2 cm2 to greater than 8 cm2. Passaged sheep articular chondrocytes were self-assembled into 5 or 25-mm-diameter scaffoldless neocartilage constructs. The 25-mm-diameter constructs grew up to 9.3 cm2 (areal scale-up of 23) and possessed properties similar to those of the 5-mm-diameter constructs; unfortunately, these large constructs were deformed and are unusable as a potential implant. A novel neocartilage fabrication strategy-employing mechanical confinement, a minute deadweight, and chemical stimulation (cytochalasin D, TGF-β1, chondroitinase-ABC, and lysyl oxidase-like 2 protein)-was found to successfully generate large (25-mm diameter) constructs with flat, homogeneous morphologies. Chemical stimulation increased collagen content and tensile Young's modulus 140% and 240% in the 25-mm-diameter constructs and 30% and 70% in the 5-mm-diameter constructs, respectively. This study not only demonstrated that exceedingly large self-assembled neocartilage can be generated with the appropriate combination of mechanical and chemical stimuli but also that its properties were maintained or even enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Huang
- 1 Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung, Taiwan .,2 Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wendy E Brown
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Thomas Keown
- 4 School of Medicine, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Jerry C Hu
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine , Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Brown WE, Huey DJ, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Functional self-assembled neocartilage as part of a biphasic osteochondral construct. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195261. [PMID: 29634740 PMCID: PMC5892872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-to-bone integration can be obtained by osteoconductive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but cartilage-to-cartilage integration is notoriously difficult. Many cartilage repair therapies, including microfracture and mosaicplasty, capitalize on the reparative aspects of subchondral bone due to its resident population of stem cells and vascularity. A strategy of incorporating tissue engineered neocartilage into a ceramic to form an osteochondral construct may serve as a suitable alternative to achieve cartilage graft fixation. The use of a tissue engineered osteochondral construct to repair cartilage defects may also benefit from the ceramic’s proximity to underlying bone and abundant supply of progenitor cells and nutrients. The objective of the first study was to compare HAp and β-TCP ceramics, two widely used ceramics in bone regeneration, in terms of their ability to influence neocartilage interdigitation at an engineered osteochondral interface. Additional assays quantified ceramic pore size, porosity, and compressive strength. The compressive strength of HAp was six times higher than that of β-TCP due to differences in porosity and pore size, and HAp was thus carried forward in the second study as the composition with which to engineer an osteochondral construct. Importantly, it was shown that incorporation of the HAp ceramic in conjunction with the self-assembling process resulted in functionally viable neocartilage. For example, only collagen/dry weight and ultimate tensile strength of the chondral control constructs remained significantly greater than the neocartilage cut off the osteochondral constructs. By demonstrating that the functional properties of engineered neocartilage are not negatively affected by the inclusion of an HAp ceramic in culture, neocartilage engineering strategies may be directly applied to the formation of an osteochondral construct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Huey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lang JM, Coil DA, Neches RY, Brown WE, Cavalier D, Severance M, Hampton-Marcell JT, Gilbert JA, Eisen JA. Correction: A microbial survey of the International Space Station (ISS). PeerJ 2018; 5:4029/correction-1. [PMID: 29498380 PMCID: PMC5828678 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4029/correction-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Lang
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - David A Coil
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Russell Y Neches
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America.,Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Darlene Cavalier
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America.,The Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America.,Scistarter.org, United States of America
| | - Mark Severance
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America.,Scistarter.org, United States of America
| | - Jarrad T Hampton-Marcell
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, United States of America.,Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America.,Evolution and Ecology, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, United States of America.,Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huwe LW, Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Characterization of costal cartilage and its suitability as a cell source for articular cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1163-1176. [PMID: 29286211 DOI: 10.1002/term.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Costal cartilage is a promising donor source of chondrocytes to alleviate cell scarcity in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Limited knowledge exists, however, on costal cartilage characteristics. This study describes the characterization of costal cartilage and articular cartilage properties and compares neocartilage engineered with costal chondrocytes to native articular cartilage, all within a sheep model. Specifically, we (a) quantitatively characterized the properties of costal cartilage in comparison to patellofemoral articular cartilage, and (b) evaluated the quality of neocartilage derived from costal chondrocytes for potential use in articular cartilage regeneration. Ovine costal and articular cartilages from various topographical locations were characterized mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. Costal cartilage was stiffer in compression but softer and weaker in tension than articular cartilage. These differences were attributed to high amounts of glycosaminoglycans and mineralization and a low amount