1
|
Monteiro Czornobay LF, de Oliveira Rocha A, Leite CC, Menezes Dos Anjos L, Ribeiro JS, Pacheco de Castro Henriques BA, Cardoso M, Machado R, da Silveira Teixeira C, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L. A Global Overview on Electronic Apex Locator Use From 1968 to 2023: A Bibliometric Analysis. J Endod 2024; 50:925-933. [PMID: 38614449 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This bibliometric review analyzed the research trends and main characteristics of articles related to Electronic Apex Locators (EALs). METHODS The search was conducted in November 2023 on the Web of Science Core Collection. Narrative and systematic reviews, observational and intervention studies, laboratory, and clinical studies were included. Two researchers selected the articles and extracted the number of citations, year of publication, journal, study design, theme, country, continent, institutions, author, and keywords. Collaborative networks were generated using the VOSviewer software. The relationship between data were determined by Spearman's correlation. RESULTS The search resulted in 374 articles, of which 294 were included. Most cited article had 175 citations. The most prevalent journal was the Journal of Endodontics (n = 84). The predominant study design was the laboratory-based (n = 223). The predominant theme was the EALs accuracy (n = 175). Piasecki L was the author with the highest number of articles (n = 11). Only 8.16% of the studies were conducted in deciduous teeth. The country with the most studies was Brazil (n = 46). Asia (n = 107) was the continent with the highest number of publications. There was a weak positive correlation between the number of citations and impact factor (rho = .294), and a strong negative correlation between citations and year of publication (rho = -.710). CONCLUSIONS The majority of articles were laboratory-based studies conducted on permanent teeth, focusing on the accuracy of EALs. Future studies should prioritize research on deciduous teeth, systematic reviews, and, notably, clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélio de Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Christiane Cabral Leite
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Menezes Dos Anjos
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Mariane Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Machado
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cardoso IV, Silveira MPC, Vitali FC, Piasecki L, da Fonseca Roberti Garcia L, Bortoluzzi EA, Teixeira CS. Evaluation of changes in root canal length and accuracy of the electronic apex locator during different stages of endodontic treatment and retreatment. Odontology 2024; 112:537-545. [PMID: 37644294 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated changes in the root canal length (RCL) and the accuracy of the electronic apex locator (EAL) during the different stages of endodontic treatment and retreatment. Fifty-six mesial root canals of mandibular molars were selected. The actual root canal length (AL) of the canals was obtained by inserting a size 15 hand file up to the apical foramen, under magnification. The electronic lengths were obtained at the "APEX" mark of Root ZX II, using an alginate model. Both measurements were performed at three different stages of the initial root canal treatment-unflared, flared, and concluded-and at two stages of retreatment, after achieving patency and repreparation. Data were statistically analyzed and the significance level established was 5%. All stages produced a significant reduction in the AL (p < 0.05). The greatest variation was observed between the unflared-flared stages (0.2 mm) and between concluded-patency stages (0.09 mm), with no difference between them (p > 0.05). The accuracy of Root ZX II was negatively affected after achieving patency, presenting statistically significant difference compared to the other stages (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in the RCL was observed along the different stages of endodontic treatment and retreatment. The EAL was accurate to measure the root canals in most stages, except after achieving patency for endodontic retreatment. Determining and monitoring the RCL is an essential step towards a favorable prognosis, since it reduced along the different stages evaluated. Root ZX II was not accurate for endodontic retreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihan Vitor Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry-Endodontics Division, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pompeo Caldas Silveira
- Department of Dentistry-Endodontics Division, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Filipe Colombo Vitali
- Department of Dentistry-Endodontics Division, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucila Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas da Fonseca Roberti Garcia
- Department of Dentistry-Endodontics Division, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antunes Bortoluzzi
- Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Cleonice Silveira Teixeira
- Department of Dentistry-Endodontics Division, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Almeida Gardelin V, Vinholes JIAM, Grazziotin-Soares R, Pappen FG, Barletta FB. Influence of rotary and reciprocating kinematics on the accuracy of an integrated apex locator. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49 Suppl 1:202-208. [PMID: 36401568 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated in vitro the influence of nickel-titanium instruments kinematics on the accuracy and variation of root canal working length measurements, performed with an integrated apex locator, at glide path and at the end of shaping. Forty-four mandibular incisors, included in an alginate model, were allocated at random to two groups: reciprocating and rotary. Working length was determined at glide path stage and at the end of shaping. Measurements given by the integrated apex locator were matched with visual measurements. The apex locator accuracy was based on inter-group comparison. The variation in working length was based on intra-group comparison. Kinematics influenced the accuracy of measurements only after shaping (p < 0.05), and not in the glide path (p > 0.05). Rotary had values closer to the visual measurements. Diminishing of measures occurred after shaping for reciprocating (p < 0.05); and at glide-path stage for rotary (p > 0.05). The integrated apex locator was more accurate with rotary kinematics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Grazziotin-Soares
