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Sarfi S, Azaryan E, Naseri M. Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:369-386. [PMID: 38959180 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sarfi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Azaryan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular, and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Pan H, Yang Y, Xu H, Jin A, Huang X, Gao X, Sun S, Liu Y, Liu J, Lu T, Wang X, Zhu Y, Jiang L. The odontoblastic differentiation of dental mesenchymal stem cells: molecular regulation mechanism and related genetic syndromes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1174579. [PMID: 37818127 PMCID: PMC10561098 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1174579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into multiple lineages including odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, neural cells, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, melanocytes, and hepatocytes. Odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs is pivotal in dentinogenesis, a delicate and dynamic process regulated at the molecular level by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulation. Mutations or dysregulation of related genes may contribute to genetic diseases with dentin defects caused by impaired odontoblastic differentiation, including tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), Raine syndrome (RS), hypophosphatasia (HPP), Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD), and Elsahy-Waters syndrome (EWS). Herein, recent progress in the molecular regulation of the odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs is summarized. In addition, genetic syndromes associated with disorders of odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs are discussed. An improved understanding of the molecular regulation and related genetic syndromes may help clinicians better understand the etiology and pathogenesis of dentin lesions in systematic diseases and identify novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houwen Pan
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Yang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Anting Jin
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangru Huang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanqi Liu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingwei Lu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Smurf2-induced degradation of SMAD2 causes inhibition of hair follicle stem cell differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:160. [PMID: 35379779 PMCID: PMC8980066 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are implicated in the formation of hair follicles and epidermis. This study aims to clarify the role of SMAD2 in regulating the differentiation of HFSCs, which is involved with Smurf2. Functional assays were carried out in human HFSCs to assess the effect of SMAD2 and Smurf2 with altered expression on growth dynamics of HFSCs. Ubiquitination of SMAD2 and its protein stability were assessed. The binding relationship between NANOG and DNMT1 was assessed. A mouse skin wound model was induced to verify the effects of Smurf2/SMAD2/NANOG/DNMT1 on wound healing. SMAD2 overexpression was observed in HFSCs during differentiation and its ectopic expression contributed to promotion of differentiation and apoptosis of HFSCs while arresting cell proliferation. Mechanistic investigations indicated that Smurf2 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of SMAD2, thus causing downregulation of SMAD2 expression. By this mechanism, NANOG expression was reduced and the subsequent DNMT1 transcriptional expression was also diminished, leading to suppression of differentiation and apoptosis of HFSCs while stimulating cell proliferation. Moreover, in vivo data showed that Smurf2 upregulation limited epidermal wound healing in mice by inhibiting the SMAD2/NANOG/DNMT1 axis. Our work proposed a potential target regarding SMAD2 restoration in promoting HFSC differentiation and skin wound healing.
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Manokawinchoke J, Watcharawipas T, Ekmetipunth K, Jiamjirachart M, Osathanon T. Dorsomorphin attenuates Jagged1-induced mineralization in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2229-2242. [PMID: 34455605 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether TGF-β/BMP signalling participates in Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells (hDPs). METHODOLOGY Bioinformatic analysis of publicly available RNA sequencing data of Jagged1-treated hDPs was performed using NetworkAnalyst. The mRNA expression was validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. hDPs were seeded on Jagged1 immobilized surfaces in the presence or absence of TGF-β or BMP inhibitor. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase staining, osteogenic marker gene expression and mineralization assay. Statistical analyses were performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by a pairwise comparison for more than three group comparison. Mann-Whitney U-test was employed for two group comparison. The statistical significance was considered at p < .05. RESULTS Jagged1 treatment in growth medium significantly promoted TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 whilst significantly inhibited BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6 mRNA expression (p < .05). In osteogenic induction medium, Jagged1 significantly up-regulated TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 at days 1 and 3 (p < .05). Pre-treatment with TGF-β1, TGF-β2 or TGF-β3 prior to osteogenic induction resulted in the significant increase of osteogenic marker gene expression, collagen type 1 protein expression, alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and mineral deposition (p < .05). However, TGF-β signalling inhibition with SB431542 (4 μmol L-1 ) or SB505124 (47 and 129 nmol L-1 ) failed to attenuate the effect of Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in hDPs. Dorsomorphin (4 and 8 μmol L-1 ) treatment significantly abolished the effect of Jagged1 on mineralization by hDPs (p < .05). CONCLUSION Notch signalling activation by Jagged1 modulated TGF-β and BMP ligand expression. Dorsomorphin, but not TGF-β receptor inhibitor, attenuated Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in hDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thiphon Watcharawipas