of collagen in costal cartilage. Compared to articular cartilage, costal cartilage was more densely populated with chondrocytes, rendering it an excellent chondrocyte source. In terms of tissue engineering, using the self-assembling process, costal chondrocytes formed articular cartilage-like neocartilage. Quantitatively compared via a functionality index, neocartilage achieved 55% of the medial condyle cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties. This characterization study highlighted the differences between costal and articular cartilages in native forms and demonstrated that costal cartilage is a valuable source of chondrocytes suitable for articular cartilage regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huwe LW, Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Characterization of costal cartilage and its suitability as a cell source for articular cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 29286211 DOI: 10.1002/term.2630.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Costal cartilage is a promising donor source of chondrocytes to alleviate cell scarcity in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Limited knowledge exists, however, on costal cartilage characteristics. This study describes the characterization of costal cartilage and articular cartilage properties and compares neocartilage engineered with costal chondrocytes to native articular cartilage, all within a sheep model. Specifically, we (a) quantitatively characterized the properties of costal cartilage in comparison to patellofemoral articular cartilage, and (b) evaluated the quality of neocartilage derived from costal chondrocytes for potential use in articular cartilage regeneration. Ovine costal and articular cartilages from various topographical locations were characterized mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. Costal cartilage was stiffer in compression but softer and weaker in tension than articular cartilage. These differences were attributed to high amounts of glycosaminoglycans and mineralization and a low amount of collagen in costal cartilage. Compared to articular cartilage, costal cartilage was more densely populated with chondrocytes, rendering it an excellent chondrocyte source. In terms of tissue engineering, using the self-assembling process, costal chondrocytes formed articular cartilage-like neocartilage. Quantitatively compared via a functionality index, neocartilage achieved 55% of the medial condyle cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties. This characterization study highlighted the differences between costal and articular cartilages in native forms and demonstrated that costal cartilage is a valuable source of chondrocytes suitable for articular cartilage regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lang JM, Coil DA, Neches RY, Brown WE, Cavalier D, Severance M, Hampton-Marcell JT, Gilbert JA, Eisen JA. A microbial survey of the International Space Station (ISS). PeerJ 2017; 5:e4029. [PMID: 29492330 PMCID: PMC5827671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern advances in sequencing technology have enabled the census of microbial members of many natural ecosystems. Recently, attention is increasingly being paid to the microbial residents of human-made, built ecosystems, both private (homes) and public (subways, office buildings, and hospitals). Here, we report results of the characterization of the microbial ecology of a singular built environment, the International Space Station (ISS). This ISS sampling involved the collection and microbial analysis (via 16S rDNA PCR) of 15 surfaces sampled by swabs onboard the ISS. This sampling was a component of Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on ISS). Learning more about the microbial inhabitants of the "buildings" in which we travel through space will take on increasing importance, as plans for human exploration continue, with the possibility of colonization of other planets and moons. RESULTS Sterile swabs were used to sample 15 surfaces onboard the ISS. The sites sampled were designed to be analogous to samples collected for (1) the Wildlife of Our Homes project and (2) a study of cell phones and shoes that were concurrently being collected for another component of Project MERCCURI. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA genes amplified from DNA extracted from each swab was used to produce a census of the microbes present on each surface sampled. We compared the microbes found on the ISS swabs to those from both homes on Earth and data from the Human Microbiome Project. CONCLUSIONS While significantly different from homes on Earth and the Human Microbiome Project samples analyzed here, the microbial community composition on the ISS was more similar to home surfaces than to the human microbiome samples. The ISS surfaces are species-rich with 1,036-4,294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs per sample). There was no discernible biogeography of microbes on the 15 ISS surfaces, although this may be a reflection of the small sample size we were able to obtain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Lang
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - David A. Coil
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Russell Y. Neches
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Brown
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Darlene Cavalier
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America
- The Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- Scistarter.org, United States of America
| | - Mark Severance
- Science Cheerleader, United States of America
- Scistarter.org, United States of America
| | - Jarrad T. Hampton-Marcell
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, United States of America
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Evolution and Ecology, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, United States of America
