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Sarfi S, Azaryan E, Naseri M. Immune System of Dental Pulp in Inflamed and Normal Tissue. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:369-386. [PMID: 38959180 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Teeth are vulnerable to structural compromise, primarily attributed to carious lesions, in which microorganisms originating from the oral cavity deteriorate the mineralized structures of enamel and dentin, subsequently infiltrating the underlying soft connective tissue, known as the dental pulp. Nonetheless, dental pulp possesses the necessary capabilities to detect and defend against bacteria and their by-products, using a variety of intricate defense mechanisms. The pulp houses specialized cells known as odontoblasts, which encounter harmful substances produced by oral bacteria. These cells identify pathogens at an early stage and commence the immune system response. As bacteria approach the pulp, various cell types within the pulp, such as different immune cells, stem cells, fibroblasts, as well as neuronal and vascular networks, contribute a range of defense mechanisms. Therefore, the immune system is present in the healthy pulp to restrain the initial spread of pathogens, and then in the inflamed pulp, it prepares the conditions for necrosis or regeneration, so inflammatory response mechanisms play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature on the immune system in dental pulp, encompassing current knowledge on this topic that explains the diverse mechanisms of recognition and defense against pathogens exhibited by dental pulp cells, elucidates the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity in inflamed pulp, and highlights the difference between inflamed and normal pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Sarfi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ehsaneh Azaryan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Cellular, and Molecular Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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2
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Abdala-Díaz RT, Casas-Arrojo V, Castro-Varela P, Riquelme C, Carrillo P, Medina MÁ, Cárdenas C, Becerra J, Pérez Manríquez C. Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, and Potential Anticancer Activity of the Polysaccharides of the Fungus Fomitiporia chilensis. Molecules 2024; 29:3628. [PMID: 39125036 PMCID: PMC11314378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fomitiporia species have aroused the interest of numerous investigations that reveal their biological activity and medicinal potential. The present investigation shows the antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activity of acidic polysaccharides obtained from the fungus Fomitiporia chilensis. The acidic polysaccharides were obtained for acidic precipitation with 2% O-N-cetylpyridinium bromide. Chemical analysis was performed using FT-IR and GC-MS methods. The antioxidant capacity of acidic polysaccharides from F. chilensis was evaluated by scavenging free radicals with an ABTS assay. Macrophage proliferation and cytokine production assays were used to determine the immunomodulatory capacity of the polysaccharides. Anti-tumor and cytotoxicity activity was evaluated with an MTT assay in the U-937, HTC-116, and HGF-1 cell lines. The effect of polysaccharides on the cell cycle of the HCT-116 cell line was determined for flow cytometry. Fourier Transform-infrared characterization revealed characteristic absorption peaks for polysaccharides, whereas the GC-MS analysis detected three peaks corresponding to D-galactose, galacturonic acid, and D-glucose. The secreted TNF-α concentration was increased when the cell was treated with 2 mg mL-1 polysaccharides, whereas the IL-6 concentration was increased with all of the evaluated polysaccharide concentrations. A cell cycle analysis of HTC-116 treated with polysaccharides evidenced that the acidic polysaccharides from F. chilensis induce an increase in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase, increasing the apoptotic cell percentage. Results from a proteomic analysis suggest that some of the molecular mechanisms involved in their antioxidant and cellular detoxifying effects and justify their traditional use in heart diseases. Proteomic data are available through ProteomeXchange under identifier PXD048361. The study on acidic polysaccharides from F. chilensis has unveiled their diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects. These findings underscore the promising therapeutic applications of acidic polysaccharides from F. chilensis, warranting further pharmaceutical and medicinal research exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto T. Abdala-Díaz
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.T.A.-D.); (V.C.-A.)
| | - Virginia Casas-Arrojo
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, E-29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.T.A.-D.); (V.C.-A.)
| | - Pablo Castro-Varela
- FICOLAB Microalgal Research Group, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción PC 304000, Chile;
| | - Cristian Riquelme
- Mycology Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja, PO 567, Valdivia PC 5049000, Chile;
| | - Paloma Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.); (M.Á.M.); (C.C.)
- Malaga Biomedical Research Institute and Nanomedicine Platform (IBIMA PlataformaBIONAND), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, E-29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.); (M.Á.M.); (C.C.)