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamoltham Ekmetipunth
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manoch Jiamjirachart
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) is recognized as a versatile cytokine that plays a vital role in regulation of joint development, homeostasis, and diseases, but its role as a biological mechanism is understood far less than that of its counterpart, TGF-β1. Cartilage as a load-resisting structure in vertebrates however displays a fragile performance when any tissue disturbance occurs, due to its lack of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Recent reports have indicated that TGF-β2 is involved in the physiological processes of chondrocytes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, and the pathological progress of cartilage such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). TGF-β2 also shows its potent capacity in the repair of cartilage defects by recruiting autologous mesenchymal stem cells and promoting secretion of other growth factor clusters. In addition, some pioneering studies have already considered it as a potential target in the treatment of OA and RA. This article aims to summarize the current progress of TGF-β2 in cartilage development and diseases, which might provide new cues for remodelling of cartilage defect and intervention of cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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EDTA Promotes the Mineralization of Dental Pulp In Vitro and In Vivo. J Endod 2020; 47:458-465. [PMID: 33352150 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dentin regeneration is one of the main goals of vital pulp treatment in which the biological properties of dental pulp cells (DPCs) need to be considered. In our previous study, we showed that EDTA could enhance the stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha-induced migration of DPCs. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of EDTA on the mineralization of dental pulp in vitro and in vivo. METHODS DPCs were obtained from human premolars or third molars. Alkaline phosphatase assays and alizarin red S staining were used to examine the degree of differentiation and mineralized nodule formation of DPCs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the messenger RNA and protein expressions of mineralization-related markers in DPCs. Extracellular-regulated protein kinase and Smad inhibitors were used to study the roles of these 2 signaling pathways in this process. In addition, pulp exposures were created on 18 premolars of 2 beagle dogs (>12 months) using a high-speed dental handpiece. The experimental group (n = 9) was treated with 12% EDTA for 5 minutes, and the control group (n = 9) was treated with sterile saline for the same duration. Mineral trioxide aggregate was used for direct pulp capping followed by glass ionomer cement sealing. Samples were collected 3 months later, and the regenerated dentin was assessed by micro-computed tomographic and histologic analyses. RESULTS Exposure to 12% EDTA promoted the activity of alkaline phosphatase, the formation of mineralized nodules, and the messenger RNA and protein expressions of mineralization-related markers in DPCs. Furthermore, the process of 12% EDTA enhancing the differentiation of DPCs was mediated by the extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 signaling pathway and inhibited by the Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In vivo, compared with the control group, more regenerated dentin that had fewer tunnel defects was formed in the 12% EDTA-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that 12% EDTA could promote the mineralization of dental pulp in vitro and in vivo.
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Characterization of Odontogenic Differentiation from Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Using TMT-Based Proteomic Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3871496. [PMID: 33490242 PMCID: PMC7789479 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3871496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The repair of dental pulp injury relies on the odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). To better understand the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs and identify proteins involved in this process, tandem mass tags (TMTs) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were applied to compare the proteomic profiles of induced and control DPSCs. Methods The proteins expressed during osteogenic differentiation of human DPSCs were profiled using the TMT method combined with LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified proteins were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Two selected proteins were confirmed by western blotting (WB) analysis. Results A total of 223 proteins that were differentially expressed were identified. Among them, 152 proteins were significantly upregulated and 71 were downregulated in the odontogenic differentiation group compared with the control group. On the basis of biological processes in GO, the identified proteins were mainly involved in cellular processes, metabolic processes, and biological regulation, which are connected with the signaling pathways highlighted by KEGG pathway analysis. PPI networks showed that most of the differentially expressed proteins were implicated in physical or functional interaction. The protein expression levels of FBN1 and TGF-β2 validated by WB were consistent with the proteomic analysis. Conclusions This is the first proteomic analysis of human DPSC odontogenesis using a TMT method. We identified many new differentially expressed proteins that are potential targets for pulp-dentin complex regeneration and repair.