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium Lysing Buffer Treatment of Fully Differentiated Cells Increases Cell Purity and Resulting Neotissue Functional Properties. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 22:895-903. [PMID: 27553086 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile and fetal, primary, fully differentiated cells are widely considered to be ideal cell types for tissue engineering applications. However, their use in tissue engineering may be hindered through contamination by undesirable cell types. These include blood-associated cells as well as unwanted resident cell types found both in healthy and pathologic donor tissues. Ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysing buffer is used to lyse red blood cells (RBCs) during the isolation of stem cell populations, but has not been explored for the purification of fully differentiated cells. This study sought to investigate the effect of ACK buffer treatment of freshly isolated, fully differentiated cells to increase cell purity and enhance the formation of biofunctional engineered neotissues; this was tested in the well-established cartilage tissue engineering model of the self-assembling process using fetal ovine articular chondrocytes (foACs) and juvenile bovine articular chondrocytes (jbACs). ACK buffer treatment of foACs and jbACs decreased the number of contaminating RBCs by over 60% and additionally reduced the number of apoptotic chondrocytes in the cell isolates. Reducing the number of contaminating RBCs removed cellular detractors to the self-assembling process and eliminated an apoptotic stimulus, thus improving neocartilage homogeneity, chondrocyte distribution, and extracellular matrix deposition within the neotissues. For example, in foAC neocartilage, ACK buffer treatment ultimately led to a 170% increase in compressive aggregate modulus, a 130% increase in shear modulus, an 80% increase in tensile modulus, and a 130% increase in ultimate tensile strength of the neocartilage. This work represents the first time that ACK buffer has been used to purify fully differentiated cells and subsequently increase the functional properties of neotissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jerry C Hu
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California.,2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California , Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwon H, Haudenschild AK, Brown WE, Vapniarsky N, Paschos NK, Arzi B, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Tissue engineering potential of human dermis-isolated adult stem cells from multiple anatomical locations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182531. [PMID: 28767737 PMCID: PMC5540597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundance and accessibility render skin-derived stem cells an attractive cell source for tissue engineering applications. Toward assessing their utility, the variability of constructs engineered from human dermis-isolated adult stem (hDIAS) cells was examined with respect to different anatomical locations (foreskin, breast, and abdominal skin), both in vitro and in a subcutaneous, athymic mouse model. All anatomical locations yielded hDIAS cells with multi-lineage differentiation potentials, though adipogenesis was not seen for foreskin-derived hDIAS cells. Using engineered cartilage as a model, tissue engineered constructs from hDIAS cells were compared. Construct morphology differed by location. The mechanical properties of human foreskin- and abdominal skin-derived constructs were similar at implantation, remaining comparable after 4 additional weeks of culture in vivo. Breast skin-derived constructs were not mechanically testable. For all groups, no signs of abnormality were observed in the host. Addition of aggregate redifferentiation culture prior to construct formation improved chondrogenic differentiation of foreskin-derived hDIAS cells, as evident by increases in glycosaminoglycan and collagen contents. More robust Alcian blue staining and homogeneous cell populations were also observed compared to controls. Human DIAS cells elicited no adverse host responses, reacted positively to chondrogenic regimens, and possessed multi-lineage differentiation potential with the caveat that efficacy may differ by anatomical origin of the skin. Taken together, these results suggest that hDIAS cells hold promise as a potential cell source for a number of tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Anne K. Haudenschild
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos K. Paschos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn Sports Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Coil DA, Neches RY, Lang JM, Brown WE, Severance M, Cavalier D, Eisen JA. Growth of 48 built environment bacterial isolates on board the International Space Station (ISS). PeerJ 2016; 4:e1842. [PMID: 27019789 PMCID: PMC4806633 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. While significant attention has been paid to the potential risk of pathogenic microbes aboard crewed spacecraft, the non-pathogenic microbes in these habitats have received less consideration. Preliminary work has demonstrated that the interior of the International Space Station (ISS) has a microbial community resembling those of built environments on Earth. Here we report the results of sending 48 bacterial strains, collected from built environments on Earth, for a growth experiment on the ISS. This project was a component of Project MERCCURI (Microbial Ecology Research Combining Citizen and University Researchers on ISS). Results. Of the 48 strains sent to the ISS, 45 of them showed similar growth in space and on Earth using a relative growth measurement adapted for microgravity. The vast majority of species tested in this experiment have also been found in culture-independent surveys of the ISS. Only one bacterial strain showed significantly different growth in space. Bacillus safensis JPL-MERTA-8-2 grew 60% better in space than on Earth. Conclusions. The majority of bacteria tested were not affected by conditions aboard the ISS in this experiment (e.g., microgravity, cosmic radiation). Further work on Bacillus safensis could lead to interesting insights on why this strain grew so much better in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Coil
- Genome Center, University of California , Davis, CA , United States
| | - Russell Y Neches
- Genome Center, University of California , Davis, CA , United States
| | - Jenna M Lang
- Genome Center, University of California , Davis, CA , United States
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Science Cheerleader, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mark Severance
- Science Cheerleader, Philadelphia, PA, United States; SciStarter.com, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Darlene Cavalier
- Science Cheerleader, Philadelphia, PA, United States; SciStarter.com, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan A Eisen