- Malaga Biomedical Research Institute and Nanomedicine Platform (IBIMA PlataformaBIONAND), C/Severo Ochoa, 35, E-29590 Málaga, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U741, E-28029 Málaga, Spain
| | - Casimiro Cárdenas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, E-29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.C.); (M.Á.M.); (C.C.)
- Research Support Central Services (SCAI) of the University of Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Becerra
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción PC 304000, Chile;
- Technological Development Unit, University of Concepción, Concepción PC 304000, Chile
| | - Claudia Pérez Manríquez
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepción, Concepción PC 304000, Chile;
- Technological Development Unit, University of Concepción, Concepción PC 304000, Chile
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Chai R, Li Y, Shui L, Ni L, Zhang A. The role of pyroptosis in inflammatory diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1173235. [PMID: 37250902 PMCID: PMC10213465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death has crucial roles in the physiological maturation of an organism, the maintenance of metabolism, and disease progression. Pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death which has recently received much attention, is closely related to inflammation and occurs via canonical, non-canonical, caspase-3-dependent, and unclassified pathways. The pore-forming gasdermin proteins mediate pyroptosis by promoting cell lysis, contributing to the outflow of large amounts of inflammatory cytokines and cellular contents. Although the inflammatory response is critical for the body's defense against pathogens, uncontrolled inflammation can cause tissue damage and is a vital factor in the occurrence and progression of various diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the major signaling pathways of pyroptosis and discuss current research on the pathological function of pyroptosis in autoinflammatory diseases and sterile inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Longxing Ni
- *Correspondence: Longxing Ni, ; Ansheng Zhang,
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4
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Innate Immune Sensing of Nucleic Acid in Endodontic Infection. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1335-1346. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kanno K, Shimizu K, Shinoda M, Hayashi M, Takeichi O, Iwata K. Role of macrophage-mediated Toll-like receptor 4-interleukin-1R signaling in ectopic tongue pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:312. [PMID: 33081813 PMCID: PMC7576725 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The existence of referred pain and ectopic paresthesia caused by tooth pulp inflammation may make definitive diagnosis difficult and cause misdiagnosis or mistreatment; thus, elucidation of that molecular mechanism is urgent. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying ectopic pain, especially tongue hyperalgesia, after tooth pulp inflammation. Methods A rat model with mandibular first molar tooth pulp exposure was employed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical-evoked tongue hypersensitivity was measured, and immunohistochemical staining for Iba1, a marker of active macrophages, IL-1β, IL-1 type I receptor (IL-1RΙ), and toll-like receptor 4 in the trigeminal ganglion was performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of injections of liposomal clodronate Clophosome-A (LCCA), a selective macrophage depletion agent, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist), IL-1β, or heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70, a selective agonist of toll-like receptor 4), to examine changes in tongue hypersensitivity and in the regulation of IL-1RΙ, toll-like receptor 4, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) biosynthesis. Results At day 1 after tooth pulp exposure, obvious tooth pulp inflammation was observed. Tooth pulp exposure-induced heat and mechanical tongue hypersensitivity was observed from days 1 to 3 after tooth pulp exposure. The production of IL-1β in activated macrophages and toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression were significantly increased in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LCCA significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity; however, toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RΙ expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue was not significantly altered. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of LPS-RS significantly suppressed tongue hypersensitivity and reduced IL-1RΙ expression in the trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue following tooth pulp exposure. Intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant Hsp70 significantly promoted tongue hypersensitivity and increased IL-1RI expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Furthermore, intra-trigeminal ganglion injection of recombinant IL-1β led to tongue hypersensitivity and enhanced TRPV1 expression in trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the tongue in naive rats. Conclusions The present findings suggest that the neuron-macrophage interaction mediated by toll-like receptor 4 and IL-1RI activation in trigeminal ganglion neurons affects the pathogenesis of abnormal tongue pain following tooth pulp inflammation via IL-1RI and TRPV1 signaling in the trigeminal ganglion. Further research may contribute to the establishment of new therapeutic and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kanno
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kohei Shimizu
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan. .,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeichi
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.,Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Aral K, Milward MR, Cooper PR. Dysregulation of Inflammasomes in Human Dental Pulp Cells Exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. J Endod 2020; 46:1265-1272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Wang L, Sun L, Byrd KM, Ko CC, Zhao Z, Fang J. AIM2 Inflammasome's First Decade of Discovery: Focus on Oral Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1487. [PMID: 32903550 PMCID: PMC7438472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of many acute and chronic oral diseases is microbial-induced inflammation. Innate immune responses are the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms and are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that specifically recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns. The activation of certain PRRs can lead to the assembly of macromolecular oligomers termed inflammasomes, which are responsible for pro-inflammatory cytokine maturation and secretion and thus activate host inflammatory responses. About 10 years ago, the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) was independently discovered by four research groups, and among the “canonical” inflammasomes [including AIM2, NLR family pyrin domain (NLRP)1, NLRP3, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP)/NLR family, caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC)4, and pyrin], AIM2 so far is the only one that simultaneously acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor due to its DNA-binding ability. Undoubtedly, such a double-faceted role gives AIM2 greater mission and more potential in the mediation of innate immune responses. Therefore, AIM2 has garnered much attention from the broad scientific community during its first 10 years of discovery (2009–2019). How the AIM2 inflammasome is related to oral diseases has aroused debate over the past few years and is under active investigation. AIM2 inflammasome may potentially be a key link between oral diseases and innate immunity. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of the AIM2 inflammasome and its critical role in the pathogenesis of various oral diseases, which might offer future possibilities for disease prevention and targeted therapy utilizing this continued understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Division of Orthodontics, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Khorasani MMY, Hassanshahi G, Brodzikowska A, Khorramdelazad H. Role(s) of cytokines in pulpitis: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches. Cytokine 2019; 126:154896. [PMID: 31670007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulpitis is known as a typical inflammation of dental pulp tissue, and microorganisms of the oral microbiome are involved in this opportunistic infection. Studies indicated that several factors related to host response have a crucial role in pulpitis. Among these factors, inflammatory mediators of the immune system such as cytokines and chemokines contribute to pulpal defense mechanisms. A wide range of cytokines have been observed in dental pulp and these small molecules are able to trigger inflammation and participate in immune cell trafficking, cell proliferation, inflammation, and tissue damage in pulp space. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Y Khorasani
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Aniela Brodzikowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa 18, 00-246 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Qi S, Qian J, Chen F, Zhou P, Yue J, Tang F, Zhang Y, Gong S, Shang G, Cui C, Xu Y. Expression of autophagy‑associated proteins in rat dental irreversible pulpitis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2749-2757. [PMID: 30816453 PMCID: PMC6423575 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves an important role in numerous diseases, as well as in infection and inflammation. Irreversible pulpitis (IP) is one of the most common inflammatory endodontic diseases, and autophagy has been reported to regulate IP in vitro. However, the level of autophagy in the IP pathogenic process in vivo remains unknown. The aim of the current study was, thus, to investigate the levels of autophagy-associated proteins in rats with IP in vivo. A rat dental IP model was successfully constructed, and five different time points (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days) were investigated. The levels of the autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), ATG7, light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1 proteins exhibited a time-dependent increase in rats with IP, whereas the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin and p62/sequestosome 1 were decreased. In addition, the levels of ATG proteins were specifically increased in odontoblasts and microvascular endothelial cells in pulpitis tissue. Based on these findings, autophagy may serve an important role in IP, and the present study data provide a new insight into the IP pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Qi
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Fubo Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yue
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Shiqiang Gong
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Chun Cui
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Bullon P, Pavillard LE, de la Torre-Torres R. Inflammasome and Oral Diseases. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 108:153-176. [PMID: 30536171 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the main steps in the development of the life in the earth is multicellularity. It enables cell differentiation and the development of morphological structures within an organism and is an essential factor in how to recognize friendly cells that are part of the multicellular organism and which foreign organisms can be harmful. Recognition includes devices such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are a group of proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system that identify two classes of products: pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), related to microbial pathogens, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), associated with cell components that are released during cell damage or death. All these activate the inflammasome, which is a multiprotein oligomer that includes caspase 1, PYCARD, NALP, and caspase 5 (also known as caspase 11 or ICH-3). It is responsible for activation of inflammatory processes and has been shown to induce cell pyroptosis, a programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis, and promotes the maturation of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18). We review whether inflammasome is related to diseases that can occur in the oral cavity. The mouth is always a possible environment for the development of pathological conditions because of the wide variety of microorganisms. Small variations in the equilibrium of the oral flora can cause disorders that could affect the organism in a systemic form. We provide data on periodontal disease, candidiasis, herpes virus, oral cancer, caries, and other oral diseases. There are very few papers that study this issue; therefore, we need more investigation and publications about inflammatory molecular processes, and more specifically, related to the inflammasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Bullon