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Chang HH, Chen IL, Wang YL, Chang MC, Tsai YL, Lan WC, Wang TM, Yeung SY, Jeng JH. Regulation of the regenerative activity of dental pulp stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) of children by TGF-β1 is associated with ALK5/Smad2, TAK1, p38 and MEK/ERK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21253-21272. [PMID: 33148869 PMCID: PMC7695363 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) regulates wound healing/regeneration and aging processes. Dental pulp stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are cell sources for treatment of age-related disorders. We studied the effect of TGF-β1 on SHED and related signaling. SHED were treated with TGF-β1 with/without pretreatment/co-incubation by SB431542, U0126, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol or SB203580. Sircol collagen assay, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, RT-PCR, western blotting and PathScan phospho-ELISA were used to measure the effects. We found that SHED expressed ALK1, ALK3, ALK5, TGF-RII, betaglycan and endoglin mRNA. TGF-β1 stimulated p-Smad2, p-TAK1, p-ERK, p-p38 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression. It enhanced proliferation and collagen content of SHED that were attenuated by SB431542, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol and SB203580, but not U0126. TGF-β1 (0.5-1 ng/ml) stimulated ALP of SHED, whereas 5-10 ng/ml TGF-β1 suppressed ALP. SB431542 reversed the effects of TGF-β1. However, 5Z-7-oxozeaenol, SB203580 and U0126 only reversed the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on ALP. Four inhibitors attenuated TGF-β1-induced COX-2 expression. TGF-β1-stimulated TIMP-1 and N-cadherin was inhibited by SB431542 and 5Z-7-oxozeaenol. These results indicate that TGF-β1 affects SHED by differential regulation of ALK5/Smad2/3, TAK1, p38 and MEK/ERK. TGF-β1 and SHED could potentially be used for tissue engineering/regeneration and treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Il-Ly Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Lan
- Department of Oral Hygiene Care, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Mei Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Duan Y, An W, Wu H, Wu Y. Salvianolic Acid C Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via Toll-Like Receptors 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9499-9508. [PMID: 31831723 PMCID: PMC6929551 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes gingival detachment and disintegration of alveolar bone. Salvianolic acid C (SAC) is a polyphenol compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities that is isolated from Danshen, a traditional Chinese medicine made from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of underlying its protective effects and its inhibition effect on inflammation and apoptosis in human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS LPS-induced hPDLSCs, as a model mimicking an inflammatory process of periodontitis in vivo, were established to investigate the therapeutic effect of SAC in periodontitis. The inflammatory cytokines secretion and oxidative stress status were measured by use of specific commercial test kits. The hPDLSCs viability was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The cell apoptosis and cell cycle were assayed with flow cytometry. Expressions levels of proteins involved in apoptosis, osteogenic differentiation, and TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway were evaluated by Western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected by ALP assay kit and ALP staining. The mineralized nodules formation of hPDLSCs was checked by Alizarin Red S staining. RESULTS Our results showed that LPS induced increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress and mediated the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF‑kappaB p65 in hPDLSCs. SAC reversed the abnormal secretion of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the TLR4/NF‑kappaB activation induced by LPS. SAC also upregulated cell viability, ALP activity, and the ability of osteogenic differentiation. The anti-inflammation and TLR4/NF‑kappaB inhibition effects of SAC were reversed by TLR4 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results revealed that SAC effectively attenuates LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis via the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway and that SAC is effective in treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Duan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Wei An
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yunxia Wu
- Department of Oral Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China (mainland)
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Abstract
Abstract
The dentine-pulp complex response in deep caries is histological characterized by tertiary formation and mild chronic pulp inflammation. The quiescent primary odontoblasts are reactivated, laying down reactionary tertiary dentine. In more severe carious damage the primary odontoblasts die and reparative tertiary dentine is secreted by odontoblast-like cells, which are differentiated in adult teeth mainly from dental pulp stem cells DPSC. Though associated with reversible pulpitis DPSC still preserve in deep caries the capability of migration, proliferation and differentiation. Some common mechanisms of molecular signals involved in tertiary dentine formation might also explain the balance between inflammation and regeneration of dentine-pulp complex.