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Adams HP, El Ahmadieh TY, Albers GW, Alexandrov AV, Anrather J, Arai K, Aronowski J(J, Auer RN, Awad IA, Ay H, Baltan S, Batjer HH, Benavente OR, Bendok BR, Bershad EM, Bonati LH, Bookland MJ, Bousser MG, Braca JA, Broderick JP, Brown MM, Brown WE, Brust JC, Bushnell C, Bösel J, Canhão P, Caplan LR, Castellanos M, Chamorro A, Chandler JP, Chen J, Chopp M, Chrissobolis S, Chabriat H, Cramer SC, Cucchiara BL, Dannenbaum MJ, Davis PH, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Day AL, del Zoppo GJ, Diener HC, Di Tullio MR, Dobkin BH, Dzialowski I, Economos A, Eddleman CS, Elkind MS, Feigin VL, Ferro JM, Findlay JM, Furie KL, Fusco MR, Field TS, Geibprasert S, Gensic AP, Gobin YP, Goldberg MP, Goldstein LB, Gonzales NR, Gounis MJ, Greenberg SM, Gregson BA, Grotta JC, Gutierrez J, Hacke W, Hallenbeck JM, Haršány M, Heiferman DM, Homma S, Howard G, Howard VJ, Hwang JY, Iadecola C, Jahan R, Joutel A, Jüttler E, Kase CS, Kasner SE, Katan M, Khader Eliyas J, Khan M, Kim H, Kidwell CS, Kim JS, Krings T, Krishnamurthi R, Kurth T, Lamy C, Lansberg MG, Levy EI, Liebeskind DS, Lo EH, Loftus CM, Lyden PD, Mas JL, Massari F, Meckler JM, Mendelow AD, Meschia JF, Messé SR, Mitchel P, Morgenstern LB, Mokin M, Moskowitz MA, Mullen MT, Nedergaard M, Neugebauer H, Newell DW, Norrving B, O'Donnell M, Ofengeim D, Ogata J, Ogilvy CS, Pancioli AM, Parsha K, Parsons MW, Pawlikowska L, Pérez A, Perez-Pinzon MA, Powers WJ, Puetz V, Puri AS, Ransom BR, Roine RO, Rundek T, Russin JJ, Sacco RL, Spetzler RF, Sattenberg RJ, Saver JL, Savitz SI, Schönenberger S, Seshadri S, Sharma VK, Shi Y, Shoamanesh A, Silverboard G, Singhal AB, Sobey CG, Stapf C, Su H, Suarez JI, Sykora M, Tatlisumak T, El Tecle N, terBrugge KG, Thompson JW, Tilley BC, Tournier-Lasserve E, Tsivgoulis G, Vilela MD, von Kummer R, Wakhloo AK, Wagner KR, Warach S, Weksler BB, Werring D, Willey JZ, Wintermark M, Wolf PA, Wong LK, Woo D, Wright C, Xi G, Yamaguchi T, Yasaka M, Young WL, Zammar SG, Zahuranec DB, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang JH, Zhang ZG, Zukin RS, Zweifler RM. List of Contributors. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Athanasiou KA, Responte DJ, Brown WE, Hu JC. Harnessing biomechanics to develop cartilage regeneration strategies. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:020901. [PMID: 25322349 DOI: 10.1115/1.4028825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As this review was prepared specifically for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers H.R. Lissner Medal, it primarily discusses work toward cartilage regeneration performed in Dr. Kyriacos A. Athanasiou's laboratory over the past 25 years. The prevalence and severity of degeneration of articular cartilage, a tissue whose main function is largely biomechanical, have motivated the development of cartilage tissue engineering approaches informed by biomechanics. This article provides a review of important steps toward regeneration of articular cartilage with suitable biomechanical properties. As a first step, biomechanical and biochemical characterization studies at the tissue level were used to provide design criteria for engineering neotissues. Extending this work to the single cell and subcellular levels has helped to develop biochemical and mechanical stimuli for tissue engineering studies. This strong mechanobiological foundation guided studies on regenerating hyaline articular cartilage, the knee meniscus, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fibrocartilage. Initial tissue engineering efforts centered on developing biodegradable scaffolds for cartilage regeneration. After many years of studying scaffold-based cartilage engineering, scaffoldless approaches were developed to address deficiencies of scaffold-based systems, resulting in the self-assembling process. This process was further improved by employing exogenous stimuli, such as hydrostatic pressure, growth factors, and matrix-modifying and catabolic agents, both singly and in synergistic combination to enhance neocartilage functional properties. Due to the high cell needs for tissue engineering and the limited supply of native articular chondrocytes, costochondral cells are emerging as a suitable cell source. Looking forward, additional cell sources are investigated to render these technologies more translatable. For example, dermis isolated adult stem (DIAS) cells show potential as a source of chondrogenic cells. The challenging problem of enhanced integration of engineered cartilage with native cartilage is approached with both familiar and novel methods, such as lysyl oxidase (LOX). These diverse tissue engineering strategies all aim to build upon thorough biomechanical characterizations to produce functional neotissue that ultimately will help combat the pressing problem of cartilage degeneration. As our prior research is reviewed, we look to establish new pathways to comprehensively and effectively address the complex problems of musculoskeletal cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kalpakci KN, Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Cartilage tissue engineering using dermis isolated adult stem cells: the use of hypoxia during expansion versus chondrogenic differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98570. [PMID: 24867063 PMCID: PMC4035316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermis isolated adult stem (DIAS) cells, a subpopulation of dermis cells capable of chondrogenic differentiation in the presence of cartilage extracellular matrix, are a promising source of autologous cells for tissue engineering. Hypoxia, through known mechanisms, has profound effects on in vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and could be used to improve the expansion and differentiation processes for DIAS cells. The objective of this study was to build upon the mechanistic knowledge of hypoxia and translate it to tissue engineering applications to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of DIAS cells through exposure to hypoxic conditions (5% O2) during expansion and/or differentiation. DIAS cells were isolated and expanded in hypoxic (5% O2) or normoxic (20% O2) conditions, then differentiated for 2 weeks in micromass culture on chondroitin sulfate-coated surfaces in both environments. Monolayer cells were examined for proliferation rate and colony forming efficiency. Micromasses were assessed for cellular, biochemical, and histological properties. Differentiation in hypoxic conditions following normoxic expansion increased per cell production of collagen type II 2.3 fold and glycosaminoglycans 1.2 fold relative to continuous normoxic culture (p<0.0001). Groups expanded in hypoxia produced 51% more collagen and 23% more GAGs than those expanded in normoxia (p<0.0001). Hypoxia also limited cell proliferation in monolayer and in 3D culture. Collectively, these data show hypoxic differentiation following normoxic expansion significantly enhances chondrogenic differentiation of DIAS cells, improving the potential utility of these cells for cartilage engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerem N. Kalpakci
