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Salinas EY, Otarola GA, Kwon H, Wang D, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Topographical Characterization of the Young, Healthy Human Femoral Medial Condyle. Cartilage 2023; 14:338-350. [PMID: 36537020 PMCID: PMC10601569 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221141421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The medial femoral condyle of the knee exhibits some of the highest incidences of chondral degeneration. However, a dearth of healthy human tissues has rendered it difficult to ascertain whether cartilage in this compartment possesses properties that predispose it to injuries. Assessment of young, healthy tissue would be most representative of the tissue's intrinsic properties. DESIGN This work examined the topographical differences in tribological, tensile, and compressive properties of young (n = 5, 26.2 ± 5.6 years old), healthy, human medial femoral condyles, obtained from viable allograft specimens. Corresponding to clinical incidences of pathology, it was hypothesized that the lowest mechanical properties would be found in the posterior region of the medial condyle, and that tissue composition would correspond to the established structure-function relationships of cartilage. RESULTS Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, aggregate modulus, and shear modulus in the posterior region were 1.0-, 2.8-, 1.1-, and 1.0-fold less than the values in the anterior region, respectively. Surprisingly, although glycosaminoglycan content is thought to correlate with compressive properties, in this study, the aggregate and shear moduli correlated more robustly to the amount of pyridinoline crosslinks per collagen. Also, the coefficient of friction was anisotropic and ranged 0.22-0.26 throughout the condyle. CONCLUSION This work showed that the posteromedial condyle displays lower tensile and compressive properties, which correlate to collagen crosslinks and may play a role in this region's predisposition to injuries. Furthermore, new structure-function relationships may need to be developed to account for the role of collagen crosslinks in compressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y. Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gaston A. Otarola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Trucco D, Vannozzi L, Teblum E, Telkhozhayeva M, Nessim GD, Affatato S, Al-Haddad H, Lisignoli G, Ricotti L. Graphene Oxide-Doped Gellan Gum-PEGDA Bilayered Hydrogel Mimicking the Mechanical and Lubrication Properties of Articular Cartilage. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001434. [PMID: 33586352 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a specialized connective tissue able to provide a low-friction gliding surface supporting shock-absorption, reducing stresses, and guaranteeing wear-resistance thanks to its structure and mechanical and lubrication properties. Being an avascular tissue, AC has a limited ability to heal defects. Nowadays, conventional strategies show several limitations, which results in ineffective restoration of chondral defects. Several tissue engineering approaches have been proposed to restore the AC's native properties without reproducing its mechanical and lubrication properties yet. This work reports the fabrication of a bilayered structure made of gellan gum (GG) and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), able to mimic the mechanical and lubrication features of both AC superficial and deep zones. Through appropriate combinations of GG and PEGDA, cartilage Young's modulus is effectively mimicked for both zones. Graphene oxide is used as a dopant agent for the superficial hydrogel layer, demonstrating a lower friction than the nondoped counterpart. The bilayered hydrogel's antiwear properties are confirmed by using a knee simulator, following ISO 14243. Finally, in vitro tests with human chondrocytes confirm the absence of cytotoxicity effects. The results shown in this paper open the way to a multilayered synthetic injectable or surgically implantable filler for restoring AC defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Trucco
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vannozzi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Eti Teblum
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
- Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Madina Telkhozhayeva
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
- Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Gilbert Daniel Nessim
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
- Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Saverio Affatato
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio Tecnologie Biomediche, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Hind Al-Haddad
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- IRCSS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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Graham BT, Wright AD, Burris DL, Axe MJ, Raisis LW, Price C. Quantification of solute diffusivity in osteoarthritic human femoral cartilage using correlation spectroscopy. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:3256-3267. [PMID: 30183098 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, pain, and disability. As an avascular tissue, the movement of water and solutes through the tissue is critical to cartilage health and function, and early changes in solute diffusivity due to micro-scale changes in the properties of cartilage's extracellular matrix might precede clinical symptoms. A diagnostic technique for quantifying alteration to the diffusive environment of cartilage that precedes macroscopic changes may allow for the earlier identification of osteoarthritic disease, facilitating earlier intervention strategies. Toward this end, we used two confocal microscopy-based correlation spectroscopy techniques, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and raster image correlation spectroscopy, to quantify the diffusion of two small solutes, fluorescein and 3k dextran, within human osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Our goal was to determine if these relatively simple optical correlation spectroscopy techniques could detect changes in solute diffusivity associated with increasing cartilage damage as assessed by International Cartilage Repair Society scoring guidelines, and if these measures are correlated with mechanical and compositional measures of cartilage health. Our data show a modest, yet significant increase in solute diffusivity and cartilage permeability with increasing osteoarthritis score (grades 0-2), with a strong correlation between diffusion coefficients, permeability, and cartilage composition. The described correlation spectroscopy techniques are quick, simple, and easily adapted to existing laboratory workflow and equipment. Furthermore, the minimal solute concentrations and laser powers required for analysis, combined with recent advances in arthroscopic microscopy, suggest correlation spectroscopy techniques as translational candidates for development into early OA diagnosis tools. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3256-3267, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Graham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Alison D Wright
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David L Burris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Michael J Axe
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,First State Orthopaedics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Leo W Raisis
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,First State Orthopaedics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Christopher Price
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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Huwe LW, Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Characterization of costal cartilage and its suitability as a cell source for articular cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1163-1176. [PMID: 29286211 DOI: 10.1002/term.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Costal cartilage is a promising donor source of chondrocytes to alleviate cell scarcity in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Limited knowledge exists, however, on costal cartilage characteristics. This study describes the characterization of costal cartilage and articular cartilage properties and compares neocartilage engineered with costal chondrocytes to native articular cartilage, all within a sheep model. Specifically, we (a) quantitatively characterized the properties of costal cartilage in comparison to patellofemoral articular cartilage, and (b) evaluated the quality of neocartilage derived from costal chondrocytes for potential use in articular cartilage regeneration. Ovine costal and articular cartilages from various topographical locations were characterized mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. Costal cartilage was stiffer in compression but softer and weaker in tension than articular cartilage. These differences were attributed to high amounts of glycosaminoglycans and mineralization and a low amount of collagen in costal cartilage. Compared to articular cartilage, costal cartilage was more densely populated with chondrocytes, rendering it an excellent chondrocyte source. In terms of tissue engineering, using the self-assembling process, costal chondrocytes formed articular cartilage-like neocartilage. Quantitatively compared via a functionality index, neocartilage achieved 55% of the medial condyle cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties. This characterization study highlighted the differences between costal and articular cartilages in native forms and demonstrated that costal cartilage is a valuable source of chondrocytes suitable for articular cartilage regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Huwe LW, Brown WE, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Characterization of costal cartilage and its suitability as a cell source for articular cartilage tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 29286211 DOI: 10.1002/term.2630.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Costal cartilage is a promising donor source of chondrocytes to alleviate cell scarcity in articular cartilage tissue engineering. Limited knowledge exists, however, on costal cartilage characteristics. This study describes the characterization of costal cartilage and articular cartilage properties and compares neocartilage engineered with costal chondrocytes to native articular cartilage, all within a sheep model. Specifically, we (a) quantitatively characterized the properties of costal cartilage in comparison to patellofemoral articular cartilage, and (b) evaluated the quality of neocartilage derived from costal chondrocytes for potential use in articular cartilage regeneration. Ovine costal and articular cartilages from various topographical locations were characterized mechanically, biochemically, and histologically. Costal cartilage was stiffer in compression but softer and weaker in tension than articular cartilage. These differences were attributed to high amounts of glycosaminoglycans and mineralization and a low amount of collagen in costal cartilage. Compared to articular cartilage, costal cartilage was more densely populated with chondrocytes, rendering it an excellent chondrocyte source. In terms of tissue engineering, using the self-assembling process, costal chondrocytes formed articular cartilage-like neocartilage. Quantitatively compared via a functionality index, neocartilage achieved 55% of the medial condyle cartilage mechanical and biochemical properties. This characterization study highlighted the differences between costal and articular cartilages in native forms and demonstrated that costal cartilage is a valuable source of chondrocytes suitable for articular cartilage regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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