- Endodontics Division, Oral Biological and Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, UBC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paiva HC, Akisue E, de Miranda Candeiro GT, de Lima Scardini I, Caldeira CL, Gavini G. Influence of heat treatment of nickel-titanium instruments on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator integrated with endodontic motor. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:596-599. [PMID: 36591588 PMCID: PMC9795698 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_260_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Manufacturers have produced a wide variety of nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys, but the available literature is limited on the accuracy of some integrated electronic apex locators (EAL) used with different NiTi heat treatments in working length (WL) determination. Aim This study aims to evaluate ex vivo , the influence of different heat treatments of NiTi instruments, and the diameter of the apical preparation on the accuracy of an EAL used during root canal preparation using an integrated EAL and motor unit. Materials and Methods Nineteen extracted human mandibular incisors were included in the study. The WL control was determined by the visual method. Instruments of Mtwo, Reciproc, Reciproc Blue, WaveOne Gold, Twisted File Adaptive, and Hyflex CM systems, with diameters from 0.25 mm to 0.50 mm, were used to measure WL during root canal preparation. The electrical resistivity of instruments with a diameter of 0.25 mm from each system was evaluated using an Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance (LCR) meter. Statistical Analysis Used Data were statistically analyzed using Fisher's exact test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The different heat treatments and different diameters did not influence the precision of the EAL (P > 0.05). Conclusion The heat treatment and the diameter of the apical preparation did not influence the accuracy of WL determination by an EAL integrated with the endodontic motor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Akisue
- Department of Endodontics, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Giulio Gavini
- Department of Endodontics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alencar NAD, Vitali FC, Santos PS, Bolan M, Cardoso M. Influence of the method for determining working length on the obturation level of primary molars. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e086. [PMID: 35703711 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient working length determination is essential for a successful endodontic treatment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether the method for determining the working length of root canals (radiographic or electronic) influences the obturation level of primary molars. Thus, a controlled, triple-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted. Sixty-four children aged 6 to 9 years with an indication for primary molar pulpectomy were included. Participants were divided into two groups according to the method used to determine the working length of the root canals: (G1) radiographic and (G2) using an electronic apex locator. The study had 3 operators: #1 performed the clinical procedures, except the electronic measurement; #2 performed radiographic measurement and final evaluation of obturation level; and #3 performed eligibility criteria and electronic measurement. Adequacy of obturation level was evaluated based on the final conventional radiography and it was recorded as acceptable or unacceptable (short or overfilled). Data were analyzed with repeated measures logistic regression. There was no difference between the obturation level of primary molars measured by radiographic and electronic methods (p > 0.05). The other investigated variables (age, tooth type, dental arch position, last instrumentation file, and canal location) also did not influence the obturation level (p > 0.05). In conclusion, both measurement methods resulted in similar adequacy of obturation level in primary molars after pulpectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe Colombo Vitali
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Department of Dentistry , Florianopolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Pablo Silveira Santos
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Department of Dentistry , Florianopolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Michele Bolan
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Department of Dentistry , Florianopolis , SC , Brazil
| | - Mariane Cardoso
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Department of Dentistry , Florianopolis , SC , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furtado JC, Feiosa APOP, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bernardes RA, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH, Vasconcelos BCD. Root canal length changes during mechanical preparation due to different cervical enlargement patterns. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e080. [PMID: 35703706 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the root canal real length (RL) changes due to the mechanical instrumentation use with different flaring magnitudes. After access cavity, 60 mesial root canals of mandibular molars were randomly separated in three groups: Hyflex EDM (HF; #25/.12, #10/.05 e #25/~), Reciproc Blue (RB; R25), and MTwo (M2; #10/.04, #15/.05, #20/.06 e #25/.06). The RL was defined as the apical limit, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigating solution was chosen. After the access cavity (RL 1), cervical flaring (RL 2), and complete chemical-mechanical preparation (RL 3), the RL was evaluated. The RL was evaluated by a blind examiner with the aid of a microscope (16x) placing the endodontic file stop at the coronary reference. When comparing length measurements, the RL was shorter before instrumentation than that after instrumentation. A reduction of 0.65 mm (HF), 0.61 mm (RB), and 0.48 mm (M2) was observed. However, among groups, no statistical differences were found (p > 0.05). Under the conditions tested, it can be inferred that all mechanical systems provoked RL variations, which emphasizes the need for constant verification of the odontometry, mainly before root canal obturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nilton Vivacqua-Gomes
