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Campagne O, Davis A, Zhong B, Nair S, Haberman V, T Patel Y, Janke L, F Roussel M, Stewart C. CNS Penetration of Cyclophosphamide and Metabolites in Mice Bearing Group 3 Medulloblastoma and Non-Tumor Bearing Mice. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020; 22:612-629. [PMID: 31815662 DOI: 10.18433/jpps30608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclophosphamide is widely used to treat children with medulloblastoma; however, little is known about its brain penetration. We performed cerebral microdialysis to characterize the brain penetration of cyclophosphamide (130 mg/kg, IP) and its metabolites [4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide (4OH-CTX) and carboxyethylphosphoramide mustard (CEPM)] in non-tumor bearing mice and mice bearing orthotopic Group 3 medulloblastoma. METHODS A plasma pharmacokinetic study was performed in non-tumor-bearing CD1- nude mice, and four cerebral microdialysis studies were performed in non-tumor-bearing (M1 and M3) and tumor- bearing mice (M2 and M4). Plasma samples were collected up to 6-hours post-dose, and extracellular fluid (ECF) samples were collected over 60-minute intervals for 24-hours post-dose. To stabilize and quantify 4OH-CTX, a derivatizing solution was added in blood after collection, and either directly in the microdialysis perfusate (M1 and M2) or in ECF collection tubes (M3 and M4). Plasma/ECF cyclophosphamide and CEPM, and 4OH-CTX concentrations were separately measured using different LC-MS/MS methods. RESULTS All plasma/ECF concentrations were described using a population-based pharmacokinetic model. Plasma exposures of cyclophosphamide, 4OH-CTX, and CEPM were similar across studies (mean AUC=112.6, 45.6, and 80.8 µmol∙hr/L). Hemorrhage was observed in brain tissue when the derivatizing solution was in perfusate compared with none when in collection tubes, which suggested potential sample contamination in studies M1 and M2. Model-derived unbound ECF to plasma partition coefficients (Kp,uu) were calculated to reflect CNS penetration of the compounds. Lower cyclophosphamide Kp,uu was obtained in tumor-bearing mice versus non-tumor bearing mice (mean 0.15 versus 0.22, p=0.019). No differences in Kp,uu were observed between these groups for 4OH- CTX and CEPM (overall mean 0.10 and 0.07). CONCLUSIONS Future studies will explore potential mechanisms at the brain-tumor barrier to explain lower cyclophosphamide brain penetration in tumor-bearing mice. These results will be used to further investigate exposure-response relationships in medulloblastoma xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Clinton Stewart
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN..
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Morfouace M, Shelat A, Jacus M, Freeman BB, Turner D, Robinson S, Zindy F, Wang YD, Finkelstein D, Ayrault O, Bihannic L, Puget S, Li XN, Olson JM, Robinson GW, Guy RK, Stewart CF, Gajjar A, Roussel MF. Pemetrexed and gemcitabine as combination therapy for the treatment of Group3 medulloblastoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:516-29. [PMID: 24684846 PMCID: PMC3994669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We devised a high-throughput, cell-based assay to identify compounds to treat Group3 medulloblastoma (G3 MB). Mouse G3 MBs neurospheres were screened against a library of approximately 7,000 compounds including US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. We found that pemetrexed and gemcitabine preferentially inhibited G3 MB proliferation in vitro compared to control neurospheres and substantially inhibited G3 MB proliferation in vivo. When combined, these two drugs significantly increased survival of mice bearing cortical implants of mouse and human G3 MBs that overexpress MYC compared to each agent alone, while having little effect on mouse MBs of the sonic hedgehog subgroup. Our findings strongly suggest that combination therapy with pemetrexed and gemcitabine is a promising treatment for G3 MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Morfouace
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Megan Jacus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Burgess B Freeman
- Department of Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie/CNRS UMR 3306/INSERM U1005 Building 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Laure Bihannic
- Institut Curie/CNRS UMR 3306/INSERM U1005 Building 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Stephanie Puget
- AP-HP, Department of Neurosurgery, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Université Rene Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of NeuroOncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Clinton F Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of NeuroOncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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