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Zhang J, Zhang CF, Li QL, Chu CH. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Promotes Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla via Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Signaling. J Endod 2019; 45:150-155. [PMID: 30711170 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) possess strong odonto/osteogenic differentiation potential. This study investigated the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs and the underlining interplay between cAMP and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). METHODS SCAPs were stimulated with an activator of cAMP (forskolin) in the presence of either TGF-β1 or a TGF-β1 inhibitor. The amounts of calcium mineral deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity were determined. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to elucidate cAMP on the TGF-β1-mediated odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs. The effect of cAMP on the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3 and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)/P38 induced by TGF-β1 was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Cotreatment with forskolin and a TGF-β1 inhibitor enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and deposition of calcium minerals in SCAPs. Moreover, the TGF-β1 inhibitor synergized the effect of forskolin on the expression of type I collagen and runt-related transcription factor 2. The results of Western blotting revealed that forskolin attenuated the unregulated expression of the phosphorylation of Smad3 and ERK induced by TGF-β1, and a cAMP inhibitor (H89) antagonized this effect. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that cAMP signaling exerts its up-regulating effects on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of SCAPs by interfering with TGF-β1 signaling via inhibiting Smad3 and ERK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Fei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Quan Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Liu L, Leng S, Yue J, Lu Q, Xu W, Yi X, Huang D, Zhang L. EDTA Enhances Stromal Cell–derived Factor 1α–induced Migration of Dental Pulp Cells by Up-regulating Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression. J Endod 2019; 45:599-605.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Lin PS, Cheng RH, Chang MC, Lee JJ, Chang HH, Huang WL, Yeung SY, Chang YC, Jeng JH. TGF-β1 stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and PGE 2 production of human dental pulp cells: Role of ALK5/Smad2 and MEK/ERK signal transduction pathways. J Formos Med Assoc 2017; 116:748-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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14
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Chang YC, Chang MC, Chen YJ, Liou JU, Chang HH, Huang WL, Liao WC, Chan CP, Jeng PY, Jeng JH. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Regulates Gene and Protein Expression Related to Proliferation, Differentiation, and Matrix Production of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2017; 43:936-942. [PMID: 28416318 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) plays differential effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover in various tissues. However, limited information is known about the effect of bFGF on dental pulp cells. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether bFGF influences the cell differentiation and extracellular matrix turnover of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the related gene and protein expression as well as the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. The expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in HDPCs was also studied. METHODS The expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 in HDPCs was investigated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. HDPCs were treated with different concentrations of bFGF. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Cell differentiation was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. Changes in messenger expression of cyclin B1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Changes in protein expression of cdc2, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and collagen I were determined by Western blotting. U0126 was used to clarify the role of MEK/ERK signaling. RESULTS HDPCs expressed both FGFR1 and FGFR2. Cell viability was stimulated by 50-250 ng/mL bFGF. The expression and enzyme activities of ALP were inhibited by 10-500 ng/mL bFGF. At similar concentrations, bFGF stimulates cdc2, cyclin B1, and TIMP-1 messenger RNA and protein expression. bFGF showed little effect on TIMP-2 and partly inhibited collagen I expression of pulp cells. U0126 (a MEK/ERK inhibitor) attenuated the bFGF-induced increase of cyclin B1, cdc2, and TIMP-1. CONCLUSIONS bFGF may be involved in pulpal repair and regeneration by activation of FGFRs to regulate cell growth; stimulate cdc2, cyclin B1, and TIMP-1 expression; and inhibit ALP. These events are partly associated with MEK/ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Uei Liou
- Department of Dentistry, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Huang
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chuen Liao
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Jeng