- Medtronic Spine & Biologics, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Brown
- UC Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- UC Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- UC Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paschos NK, Brown WE, Eswaramoorthy R, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Advances in tissue engineering through stem cell-based co-culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:488-503. [PMID: 24493315 DOI: 10.1002/term.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are the future in tissue engineering and regeneration. In a co-culture, stem cells not only provide a target cell source with multipotent differentiation capacity, but can also act as assisting cells that promote tissue homeostasis, metabolism, growth and repair. Their incorporation into co-culture systems seems to be important in the creation of complex tissues or organs. In this review, critical aspects of stem cell use in co-culture systems are discussed. Direct and indirect co-culture methodologies used in tissue engineering are described, along with various characteristics of cellular interactions in these systems. Direct cell-cell contact, cell-extracellular matrix interaction and signalling via soluble factors are presented. The advantages of stem cell co-culture strategies and their applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are portrayed through specific examples for several tissues, including orthopaedic soft tissues, bone, heart, vasculature, lung, kidney, liver and nerve. A concise review of the progress and the lessons learned are provided, with a focus on recent developments and their implications. It is hoped that knowledge developed from one tissue can be translated to other tissues. Finally, we address challenges in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that can potentially be overcome via employing strategies for stem cell co-culture use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Burridge CP, Brown WE, Wadley J, Nankervis DL, Olivier L, Gardner MG, Hull C, Barbour R, Austin JJ. Did postglacial sea-level changes initiate the evolutionary divergence of a Tasmanian endemic raptor from its mainland relative? Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132448. [PMID: 24174114 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations on continental islands are often distinguishable from mainland conspecifics with respect to body size, appearance, behaviour or life history, and this is often congruent with genetic patterns. It is commonly assumed that such differences developed following the complete isolation of populations by sea-level rise following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, population divergence may predate the LGM, or marine dispersal and colonization of islands may have occurred more recently; in both cases, populations may have also diverged despite ongoing gene flow. Here, we test these alternative hypotheses for the divergence between wedge-tailed eagles from mainland Australia (Aquila audax audax) and the threatened Tasmanian subspecies (Aquila audax fleayi), based on variation at 20 microsatellite loci and mtDNA. Coalescent analyses indicate that population divergence appreciably postdates the severance of terrestrial habitat continuity and occurred without any subsequent gene flow. We infer a recent colonization of Tasmania by marine dispersal and cannot discount founder effects as the cause of differences in body size and life history. We call into question the general assumption of post-LGM marine transgression as the initiator of divergence of terrestrial lineages on continental islands and adjacent mainland, and highlight the range of alternative scenarios that should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Burridge
- School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Water and Environment, , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, , North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, , GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia, Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, , North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia, Hydro Tasmania, , GPO Box 355, Hobart 7001, Australia, Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, , Carlton Gardens, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Elachi C, Brown WE, Cimino JB, Dixon T, Evans DL, Ford JP, Saunders RS, Breed C, Masursky H, McCauley JF, Schaber G, Dellwig L, England A, Macdonald H, Martin-Kaye P, Sabins F. Shuttle imaging radar experiment. Science 2010; 218:996-1003. [PMID: 17790588 DOI: 10.1126/science.218.4576.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) acquired images of a variety of the earth's geologic areas covering about 10 million square kilometers. Structural and geomorphic features such as faults, folds, outcrops, and dunes are clearly visible in both tropical and arid regions. The combination of SIR-A and Seasat images provides additional information about the surface physical properties: topography and roughness. Ocean features were also observed, including large internal waves in the Andaman Sea.