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Kadulkar N, Kataki R, Deka A, Pharne V. Endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with three roots and six root canals. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:556-560. [PMID: 38939550 PMCID: PMC11205174 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_123_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Variations in the root canal anatomy of a maxillary first molar are often challenging to diagnose and treat; thus, clinicians must have a thorough knowledge of the same. This case report highlights the successful nonsurgical endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with an unusual morphology of three roots and six root canals. A total of six root canals (mesiobuccal [MB] 1, MB2, MB3, distobuccal [DB] 1, DB2, and palatal) were detected after initiating root canal therapy and access cavity preparation. Conventional root canal treatment was completed, and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography scanning was done to verify the total number of canals and ensure the adequacy of root canal fillings. Managing such cases with rare variations in the root canal systems could be arduous and thus, clinicians should be well-versed in the methods to identify and manage such complexities to facilitate the successful outcomes of endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Kadulkar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rubi Kataki
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Adrija Deka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Vaibhavi Pharne
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, ACPM Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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Govil S, Asthana G, Kanodia S, Parmar A. A case report on endodontic management of the rarest Vertucci's Type VIII configuration in maxillary second molar with three mesiobuccal canals. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:404-407. [PMID: 35282572 PMCID: PMC8896129 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_310_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Zhang ZH, Yao HL, Zhang Y, Wang X. Endodontic management of the maxillary first molar with special root canals: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:2590-2596. [PMID: 32607336 PMCID: PMC7322432 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i12.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the complex anatomy of maxillary first molars is one of the major challenges in endodontic therapy, knowledge of the complicated root canal anatomy and configuration is crucial to ensure the success of endodontic treatment and prognosis. This article presents an endodontically managed left maxillary first molar with an unusual palatal root morphology. The available literature on the anatomic variation of maxillary first molars is also reviewed.
CASE SUMMARY A 36-year-old man with no medical history presented to the Stomatology Department of Peking University Third Hospital complaining of a toothache during mastication in the maxillary left posterior region for approximately 3 mo. He had a spontaneous and intermittent toothache that had worsened, particularly at night. The diagnosis based on clinical examination, X-ray imaging, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Nonsurgical endodontic therapy was performed for the left maxillary first molar. Five root canals revealed by CBCT included a special palatal root canal (1-2-1-shaped), two mesiobuccal root canals, and one distobuccal root canal. Evaluation of the CBCT images confirmed the root canal morphology and the clinician performed more effective cleaning, obturation, and therapy. Finally, the tooth was restored using composite resin, and the patient was satisfied with the result.
CONCLUSION CBCT and a complete review of the literature may be beneficial for investigating the root canal system to achieve a biological and functional therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Stomatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hai-Lin Yao
- Stomatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Stomatology Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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McGuigan MB, Theodorakou C, Duncan HF, Davies J, Sengupta A, Horner K. An investigation into dose optimisation for imaging root canal anatomy using cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2020; 49:20200072. [PMID: 32464075 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20200072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify a dose as low as diagnostically acceptable and a threshold level of image quality for cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging root canals, using maxillary first molar (M1M) second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals of varying complexity for two CBCT scanners. METHODS Dose-area product (DAP) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured for two scanners at a range of exposure parameters. Subjective-image-quality assessment at the same exposures was performed for three M1Ms of varying MB2 complexity, positioned in an anthropomorphic phantom. Nine raters (three endodontists, three dental radiologists and three junior staff) assessed canal visibility, using a 5-point confidence scale rating. RESULTS Identification of simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity was achieved at a range of protocols, with DAP values of ≥209.3 and ≥203.2 mGy cm² and CNRs of 3 and 7.6 for Promax®3D and Accuitomo-F170® respectively. For complex canal anatomy, target subjective image quality was not achieved, even at the highest DAP values for both scanners. Junior staff classified significantly more images as undiagnostic compared with senior staff (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS In this first study to address optimisation of CBCT imaging of root canal anatomy, a similar threshold dose for both scanners was identified for M1Ms with simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity. Increasing dose to enhance visualisation of more complex canal anatomy was ineffective. Selection of standard protocols (while avoiding lower kV/mA protocols) instead of high-resolution scans was a practical means of reducing patient dose. CNR is not a transferable measure of image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christie Theodorakou