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Chang MC, Chang HH, Lin PS, Huang YA, Chan CP, Tsai YL, Lee SY, Jeng PY, Kuo HY, Yeung SY, Jeng JH. Effects of TGF-β1 on plasminogen activation in human dental pulp cells: Role of ALK5/Smad2, TAK1 and MEK/ERK signalling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:854-863. [PMID: 27723266 DOI: 10.1002/term.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the pulpal repair and dentinogenesis. Plasminogen activation (PA) system regulates extracellular matrix turnover. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on PA system of dental pulp cells and its signalling pathways. Dental pulp cells were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β1. MTT assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) were used to detect the effect of TGF-β1 on cell viability, mRNA and protein expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as well as their secretion. The phosphorylation of Smad2 and TAK1 was analysed by Pathscan ELISA or Western blotting. Cells were pretreated with SB431542 (ALK5/Smad2/3 inhibitor), 5z-7-oxozeaenol (TAK1 inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor) for examining the related signalling. TGF-β1 slightly inhibited cell growth that was reversed by SB431542. TGF-β1 upregulated both RNA and protein expression of PAI-1 and uPAR, whereas it downregulated uPA expression. Accordingly, TGF-β1 stimulated PAI-1 and soluble uPAR (suPAR) secretion of pulp cells, whereas uPA secretion was inhibited. TGF-β1 induced the phosphorylation of Smad2 and TAK1. In addition, SB431542, 5z-7-oxozeaenol and U0126 attenuated the TGF-β1-induced secretion of PAI-1 and suPAR. These results indicate that TGF-β1 is possibly involved in the repair/regeneration and inflammatory processes of dental pulp via regulation of PAI-1, uPA and uPAR. These effects of TGF-β1 are related to activation of ALK5/Smad2, TAK1 and MEK/ERK signalling pathways. Clarifying the signal transduction for the effects of TGF-β1 is helpful for pulpo-dentin regeneration and tissue engineering. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology, Toxicology & Material Biocompatibility, Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shuan Lin
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology, Toxicology & Material Biocompatibility, Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Huang
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology, Toxicology & Material Biocompatibility, Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology, Toxicology & Material Biocompatibility, Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Yang Lee
- Department of Dentistry and School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Jeng
- School of Dentistry, University CEU, Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Han-Yueh Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yuet Yeung
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology, Toxicology & Material Biocompatibility, Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Park HC, Quan H, Zhu T, Kim Y, Kim B, Yang HC. The Effects of M1 and M2 Macrophages on Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2017; 43:596-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Transforming growth factor beta 1 increases collagen content, and stimulates procollagen I and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 production of dental pulp cells: Role of MEK/ERK and activin receptor-like kinase-5/Smad signaling. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:351-358. [PMID: 27720345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE In order to clarify the role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in pulp repair/regeneration responses, we investigated the differential signaling pathways responsible for the effects of TGF-β1 on collagen turnover, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) production in human dental pulp cells. METHODS Pulp cells were exposed to TGF-β1 with/without pretreatment and coincubation by 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(o-aminophenyl mercapto)butadiene (U0126; a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase [MEK]/extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] inhibitor) and 4-(5-benzol[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-4-pyrldin-2-yl-1H- imidazol-2-yl)-benzamide hydrate (SB431542; an activin receptor-like kinase-5/Smad signaling inhibitor). Sircol collagen assay was used to measure cellular collagen content. Culture medium procollagen I, TIMP-1, and MMP-3 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS TGF-β1 increased the collagen content, procollagen I, and TIMP-1 production, but slightly decreased MMP-3 production of pulp cells. SB431542 and U0126 prevented the TGF-β1-induced increase of collagen content and TIMP-1 production of dental pulp cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that TGF-β1 may be involved in the healing/regeneration processes of dental pulp in response to injury by stimulation of collagen and TIMP-1 production. These events are associated with activin receptor-like kinase-5/Smad2/3 and MEK/ERK signaling.
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Kawashima N, Okiji T. Odontoblasts: Specialized hard-tissue-forming cells in the dentin-pulp complex. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:144-53. [PMID: 27131345 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts are specialized cells that produce dentin and exhibit unique morphological characteristics; i.e., they extend cytoplasmic processes into dentinal tubules. While osteoblasts, which are typical hard-tissue-forming cells, are generated from mesenchymal stem cells during normal and pathological bone metabolism, the induction of odontoblasts only occurs once during tooth development, and odontoblasts survive throughout the lives of healthy teeth. During the differentiation of odontoblasts, signaling molecules from the inner enamel epithelium are considered necessary for the differentiation of odontoblast precursors, i.e., peripheral dental papilla cells. If odontoblasts are destroyed by severe external stimuli, such as deep caries, the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into odontoblast-like cells is induced. Various bioactive molecules, such as non-collagenous proteins, might be involved in this process, although the precise mechanisms responsible for odontoblast differentiation have not been fully elucidated. Recently, our knowledge about the other functional activities of odontoblasts (apart from dentin formation) has increased. For example, it has been suggested that odontoblasts might act as nociceptive receptors, and surveillance cells that detect the invasion of exogenous pathogens. The regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex has recently gained much attention as a promising future treatment modality that could increase the longevity of pulpless teeth. Finally, congenital dentin anomalies, which are concerned with the disturbance of odontoblast functions, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Li S, Hu J, Zhang G, Qi W, Zhang P, Li P, Zeng Y, Zhao W, Tan Y. Extracellular Ca2+ Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells via BMP2-Mediated Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 Pathways. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2164-73. [PMID: 25656933 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is the main element of many pulp capping materials that are used to promote the regeneration of tertiary dentin, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, we found that Ca(2+) increased the expression of the odontoblastic differentiation marker gene DSPP and promoted odontoblastic differentiation and mineralization of DPSCs, but inhibited ALP activity. Ca(2+) increases the expression of endogenous BMP2, which activates the Smad1/5/8 pathway and promotes the Smad1-Runx2 and Runx2-DSPP interaction in DPSCs. Inhibition of Smad1/5/8 with dorsomorphin partially blocked Runx2 activity; however, inhibition of the BMP2 receptor with Noggin nearly fully suppressed Runx2 activity. These results indicate that Ca(2+) promotes cell differentiation mainly via BMP2-mediated Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. We then determined that the phosphorylation level of Erk1/2, but not JNK or p38, was significantly increased as a result of Ca(2+) stimulation. Blockage of Erk1/2 was found to inhibit Runx2 activity, indicating that Ca(2+) triggers the Erk1/2 pathway, which subsequently regulates Runx2 activity. In addition, inhibition of Erk1/2 differentially attenuated the phosphorylation levels of Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3. Collectively, this study demonstrates that Ca(2+) activates the BMP2-mediated Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 pathways in DPSCs and that Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2 signaling converge at Runx2 to control the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Tan
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Role of ALK5/Smad2/3 and MEK1/ERK Signaling in Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1-modulated Growth, Collagen Turnover, and Differentiation of Stem Cells from Apical Papilla of Human Tooth. J Endod 2015; 41:1272-80. [PMID: 26001858 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in cell proliferation, matrix formation, and odontogenesis. This study investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and its signaling by MEK/ERK and Smad2. METHODS SCAPs were exposed to TGF-β1 with/without pretreatment and coincubation by SB431542 (an ALK5/Smad 2/3 inhibitor) or U0126 (a MEK/ERK inhibitor). Cell growth was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay or direct counting of viable cells. Collagen content was determined by using the Sircol collagen assay (Biocolor Ltd, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland). Cell differentiation was evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Smad2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blotting or PathScan phospho-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cell Signaling Technology Inc, Danvers, MA). RESULTS TGF-β1 stimulated the growth and collagen content of cultured SCAPs. TGF-β1 stimulated ERK1/2 and Smad2 phosphorylation within 60 minutes of exposure. Pretreatment by U0126 and SB431542 effectively prevented the TGF-β1-induced cell growth and collagen content in SCAPs. TGF-β1 stimulated ALP activity at lower concentrations (0.1-1 ng/mL) but down-regulated ALP at higher concentrations (>5 ng/mL). U0126 prevented 0.5 ng/mL TGF-β1-induced ALP activity but showed little effect on 10 ng/mL TGF-β1-induced decline of ALP in SCAPs. Interestingly, SB431542 attenuated both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects on ALP by TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 may affect the proliferation, collagen turnover, and differentiation of SCAPs via differential activation of ALK5/Smad2 and MEK/ERK signaling. These results highlight the future use of TGF-β1 and SCAP for engineering of pulpal regeneration and apexogenesis.
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Effects of WNT10A on proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2014; 40:1593-9. [PMID: 25134734 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10A (WNT10A) plays crucial roles in odontogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WNT10A on human dental pulp cells (DPCs), which contain a mixed population of cells, including stem and progenitor cells, and participate in dentin repair or dentin-pulp regeneration. METHODS Healthy human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used as a study model. The expression of WNT10A protein in dental pulp was determined by immunohistochemistry. The messenger RNA expression of WNT10A and Wnt-related genes was analyzed by semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. DPCs were enzymatically separated from pulp tissues, cultured, and passaged. The biological effects of WNT10A on DPCs were investigated using recombinant lentivirus encoding WNT10A complementary DNA. WNT10A-induced changes in DPC proliferation were assessed by methyltetrazolium assay and flow cytometry. In order to determine the effects of WNT10A on DPC differentiation, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an early marker of odontoblastic differentiation, was assessed using an ALP activity assay kit, and the expression levels of odontoblast-specific genes, including DSPP, DMP1, ALP, and COL1A1, were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS WNT10A protein was clearly identified in the cytoplasm of DPCs. Semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated the expression of WNT10A and Wnt-related genes in pulp tissues as well as in passaging DPCs. Lentiviral overexpression of WNT10A enhanced proliferation of DPCs and down-regulated ALP activity and the expression of odontoblast-specific genes. CONCLUSIONS WNT10A promotes the proliferation of DPCs and negatively regulates their odontoblastic differentiation.