- São Leopoldo Mandic University , School of Dentistry of Ceará , Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School , Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Hungaro Duarte
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru Dental School , Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials , Bauru , SP , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Heo KY, Hwang HK, Jo HH. Accuracy of electronic apex locators using heat-treated Ni-Ti file. AUST ENDOD J 2022; 49:111-116. [PMID: 35583852 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the accuracy of two electronic apex locators (DentaPort and Bingo) using heat-treated nickel-titanium files. The true root canal length of 30 single-rooted teeth was determined using K files. Next, the electronically measured length was determined using two nickel-titanium files (ProGlider and HyFlex EDM Glide Path File) with two electronic apex locators at the 'APEX' marks. The accuracy of the electronic apex locator was evaluated by comparing the true root canal length and electronically measured length for each measurement. There was no significant difference between the measurements with two nickel-titanium files, and all differences between true root canal length and electronically measured length were within ±0.5 mm regardless of the type of nickel-titanium files or electronic apex locators. Based on the results, the heat treatment of the nickel-titanium files showed no adverse effects on the working length determination using electronic apex locators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Young Heo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ho-Keel Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Hoon Jo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Khan SA, Khanna R, Navit S, Jabeen S, Grover N, Pramanik S. Comparison of Radiovisiography, an Apex Locator and an Integrated Endomotor-inbuilt Apex Locator in Primary Teeth Endometrics. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:S18-S21. [PMID: 35645506 PMCID: PMC9108817 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective To compare the accuracy of radiovisiography (RVG), Root ZX mini Apex locator, and Endo radar's inbuilt Apex Locator during working length determination determination in primary teeth with the actual/direct canal length. Materials and methods 58 primary teeth indicated for extraction in children of age group 4-12 years were selected. RVG, Root ZX mini Apex Locator, and Endo radar's Apex Locator were used to determine the working length intraorally. Following extraction of the teeth, the actual working length was determined with magnifying loupes (2.5×) using a K-file and an endodontic ruler. The data was tabulated and statistically analyzed. Results 84 canals (58 teeth) were evaluated and Root ZX mini Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) showed no statistically significant difference with the actual measurement (p = 0.18) whereas Endo radar and RVG showed statistically significant difference. Endo radar underestimated, while RVG overestimated the working length. The most accurate method for working length measurements of the root canals in primary teeth was Root ZX mini EAL, followed by Endo radar and the least accurate was RVG. Conclusion The Root ZX mini Apex Locator showed the most promising results and had an excellent degree of agreement with actual working length, followed by Endo radar and RVG. How to cite this article Khan SA, Khanna R, Navit S, et al. Comparison of Radiovisiography, an Apex Locator and an Integrated Endomotor-inbuilt Apex Locator in Primary Teeth Endometrics. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(S-1):S18-S21.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Abbas Khan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rinee Khanna
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rinee Khanna, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, Phone: +91 8081288228, e-mail:
| | - Saumya Navit
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Jabeen
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishi Grover
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurabh Pramanik
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Awadh Dental College and Hospital, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bernardes RA, Feitosa APOP, Bramante CM, Vivan RR, Piasecki L, Duarte MAH, de Vasconcelos BC. Evaluation of foramen locating accuracy of an endodontic motor integrated with electronic foramen employing optimal glide path kinematics. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1293-1298. [PMID: 34406466 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the auto apical function in the maintenance of the apical limit of instrumentation during glide path procedures when associated to OGP kinematics of Tri Auto ZX2, compared to the continuous rotation of the same motor, as well as Root ZX II and VDW Gold. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight extracted human mandibular single-rooted premolars were selected. After endodontic access, cervical pre-flaring was performed using size 30, 0.10 taper rotary instruments, and the apical foramen size was standardized to 200 μm. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12) according to the device and kinematics. For all the groups, the Auto Apical Stop function (AAS) was set to the 0.0 mark. Glide path instruments size 25, .01 taper were activated inside the canals until the apical limit was reached. Then, the files were fixed with cyanoacrylate to the teeth and decoupled from the equipment. Data were statistically analyzed in GraphPad Prism 6.0 software with the significance set at 5% (Kruskal-Wallis tests). RESULTS There was no difference in the mean deviation between the groups. No significant difference was found among the groups when the distributions and percentages of differences between the file tip and the apical foramen were compared (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of auto apical function at the 0.0 mark of all tested devices provided an adequate control of the apical limit during glide path preparation. Foramen locating accuracy of Tri Auto ZX2 in OGP kinematics was similar to those of Tri Auto ZX2, Root ZX II, and VDW Gold in continuous kinematics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical strategies in canal negotiation and glide path as OGP motion associated to electronic foramen locators could reduce iatrogenic risk of deviation and file fractures and create an easier initial preparation to facilitate endodontic procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clovis Monteiro Bramante