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Henry F Duncan
- Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anita Sengupta
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Keith Horner
- Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Martins JNR, Plascencia H, Versiani MA, Bramante CM. The MB3 canal in maxillary molars: a micro-CT study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:4109-4121. [PMID: 32382930 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the internal and external morphologies of the mesiobuccal (MB) root of maxillary molars presenting a third root canal (MB3), using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). MATERIAL AND METHODS Two-hundred and sixty-five extracted maxillary first and second molars with different root configurations were imaged in a micro-CT scanner at 19.6-μm pixel size. Sixteen teeth presenting MB3 canal were selected and evaluated regarding root configuration, minimal dentine thickness 2 mm under the furcation area, canal configuration of the MB root, MB3 canal morphology (location, independent or confluent orifice, and anatomy types), and the apical anatomy (aspect ratio, number of accessory canals and foramina, presence of isthmus, and independent MB3 foramen). RESULTS Overall, a high variability in canal configuration was detected in the MB root. MB3 canal was observed in 10 maxillary first molars and 6 maxillary second molars (n = 16). Minimal dentine thickness related to the MB3 canal at the coronal third was smaller than that of the MB1 canal. A complex internal anatomy comprising 13 different root canal configurations was observed. A high number of independent MB3 orifices at the pulp chamber floor was observed in the first molars (7 out of 10 teeth), while most of the specimens (n = 14) showed a confluent anatomy of the MB3 canal. A varied number of accessory canals and foramina were observed. At the apical third, isthmus could be observed in 6 specimens, while an independent MB3 foramen was present in 37.5% of the MB roots. CONCLUSIONS MB3 canal is a rare anatomical variation present in maxillary first and second molars. Its presence can be associated to a complex internal anatomy of the MB root which includes the presence of isthmuses and multiple accessory canals and foramina at the apical third, but also a thin dentine thickness at the coronal third and a confluent anatomy of the MB3 with the other main canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ordinola-Zapata
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Division of Endodontics, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, 515 Delaware Street S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jorge N R Martins
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Unidade de Investigação em Ciências Orais e Biomédicas (UICOB), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Centro de Estudo de Medicina Dentária Baseada na Evidência (CEMDBE), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Endodontics, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Plascencia
- Endodontic Postgraduate Program, CUCS, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Marco A Versiani
- Dental Specialty Centre, Brazilian Military Police, Fortaleza, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clovis M Bramante
- Department of Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kato A, Inagaki K, Utsumi M, Kato K, Honda M. Micro-computed tomography analysis of the relationship between root canal number and root concavity in maxillary first and second molars in a Japanese population. Odontology 2020; 109:193-200. [PMID: 32253625 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate root canal configurations in maxillary first and second molars from a Japanese population, as well as the relationship between the root canal number and root concavity depth, using micro-computed tomography. METHODS Maxillary first (N = 74) and second (N = 70) molars from a Japanese population were used. Virtual horizontal sections were created, and the number of root canals and the degree of root concavity were measured. Mesiobuccal (MB) roots were categorized into Group 1 (with a single root canal) or Group 2 (with two or more root canals). The relationship between the root canal number and root concavity depth was evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Approximately 51% and 35% of the MB roots in the three-rooted maxillary first and second molars, respectively, had two or more root canals. The depths of the root concavities in maxillary first molars differed significantly between Groups 1 and 2 at the mesial and distal sides of the MB root, in the section 2 mm apical to the furcation area (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A significant relationship between the number of root canals and the depth of root concavity in the MB root of the maxillary first molars was observed. Close clinical monitoring is needed during the removal of calculus and cleaning of the root surfaces of maxillary first molars: specifically, excessive removal of cementum and dentin should be avoided, particularly when the molar has already undergone root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kato
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Koji Inagaki
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Aichi Gakuin University Junior College, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michiya Utsumi
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan.,Department of Dental Hygiene, Aichi Gakuin University Junior College, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kato
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