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Chang MC, Lin LD, Tseng HC, Chang BE, Chan CP, Lee SY, Chang HH, Lin PS, Tseng SK, Jeng JH. Growth and differentiation factor-5 regulates the growth and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2013; 39:1272-7. [PMID: 24041390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a multifunctional protein that regulates the development and repair in many tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether GDF-5 may influence the proliferation, differentiation, and collagen turnover of human dental pulp cells. METHODS Human dental pulp cells were treated with different concentrations of GDF-5 (0-500 ng/mL). Morphology of pulp cells was observed under a microscope. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Immunofluorescent assay was used to observe the percentages of cell mitosis. Collagen content was measured by Sircol collagen assay. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP enzyme activity assay. RESULTS After exposure of dental pulp cells to various concentrations of GDF-5, cell number was up-regulated significantly in dose-dependent manner. GDF-5 also stimulated mitosis of dental pulp cells as indicated by an increased percentage of binucleated cells from 28% to 35%-45%. GDF-5 did not affect the collagen content and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level of pulp cells. GDF-5 decreased the ALP activity of pulp cells as analyzed by ALP staining and enzyme activity assay, with 14%-44% of inhibition. CONCLUSIONS GDF-5 revealed mitogenic and proliferative activity to dental pulp cells. GDF-5 showed inhibitory effect on ALP activity but little effect on the collagen turnover. These events are crucial in specific stages of dental pulp repair and regeneration. GDF-5 may be potentially used for tissue engineering of pulp-dentin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Ajay Sharma L, Sharma A, Dias GJ. Advances in regeneration of dental pulp--a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:85-98. [PMID: 23946258 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the biological response of dentin-pulp complexes to a variety of stimuli and responses to current treatment therapies and reviews the role of tissue engineering and its application in regenerative endodontics. An electronic search was undertaken based on keywords using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Ovid database resources up to March 2012 to identify appropriate articles, supplemented by a manual search using reference lists from relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were mainly based on different combinations of keywords and restricted to articles published in English language only. Biological approaches based on tissue engineering principles were found to offer the possibility of restoring natural tooth vitality, with distinct evidence that regeneration of lost dental tissues is possible. Studies to formulate an ideal restorative material with regenerative properties, however, are still under way. Further research with supporting clinical studies is required to identify the most effective and safe treatment therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Ajay Sharma
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Characterisation of dental pulp stem cells: A new horizon for tissue regeneration? Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1439-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pulpal Reactions to Orthodontic Force Application in Humans: A Systematic Review. J Endod 2012; 38:1463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yun YR, Jeon E, Lee S, Kang W, Kim SG, Kim HW, Suh CK, Jang JH. Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Dentin Phosphoprotein Produced by Escherichia coli, and Its Odontoblastic Differentiation Effects on Human Dental Pulp Cells. Protein J 2012; 31:504-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chang HH, Chang MC, Huang GF, Wang YL, Chan CP, Wang TM, Lin PS, Jeng JH. Effect of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the cytotoxicity, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostanoids production in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2012; 45:848-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yun YR, Kim HW, Kang W, Jeon E, Lee S, Lee HY, Kim CH, Jang JH. Expression and purification recombinant human dentin sialoprotein in Escherichia coli and its effects on human dental pulp cells. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:47-51. [PMID: 22445741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is cleaved from dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and most abundant dentinal non-collagenous proteins in dentin. DSP is believed to participate in differentiation and mineralization of cells. In this study, we first constructed recombinant human DSP (rhDSP) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and investigated its odontoblastic differentiation effects on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Cell adhesion activity was measured by crystal violet assay and cell proliferation activity was measured by MTT assay. To assess mineralization activity of rhDSP, Alizarin Red S staining was performed. In addition, the mRNA levels of collagen type І (Col І), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCN) were measured due to their use as mineralization markers for odontoblast-/osteoblast-like differentiation of hDPCs. The obtained rhDSP in E. coli was approximately identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Initially, rhDSP significantly enhanced hDPCs adhesion activity and proliferation (p<0.05). In Alizarin Red S staining, stained hDPCs increased in a time-dependent manner. This odontoblastic differentiation activity was also verified through mRNA levels of odontoblast-related markers. Here, we first demonstrated that rhDSP may be an important regulatory ECM in determining the hDPCs fate including cell adhesion, proliferation, and odontoblastic differentiation activity. These findings indicate that rhDSP can induce growth and differentiation on hDPCs, leading to improve tooth repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rang Yun