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, University At Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marco Antônio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno C de Vasconcelos
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. .,Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, 1253 Monsenhor Furtado St, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60430-355, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
León-López M, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Areal-Quecuty V, Martín-González J, Jiménez-Sánchez MC, Saúco-Márquez JJ, Sánchez-Domínguez B, Segura-Egea JJ. Influence of Coronal Preflaring on the Accuracy of Electronic Working Length Determination: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132760. [PMID: 34201705 PMCID: PMC8268739 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the following PICO question: in extracted human permanent teeth, does preflaring, compared with unflared canals, influence the accuracy of WL determination with EAL? Material and Methods. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA checklist, using the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies related to WL determination using EAL both in preflared and unflared root canals of extracted human teeth were included. The outcome of interest was the accuracy of the electronic WL determination. A quality assessment of the included studies was performed, determining the risk of bias. The meta-analyses were calculated with the 5.4 RevMan software using the inverse variance method with random effects. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021243412. Results. Ten experimental studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and most of them found that preflaring increases the accuracy of the EALs in WL determination. The calculated OR was 1.98 (95% CI = 1.65–2.37; p < 0.00001; I2 = 10%), indicating that the determination of WL by EALs is almost twice as accurate in preflared canals. The accuracy of Root ZX in WL determination increases more than three times (OR = 3.25; p < 0.00001). Preflaring with Protaper files significantly increases the accuracy of EALs (OR = 1.76; p < 0.00001). The total risk of bias of the included studies was low. No obvious publication bias was observed. Conclusions. The results indicate a significant increase in the accuracy of WL determination with EAL after preflaring, doubling the percentage of exact measurements. Preflaring should be recommended as an important step during mechanical enlargement of the root canal, not only because it improves the access of the files to the canal, but also because it allows one to obtain more accurate electronic determinations of WL.
Collapse
|
11
|
Iparraguirre Nuñovero MF, Piasecki L, Segato AVK, Westphalen VPD, Silva Neto UX, Carneiro E. A laboratory study of the accuracy of three electronic apex locators: influence of embedding media and radiographic assessment of the electronic apical limit. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1200-1206. [PMID: 33683733 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate several factors that might interfere with the use of electronic root canal length measurement devices (ERCLMDs) in a laboratory setting, including two different embedding media (alginate and electroconductive gel), three different types of devices and the radiographic view on the assessment of the electronic readings. METHODOLOGY Thirty single-rooted extracted human mandibular premolars were selected. After access and canal pre-flaring, a size 10 K-file was inserted in the canal up to the major apical foramen under magnification (×10), and this length was recorded as the actual length (AL) of the canal. Teeth were mounted on a specific endodontic training kit platform (ProTrain). Two different embedding media (electroconductive gel and alginate) and three different ERCLMDs: Apex ID (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA, USA), CanalPro Apex Locator (Coltene-Endo, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA) and the Root ZX II (J. Morita, Tokyo, Japan), were tested. Following the measurement at the 0.5 mark of each ERCLMD using alginate, two periapical radiographs (bucco-lingual and proximal views) were taken. The difference between the electronic readings and the AL, as well as the distance from the file tip to the apex of the roots on the radiographs, was calculated. Data were analysed statistically (two-way anova, Tukey's and chi-squared tests) at 5% significance level. RESULTS The incidence of over-extended readings was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when using the ProTrain electroconductive gel, except for Root ZX II at the 0.5 mark. Root ZX, CanalPro and Apex ID had similar accuracy when the 0.0/APEX mark was used to locate the foramen. For the radiographic method, no difference was found between the devices or radiographic views. CONCLUSION Compared with alginate, the conductive gel of the ProTrain kit negatively affected most of the electronic readings. The three evaluated ERCLMDs had similar accuracy in locating the apical foramen when using the mark 0.0/APEX and alginate as the embedding media. Although the ProTrain platform allows radiographs to be exposed in both bucco-lingual and proximal views, no difference was found between the views when evaluating the apical limit provided by the 0.5 mark in mandibular premolars embedded in alginate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Iparraguirre Nuñovero
- Department of Endodontics, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - L Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, USA
| | - A V K Segato