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Gomes Alves CR, Martins Marques M, Stella Moreira M, Harumi Miyagi de Cara SP, Silveira Bueno CE, Lascala CÂ. Second Mesiobuccal Root Canal of Maxillary First Molars in a Brazilian Population in High-Resolution Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:71-77. [PMID: 29692839 PMCID: PMC5800445 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i1.18007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The second canal of the mesiobuccal root (MB2) of the maxillary first molars (MFM) is difficult to detect in conventional radiographs and can be a major cause of failure in endodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and anatomy of the MB2 by using high-resolution cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods and Materials: Three radiologists examined 414 high-resolution CBCTs. Of these, the CBCTs of 287 patients (mean age 49.43±16.76) who had at least one MFM were selected, making a total of 362 teeth. Prevalence and its relation with gender and age of the patients, side of the tooth, and Vertucci’s classification were analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed (P<0.05). Results: A total of 68.23% of the teeth exhibited the MB2. The presence of the MB2 was equivalent in both genders and significantly higher in younger patients. There was no correlation between the presence of the MB2 in relation to both the sides of the MFM and the FOV size. Smaller FOV recognized higher Vertucci’s grades. Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalence of the MB2 canal in maxillary first molars in this Brazilian population examined with high-resolution CBTCs is 68.23%, being more prevalent in young patients. Gender and the side examined are no factors for determining the presence of MB2. Although the both FOVs of the high-resolution CBTCs (FOV 8 and 5) detect the MB2 canal, smaller FOV (FOV 5) is more accurate in the analysis of the internal anatomy of such root canals, according to the Vertucci´s classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rezende Gomes Alves
- Department of Radiology, Dental School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Claudia Rezende Gomes Alves
| | - Márcia Martins Marques
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Ângelo Lascala
- Department of Radiology, Dental School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Claudia Rezende Gomes Alves
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Olczak K, Pawlicka H. The morphology of maxillary first and second molars analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography in a polish population. BMC Med Imaging 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 29284426 PMCID: PMC5747175 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-017-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of endodontic treatment is greatly affected by the location of the root canals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary first and second molars in a Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography scanning. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of maxillary first and second molars the maxilla were examined. The number of roots and root canals, and the frequency of additional canals (MB2) in the mesiobuccal root canals were determined. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using the chi-square test or the chi-square test with Yates' correction. RESULTS A total of 112 CBCT images of maxillary first (n = 185) and second molars (n = 207) from 112 patients were analyzed. All the maxillary first molars had three roots (100%). The majority of maxillary second molars had three roots (91.8%), 5.8% had two roots and 2.4% had one root. A statistically significant difference was observed between the numbers of roots in the maxillary first and second molars (p < 0.01). A statistically significant difference was also found in the distribution of the number of canals in the maxillary first and second molars (p < 0.001). The majority of maxillary first molars had four root canals (59.5%), while 40.5% had three root canals. Most maxillary second molars had three root canals (70%). Additional canals (MB2) in the mesiobuccal roots were detected significantly more frequently in the maxillary first molars than the second molars (p = 0.000) and more frequently in men than in women (p < 0.05). A higher prevalence of two canals in the mesiobuccal roots in maxillary second molars occurred in patients aged between 31 and 40 years than in patients aged between 21 and 30 years. In the maxillary first molars, the prevalence of the MB2 canal in the mesiobuccal root was almost equally distributed in the two age groups (21-30 and 31-40 years). CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that there are differences in the number and configuration of roots and root canals between maxillary first and second molars in the studied patients of a Polish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Olczak
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Halina Pawlicka
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
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Ahmed HMA, Dummer PMH. Advantages and Applications of a New System for Classifying Roots and Canal Systems in Research and Clinical Practice. Eur Endod J 2017; 3:9-17. [PMID: 32161850 PMCID: PMC7024718 DOI: 10.5152/eej.2017.17064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new coding system for classifying the roots, main and accessory canals as well as developmental anomalies has been introduced recently. This paper discusses the advantages and potential application of the new system in research and clinical practice. METHODS A comprehensive analysis was undertaken on the most common, existing classification for root canal morphology. The advantages and potential applications of a new system for classifying roots and canal systems in research and clinical practice are discussed. RESULTS The analysis demonstrates deficiencies of the existing classification including lack of information on the number of roots, pulp chamber outline, lack of clarity in multi-rooted teeth, inability to define complex root canal configurations. The new coding system addresses the root and canal morphology in an accurate and systematic manner to provide detailed information of the tooth, root and canal anatomical features. CONCLUSION With current advances in endodontic research and practice and the increasing body of knowledge on root and canal morphology, the deficiencies of the existing system used for classifying root canal morphology have become more apparent. The new system for classifying root, main and accessory canal morphology as well as teeth with anomalies has the potential to be used in research, clinical practice and education to accurately reflect the real anatomy of a tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Malaya School of Dentistry, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Variations of Palatal Canal Morphology in Maxillary Molars: A Case Series and Literature Review. J Endod 2017; 43:1888-1896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Versiani MA, Ahmed HMA, Sousa-Neto MDD, De-Deus G, Dummer PMH. Unusual Deviation of the Main Foramen from the Root Apex. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:589-591. [PMID: 27982239 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201601106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship of the main foramen to the anatomic root apex has been the subject of several studies. Although they are anatomically close, they rarely coincide, and their distance can vary according to age or tooth type, ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 mm. The aim of this short communication was to evaluate the distance between the main foramen of independent middle mesial canals (MMCs) and the anatomical mesial root apex of mandibular first molars using the micro-computed tomography. Twenty-five mandibular first molars with MMCs were scanned (resolution of 9.9 µm), and the distance from its main foramen to the anatomical apex was evaluated. Overall, the distance ranged from 0.2 to 2.4 mm; however, in 3 specimens the distance was greater than 3 mm. This report demonstrates that the exit of the main foramen of the MMC varies considerably and could approach a substantial distance from the anatomical apex greater than previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Versiani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, MY, Malaysia
| | - Manoel Damião de Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UNIGRANRIO - Universidade Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Briseño-Marroquín B, Paqué F, Maier K, Willershausen B, Wolf TG. Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of 179 Maxillary First Molars by Means of Micro-computed Tomography: An Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2015; 41:2008-13. [PMID: 26518215 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to propose a root canal configuration description method and to investigate the root canal system morphology of the maxillary first molar by means of micro-computed tomographic imaging. METHODS The root canal configuration, foramina, and accessory canal frequency of 179 maxillary first molars were investigated by means of micro-computed tomographic imaging and 3-dimensional software imaging. The root canal configuration and main foramina number are described from coronal to apical with a 4-digit system. RESULTS The most frequent root canal configurations were 1-1-1/1 (45.8%), 2-2-2/2 (25.1%) and 2-2-1/1 (10.1%) in mesiobuccal roots and 1-1-1/1 in distobuccal (97.2%) and palatal (98.9%) roots. The first mesiobuccal (MB1) root canal had 1 accessory canal in 26.3% of the teeth, the distobuccal root canal had 12.3%, and the palatal root canal had 9.5%; in the second mesiobuccal root canal, there was rarely 1 accessory canal. There was 1 accessory canal in 26.3%, 12.3%, and 9.5% in the MB1, distobuccal, and palatal root canals, respectively. The MB1, distobuccal, and palatal root canals had 1 main foramen. The MB2 had 1 main foramen in 39.0% of the teeth and no main foramen in 61.0%. CONCLUSIONS The root canal configuration of maxillary first molars is quite diversified. Contrary to our expectations in this research, the mesiobuccal root has predominantly 1 root canal entrance and only 1 main foramen. Anatomic variations including connecting and accessory canals occur in any third of root.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Paqué
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology, University of Zürich Center of Dental Medicine, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karolin Maier
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Brita Willershausen
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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Onety GCDS, Leonel DV, Saquy PC, Silva GPD, Ferreira B, Varise TG, Sousa LGD, Verri ED, Siéssere S, Semprini M, Nepomuceno VR, Regalo SCH. Analysis of endodontist posture utilizing cinemetry, surface electromyography and ergonomic checklists. Braz Dent J 2015; 25:508-18. [PMID: 25590197 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The postural risk factors for dentists include the ease of vision in the workplace, cold, vibration and mechanical pressure in tissues, incorrect posture, functional fixity, cognitive requirements and work-related organizational and psychosocial factors. The objective was to analyze the posture of endodontists at the workplace. Eighteen right-handed endodontists aged 25 to 60 years (34±3) participated in the study. Electromyography, kinemetry, ergonomic scales (RULA and Couto's checklist) and biophotogrammetry were used to analyze the posture of endodontists during root canal treatment of the maxillary right first and second molars using rotary and manual instrumentation. The variations observed in the electromyographic activities during the performance of rotary and manual techniques suggest that the fibers of the longissimus region, anterior and medium deltoid, medium trapezium, biceps, triceps brachii, brachioradialis and short thumb abductor muscles underwent adaptations to provide more accurate functional movements. Computerized kinemetry and biophotogrammetry showed that, as far as posture is concerned, rotary technique was more demanding than the manual technique. In conclusion, the group of endodontists evaluated in this study exhibited posture disorders regardless of whether the rotary or manual technique was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Celso da Silva Onety
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vilela Leonel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Saquy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pádua da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gilioli Varise
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Sousa
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Selma Siéssere
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Semprini
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Rodrigues Nepomuceno
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Cecilio Hallak Regalo
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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