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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The Effect of Matrix Extracellular Phosphoglycoprotein and Its Downstream Osteogenesis-related Gene Expression on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:330-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Qin W, Yang F, Deng R, Li D, Song Z, Tian Y, Wang R, Ling J, Lin Z. Smad 1/5 Is Involved in Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2–induced Odontoblastic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2012; 38:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hara K, Yamada Y, Nakamura S, Umemura E, Ito K, Ueda M. Potential characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for mineralized tissue-forming cell biology. J Endod 2011; 37:1647-52. [PMID: 22099898 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using stem cell biology has been a promising field for treatment of local and systemic intractable diseases. Recently, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified as a novel population of stem cells. This study focused on the characterization of SHED as compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). METHODS We investigated potential characteristics of SHED by using DNA microarray, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Multiple gene expression profiles indicated that the expression of 2753 genes in SHED had changed by ≥2.0-fold as compared with that in BMMSCs. One of the most significant pathways that accelerated in SHED was that of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor signaling, which contains several cascades such as PKA, JNK, and ASK1. When the BMP signaling pathway was stimulated by BMP-2, the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, Runx2, and DSPP was up-regulated significantly in SHED than that in BMMSCs. Furthermore, the BMP-4 protein was expressed much higher in SHED but not in BMMSCs, as confirmed by immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS By using the gene expression profiles, this study indicates that SHED is involved in the BMP signaling pathway and suggests that BMP-4 might play a crucial role in this. These results might be useful for effective cell-based tissue regeneration, including that of bone, pulp, and dentin, by applying the characteristics of SHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Lin H, Xu L, Liu H, Sun Q, Chen Z, Yuan G, Chen Z. KLF4 Promotes the Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. J Endod 2011; 37:948-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lin PS, Chang MC, Chan CP, Lee SY, Lee JJ, Tsai YL, Tseng HC, Tai TF, Lin HJ, Jeng JH. Transforming growth factor β1 down-regulates Runx-2 and alkaline phosphatase activity of human dental pulp cells via ALK5/Smad2/3 signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:394-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kwon SM, Kim SA, Yoon JH, Ahn SG. Transforming growth factor beta1-induced heat shock protein 27 activation promotes migration of mouse dental papilla-derived MDPC-23 cells. J Endod 2010; 36:1332-5. [PMID: 20647091 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) regulates cellular functions including cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. The TGFbeta1 signal transduction pathways are mostly undefined in mouse dental papilla-derived MDPC-23 cells. In this study, we investigated TGFbeta1-induced migration focusing on heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) activation. METHODS Cellular responses mediated by TGFbeta1 in MDPC-23 cells were measured by Western blot and MTT assays. Cell migration was determined by counting migrated cells using the chemotaxis cell migration assay. RESULTS TGFbeta1 induced cell migration and increased the phosphorylation of Hsp27 and p38 MAPK in MDPC-23 cells. However, TGFbeta1 did not affect Akt/NF-kappaB signaling to regulate the migration of MDPC-23 cells. Inhibiting p38 MAPK with SB203580 blocked TGFbeta1-induced Hsp27 activation and cell migration. CONCLUSION Hsp27 phosphorylation followed by p38 MAPK activation was required for TGFbeta1-induced migration, and Hsp27 itself contributed to MDPC-23 cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Kwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Chang MC, Chen YJ, Lee MY, Lin LD, Wang TM, Chan CP, Tsai YL, Wang CY, Lin BR, Jeng JH. Prostaglandin F2α stimulates MEK-ERK signalling but decreases the expression of alkaline phosphatase in dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2010; 43:461-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Watt KI, Jaspers RT, Atherton P, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Ratkevicius A, Wackerhage H. SB431542 treatment promotes the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers but decreases specific force. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41:624-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Liu L, Ling J, Wei X, Wu L, Xiao Y. Stem cell regulatory gene expression in human adult dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells undergoing odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation. J Endod 2009; 35:1368-76. [PMID: 19801232 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During development and regeneration, odontogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated by a cascade of signals driven by several master regulatory genes. METHODS In this study, we investigated the differential expression of 84 stem cell-related genes in dental pulp cells (DPCs) and periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) undergoing odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS Our results showed that, although there was considerable overlap, certain genes had more differential expression in PDLCs than in DPCs. CCND2, DLL1, and MME were the major upregulated genes in both PDLCs and DPCs, whereas KRT15 was the only gene significantly downregulated in PDLCs and DPCs in both odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Interestingly, a large number of regulatory genes in odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation interact or crosstalk via Notch, Wnt, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), and cadherin signaling pathways, such as the regulation of APC, DLL1, CCND2, BMP2, and CDH1. Using a rat dental pulp and periodontal defect model, the expression and distribution of both BMP2 and CDH1 have been verified for their spatial localization in dental pulp and periodontal tissue regeneration. CONCLUSIONS This study has generated an overview of stem cell-related gene expression in DPCs and PDLCs during odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation and revealed that these genes may interact through the Notch, Wnt, TGF-beta/BMP, and cadherin signaling pathways to play a crucial role in determining the fate of dental derived cell and dental tissue regeneration. These findings provided a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of the dental tissue mineralization and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Chang MC, Chang HH, Lee MY, Lin CC, Yeh HW, Yang TT, Lin PS, Tseng WY, Jeng JH. Prostaglandin F2α-Induced Interleukin-8 Production in Human Dental Pulp Cells Is Associated With MEK/ERK Signaling. J Endod 2009; 35:508-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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