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Very few mutations derived from Mutator maize lines have been studied at the molecular level. The variety of Mu elements that can induce mutations, the relative frequency of mutant induction by insertion of a given class of Mu elements or by a Mu-induced genomic rearrangement, a possible intragenic insertion site specificity, and the molecular nature of reversion events are all unknown in the Mutator system. To address these questions, we have isolated several partially or fully inactivated bronze alleles from Mutator maize lines and structurally characterized them by gel blot hybridization of genomic DNA. The mutations were induced in three parental Bronze alleles which differ by polymorphisms flanking the coding region. Each of the 14 inactivated bronze mutants characterized was found to contain an insert which cross-hybridized with the transposable element Mu1. Detailed maps of 11 of these alleles revealed a 1.4-kb insert with restriction sites characteristic of Mu1. These Mu1 insertions were found dispersed throughout both of the Bronze exons and in either orientation relative to Bronze transcription. Stable and somatically unstable (mutable) mutant alleles differed with respect to the covalent modification of restriction sites within the inserted Mu1 element. Several germinal revertants of one mutable bronze allele, bzMum4, were isolated. These all were associated with excision of the Mu1 element from the affected locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafeyette, Indiana 47907 Present address: Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Science and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Soon ASC, Stabenfeldt SE, Brown WE, Barker TH. Engineering fibrin matrices: the engagement of polymerization pockets through fibrin knob technology for the delivery and retention of therapeutic proteins. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1944-54. [PMID: 19914710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering extracellular matrices that utilize the body's natural healing capacity enable the progression of regenerative therapies. Fibrin, widely used as a surgical sealant, is one such matrix that may be augmented by the addition of protein factors to promote cell infiltration and differentiation. The thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin exposes N-terminal fibrin knobs that bind to C-terminal pockets to form the fibrin network. Here, we have created a platform system for the production of therapeutic proteins that capitalize on these native knob:pocket interactions for protein delivery within fibrin matrices. This system enables the retention of therapeutic proteins within fibrin without additional enzymatic or synthetic crosslinking factors. Using an integrin-binding fibronectin fragment as a model protein, we demonstrate that engineered knob-protein fusions bind consistently and specifically to fibrin(ogen). Equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D)) obtained using surface plasmon resonance indicate that these fusions have mum binding affinities, comparable to the native knob-containing fibrin fragments. The specificity of these interactions was verified by ELISA in the presence of molar excess of competing knob mimics. Release profiles and real-time confocal imaging demonstrate that the fusions were retained within fibrin matrices, even under the stringent continuous perfusion conditions used in the latter. In summary, this work explores the benefits and limitations of engaging native, biologically-inspired, non-covalent knob:pocket interactions within fibrin(ogen) for the retention of therapeutic proteins in fibrin matrices and provides insight into the stability of native knob:pocket interactions within fibrin networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson S C Soon
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Riquelme P, Brown WE, Marcus F. Modification of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Isolation and identification of derivatives. Int J Pept Protein Res 2009; 7:379-87. [PMID: 1237472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1975.tb02456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A was allowed to react with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate at pH 8 and 4 degrees. After reduction with sodium borohydride, the principal products formed in the initial stages of modification were separated by successive chromatography on CM-cellulose and SP-Sephadex. The isolated derivatives were identified as Nalpha-(P-pyridoxyl)-Lys-1-,Nepsilon-(P-pyridoxyl)-Lys-7-, and Nepsilon-(P-pyridoxyl)-Lys-41-ribonuclease A. These results are interpreted in terms of the specificity of pyridoxal-P as a protein reagent.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Turner syndrome, a genetic disorder that results from the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with specific impairment in visuospatial cognition. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between parietal lobe abnormalities and visuospatial deficits in Turner syndrome. We used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to measure parietal lobe subdivisions in 14 participants with Turner syndrome (mean age 13 years 5 months, SD 5 years) and 14 age-matched controls (mean age 13 years 5 months, SD 4 years 7 months) to localize neuroanatomical variations more closely. Scans were acquired and analyzed for 14 females with Turner syndrome. Analyses of variance were used to investigate differences in regional parietal lobes. Females with Turner syndrome showed a bilateral parietal lobe reduction, specifically in the superior parietal and postcentral gyri. Full-scale IQ scores were significantly positively correlated with postcentral tissue volume in the Turner syndrome group. Structural differences in the parietal lobe are localized specifically to the anterior and superior parietal lobe and might be related to the visuospatial and visuomotor deficits associated with Turner syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan L Reiss