- Departament Periodontology, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Luis E Pavillard
- Departament Periodontology, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Lu WL, Song DZ, Yue JL, Wang TT, Zhou XD, Zhang P, Zhang L, Huang DM. NLRP3 inflammasome may regulate inflammatory response of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)-dependent manner. Int Endod J 2017; 50:967-975. [PMID: 27864974 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - D. Z. Song
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - J. L. Yue
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - T. T. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - X. D. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - P. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - D. M. Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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12
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Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) expressed in human dental pulp mediates IL-1β secretion in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Inflammation 2015; 38:566-75. [PMID: 24986444 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome has been determined to play an important role in inflammatory diseases in recent years. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), an inflammasome that recognizes cytoplasmic DNA, has recently been identified as a critical regulator of immune responses. In this study, we explored whether AIM2 was expressed in human dental pulp and defined the role of AIM2 in regulating interleukin (IL)-1β secretion. We demonstrated that AIM2 was only detected in the odontoblast layer of healthy dental pulp, whereas strong expression was observed in inflamed dental pulp. Stimulation with interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and cytoplasmic DNA significantly activated the AIM2 inflammasome and increased IL-1β secretion in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the knockdown of AIM2 downregulated both cleaved-caspase-1 expression and IL-1β release in HDPCs. These results suggest that AIM2 expressed in human dental pulp plays an important role in the immune defense by activating the inflammasome signaling pathway.
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13
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An Overview of Pathogen Recognition Receptors for Innate Immunity in Dental Pulp. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:794143. [PMID: 26576076 PMCID: PMC4630409 DOI: 10.1155/2015/794143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of germ line-encoded receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of PRRs is crucial for the initiation of innate immunity, which plays a key role in first-line defense until more specific adaptive immunity is developed. PRRs differ in the signaling cascades and host responses activated by their engagement and in their tissue distribution. Currently identified PRR families are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the AIM2-like receptor (ALR). The environment of the dental pulp is substantially different from that of other tissues of the body. Dental pulp resides in a low compliance root canal system that limits the expansion of pulpal tissues during inflammatory processes. An understanding of the PRRs in dental pulp is important for immunomodulation and hence for developing therapeutic targets in the field of endodontics. Here we comprehensively review recent finding on the PRRs and the mechanisms by which innate immunity is activated. We focus on the PRRs expressed on dental pulp and periapical tissues and their role in dental pulp inflammation.
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Lin JJ, Du Y, Cai WK, Kuang R, Chang T, Zhang Z, Yang YX, Sun C, Li ZY, Kuang F. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in neurons of trigeminal ganglion contributes to nociception induced by acute pulpitis in rats. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26224622 PMCID: PMC4519790 DOI: 10.1038/srep12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain caused by acute pulpitis (AP) is a common symptom in clinical settings. However, its underlying mechanisms have largely remained unknown. Using AP model, we demonstrated that dental injury caused severe pulp inflammation with up-regulated serum IL-1β. Assessment from head-withdrawal reflex thresholds (HWTs) and open-field test demonstrated nociceptive response at 1 day post injury. A consistent up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) ipsilateral to the injured pulp was found; and downstream signaling components of TLR4, including MyD88, TRIF and NF-κB, and cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, were also increased. Retrograde labeling indicated that most TLR4 positve neuron in the TG innnervated the pulp and TLR4 immunoreactivity was mainly in the medium and small neurons. Double labeling showed that the TLR4 expressing neurons in the ipsilateral TG were TRPV1 and CGRP positive, but IB4 negative. Furthermore, blocking TLR4 by eritoran (TLR4 antagonist) in TGs of the AP model significantly down-regulated MyD88, TRIF, NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β production and behavior of nociceptive response. Our findings suggest that TLR4 signaling in TG cells, particularly the peptidergic TRPV1 neurons, plays a key role in AP-induced nociception, and indicate that TLR4 signaling could be a potential therapeutic target for orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ji Lin
- 1] Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China [2] Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi Du
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032,China [2] Department of Endodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Wen-Ke Cai
- 1] Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming, 650000, China [2] Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Rong Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032,China
| | - Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zhu-Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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