- Correspondence to last author at Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, 401 Quarry Road, MC5719, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Assessment of surgically repaired cartilage lesions with standardized cartilage sensitive magnetic resonance imaging was done to evaluate the integrity, morphologic features, and signal of the articular surface, thereby obtaining information about the natural history of these procedures in the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging also assessed the interface between the repaired and native cartilage, changes in the subchondral bone, and the appearance of cartilage over the opposite and adjacent (native) surfaces. One hundred eighty magnetic resonance imaging examinations were obtained in 112 patients who had cartilage-resurfacing procedures, including 86 microfractures and 35 autologous chondrocyte implantations, at a mean of 15 and 13 months after surgery, respectively. Autologous chondrocyte implantations showed consistently better fill of the defects at all times compared with microfracture. The graft hypertrophied in 63% of surgeries. The repair cartilage over the microfracture generally was depressed with respect to native cartilage. Propensity for bony overgrowth was most marked in the microfracture group, with loss of adjacent cartilage evident with progressive followup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kesler SR, Blasey CM, Brown WE, Yankowitz J, Zeng SM, Bender BG, Reiss AL. Effects of X-monosomy and X-linked imprinting on superior temporal gyrus morphology in Turner syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:636-46. [PMID: 13129659 PMCID: PMC3061621 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner syndrome (TS) results from complete or partial monosomy X. The cognitive phenotype of TS involves preservation of verbal skills with visuospatial functioning deficits. The superior temporal gyrus (STG), which is involved in language capacities, has not been investigated in TS. METHODS The STG was measured in 30 female subjects (mean age = 14.73 +/- 6.41; range = 7.56-33.30) with TS and 30 age-matched control subjects (mean age = 14.63 +/- 5.90; range = 6.35-32.65) using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analyses. RESULTS -Right STG, including both gray and white matter volumes, was significantly larger in TS compared with control subjects. Overall left STG volume was not significantly different between groups, although left white matter volume was increased in the TS subjects. The TS subgroup with a maternally derived X chromosome (Xm) demonstrated more aberrant STG volumes compared with subjects with a paternally (Xp) derived X and control subjects. The difference in STG volumes between Xm and control subjects involved both white and gray matter. The Xm subjects differed from Xp subjects only in terms of gray matter. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that X-monosomy and X-linked imprinting negatively affect STG development, possibly by disrupting neural pruning mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R Kesler
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5719, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pageler NM, Menon V, Merin NM, Eliez S, Brown WE, Reiss AL. Effect of head orientation on gaze processing in fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. Neuroimage 2003; 20:318-29. [PMID: 14527592 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We used functional MRI with an event-related design to dissociate the brain activation in the fusiform gyrus (FG) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) for multiple face and gaze orientations. The event-related design allowed for concurrent behavioral analysis, which revealed a significant effect of both head and gaze orientation on the speed of gaze processing, with the face and gaze forward condition showing the fastest reaction times. In conjunction with this behavioral finding, the FG responded with the greatest activation to face and gaze forward, perhaps reflecting the unambiguous social salience of congruent face and gaze directed toward the viewer. Random effects analysis showed greater activation in both the FG and posterior STS when the subjects viewed a direct face compared to an angled face, regardless of gaze direction. Additionally, the FG showed greater activation for forward gaze compared to angled gaze, but only when the face was forward. Together, these findings suggest that head orientation has a significant effect on gaze processing and these effects are manifest not only in the STS, but also the FG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Pageler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brown WE, Kesler SR, Eliez S, Warsofsky IS, Haberecht M, Patwardhan A, Ross JL, Neely EK, Zeng SM, Yankowitz J, Reiss AL. Brain development in Turner syndrome: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2002; 116:187-96. [PMID: 12477602 PMCID: PMC3061616 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00086-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Turner syndrome (TS) results from the absence of an X chromosome in females. This genetic condition is associated with specific cognitive deficits and variations in brain volumes. The goal of this study was to use high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine morphological variations in TS and to investigate the effects of parental origin of the X chromosome on brain development in TS. MRI brain scans were acquired from 26 girls with TS and 26 age- and gender-matched controls. Seventeen of the TS subjects had a maternally inherited X chromosome (Xm), and nine of the subjects had a paternally inherited X chromosome (Xp). Rater-blind morphometric analyses were conducted to compare tissue volume differences between girls with TS and controls. Three-way analyses were used to compare subgroups and controls. Subjects with TS demonstrated bilateral decreases in parietal gray and occipital white matter accompanied by increased cerebellar gray matter. Subjects with Xm showed decreased occipital white matter and increased cerebellar gray matter compared to controls. No differences were found in comparisons between subjects with Xp and controls or between subjects with Xm and Xp. Results suggest that X monosomy affects posterior cerebral and cerebellar anatomy in TS. While differences between comparisons of Xm and Xp to controls might suggest an imprinting effect, no significant differences were found when the two subgroups were directly compared to each other. Further investigation into the possible role of genomic imprinting is therefore warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E. Brown
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Shelli R. Kesler
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Ilana S. Warsofsky
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Michael Haberecht
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Anil Patwardhan
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | - Judith L. Ross
- Division of Endocrinology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. Kirk Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - She Min Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jerome Yankowitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-650-498-4538; fax: +1-650-724-4761. (A.L. Reiss)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Brown
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Brown WE, Coakley FV, Heaney M. Renal involvement by Rosai-Dorfman disease: CT findings. Abdom Imaging 2002; 27:214-6. [PMID: 11847583 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-001-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2001] [Accepted: 04/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare disease characterized histologically by proliferation of histiocytes and has clinical features suggestive of a lymphomalike disease. Lymph nodes and extranodal sites might be involved, but renal involvement is rare. We present computed tomographic findings in three cases of renal involvement by Rosai-Dorfman disease. Two cases showed renal hilar masses and one case showed subcapsular hypodense infiltration. Renal involvement by Rosai-Dorfman disease has a characteristic appearance and should be included in the differential diagnosis of renal hilar masses or subcapsular hypodense infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Patwardhan AJ, Brown WE, Bender BG, Linden MG, Eliez S, Reiss AL. Reduced size of the amygdala in individuals with 47,XXY and 47,XXX karyotypes. Am J Med Genet 2002; 114:93-8. [PMID: 11840512 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The excess of 47,XXX and 47,XXY karyotypes found in cytogenetic screening studies of individuals with schizophrenia has given support for an increased risk of psychiatric illness among men and women with sex chromosomal aneuploidy (SCA). Mesial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, are thought to be associated with abnormalities of mood and behavior in humans and in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. This study focuses on variations in volumes of mesial temporal lobe structures in men and women with SCA. Utilizing an unselected birth cohort of subjects with SCA and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated the neuroanatomical consequences of a supernumerary X chromosome on the morphology of the amygdala and hippocampus. Regional and total brain volumes were measured in 10 subjects with 47,XXY, 10 subjects with 47,XXX, and 20 euploid controls. Amygdala volumes were significantly reduced in men with 47,XXY, compared to control men, while the decrease in women with 47,XXX was not as pronounced. Hippocampus volumes were preserved in both groups, compared to same-gender controls. Longitudinal studies of SCA individuals have shown an increased incidence of mild psychopathology and behavioral dysfunction in men with 47,XXY and more overt psychiatric illness in women with 47,XXX, compared to control populations. The alteration in amygdala volumes in individuals with a supernumerary X chromosome may provide a neuroanatomic basis for these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil J Patwardhan
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5719, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wiethoff AJ, Harkema JR, Koretsky AP, Brown WE. Identification of mucosal injury in the murine nasal airways by magnetic resonance imaging: site-specific lesions induced by 3-methylindole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 175:68-75. [PMID: 11509028 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was developed to identify mucosal damage to the nasal passages of mice resulting from exposure to respiratory toxicants. 3-Methylindole (3-MI) was chosen as a model nasal toxicant because systemic administration of this compound in mice results in a well-characterized necrotizing nasal lesion that is restricted to the olfactory mucosa. MRI technology allows imaging of the same mice before and at time points after injection. In addition, morphological alterations and increases in the area of sinus cavity airspace can be followed as a function of dose and time following exposure. For 3-MI, the cross-sectional area of the sinus airspaces increased by 1.7-fold in mice injected with 200 mg/kg and 2.6-fold in mice injected with 300 mg/kg at 3 days after injection. Alterations in the nasal turbinates lined by olfactory mucosa were identified 1, 3, and 6 days postadministration of 3-MI using MRI. Postmortem histological examination of the nasal tissue confirmed the intranasal location and distribution of the 3-MI-induced lesions observed by MRI. MRI can be a useful technique to identify toxicant-induced mucosal injury in the nasal passages at an in-plane resolution less than 60 microm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Wiethoff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pinter JD, Brown WE, Eliez S, Schmitt JE, Capone GT, Reiss AL. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children with Down syndrome: a high-resolution MRI study. Neurology 2001; 56:972-4. [PMID: 11294940 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.56.7.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to use high-resolution MRI techniques to determine whether children with Down syndrome exhibit decreases in hippocampal and amygdala volumes similar to those demonstrated in recent studies of adults with this condition. When corrected for overall brain volumes, amygdala volumes did not differ between groups but hippocampal volumes were significantly smaller in the Down syndrome group. These findings suggest that the hippocampal volume reduction seen in adults with Down syndrome may be primarily due to early developmental differences rather than neurodegenerative changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Pinter
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The MR images of 16 men with dyslexia and 14 control subjects were compared using a voxel-based analysis. Evidence of decreases in gray matter in dyslexic subjects, most notably in the left temporal lobe and bilaterally in the temporoparietooccipital juncture, but also in the frontal lobe, caudate, thalamus, and cerebellum, was found. Widely distributed morphologic differences affecting several brain regions may contribute to the deficits associated with dyslexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Stanford Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5719, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Brown WE, Braxton D. Dynamics of food breakdown during eating in relation to perceptions of texture and preference: a study on biscuits. Food Qual Prefer 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3293(99)00014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|