- Department of Endodontics, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - V P D Westphalen
- Department of Endodontics, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - U X Silva Neto
- Department of Endodontics, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - E Carneiro
- Department of Endodontics, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adorno CG, Solaeche SM, Ferreira IE, Pedrozo A, Escobar PM, Fretes VR. The influence of periapical lesions on the repeatability of two electronic apex locators in vivo. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5239-5245. [PMID: 33580848 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of periapical lesions on the repeatability of two electronic apex locators (EALs), Root ZX II, and RomiApex A-15, in maxillary anterior teeth, in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS After approval by the local ethics committee, 43 maxillary anterior teeth scheduled for root canal therapy were assigned to two groups. The periapical lesion (PAL) group included 21 teeth with necrotic pulps and radiographically visible periapical lesion, and the normal periapex (NPA) group consisted of 22 teeth with vital pulps and no periapical lesion. In each canal, Root ZX II and RomiApex A-15 were used to determine working length defined as the "zero" reading on the display. Two consecutive measurements were performed with each EAL on each tooth and a second operator measured the endodontic file with a digital caliper without knowledge of the EAL being used or the tooth diagnosis. The absolute value of the difference between the first and second measurement (measurement pairs) was calculated. Repeatability was evaluated by the Bland-Altman method, and an aligned ranks transformation ANOVA was conducted to compare the EALs. RESULTS The median absolute difference between measurement pairs was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and the limits of agreement were narrower in the NPA group. Among the EALs, median absolute differences were significantly smaller for Root ZX (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Measurements were more repeatable when no periapical lesion was present. Root ZX showed better repeatability than RomiApex. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Periapical lesions seem to influence successive in vivo measurements with EALs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Adorno
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Odontología, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - Sandra M Solaeche
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Odontología, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Ileana E Ferreira
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Odontología, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Andrea Pedrozo
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Odontología, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Vicente R Fretes
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Odontología, Asunción, Paraguay
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
An Arithmetic Crown-down Dynamic Tactile Instrumentation Technique: A Case Report of an S-shaped Root Canal. J Endod 2020; 47:836-843. [PMID: 33387551 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of severely curved S-shaped double-curved root canals can be technically challenging. A novel root canal instrumentation technique is proposed, which modifies 2 techniques: the McSpadden crown-down technique and the tactile controlled activation technique. In the McSpadden crown-down technique, the root canal is divided into 2 portions: the coronal zone and the apical zone. However, rather than focusing on the length of file engagement, a formula is proposed to calculate the maximum insertion depths of higher tapered instruments to prevent overflaring of the canal and preserve pericervical dentin. Tactile-controlled activation involves activating martensitic nickel-titanium rotary files upon engagement and then immediately withdrawing the files. The proposed technique recommends 3 apical strokes after the initial engagement before withdrawal to minimize instrumentation time. This novel technique is described in a case report involving the management of an S-shaped double-curved maxillary lateral incisor. The technique presents a new method of crown-down instrumentation that prevents overflaring and avoids instrument separation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Melo AM, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bernardes RA, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH, Vasconcelos BCD. Influence of Different Coronal Preflaring Protocols on Electronic Foramen Locators Precision. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:404-408. [PMID: 32901717 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different coronal preflaring protocols (absent, conservative and conventional) on the accuracy of Root ZX II, Raypex 6, and RomiApex A-15 electronic foramen locators (EFLs). Twenty mandibular molars with Vertucci's type IV mesial roots were subjected to endodontic exploration and foraminal patency confirmation. Under 16x magnification, its real lengths (RL) were measured and registered (RL1). The canals were then irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and electronically measured (EM1) employing the alginate model; all measurements were performed in triplicate by a blind operator using adjusted endodontic hand-files introduced until the apex foramen. Coronal preflaring procedures were sequentially performed with #25/.06 (conservative) and #25/.12 (conventional) instruments; new RLs extents were performed after each coronal preparation protocol (RL2/RL3), as same as electronic measurements (EM2/EM3). The devices error (mm) was evaluated considering the difference between RLs and EMs at each preparation stage; their precision was stablished adopting ±0.5 mm as tolerance margin. The EFLs error significantly reduced after conventional coronal preflaring protocol (p<0.05), which not occur after the conservative one. The best precisions values were noted after conventional preparation as 90% (Root ZX II), 97.5% (Raypex 6), and 92.5% (RomiApex A-15). No significant differences were found in EFLs comparisons, regardless of the coronal protocol tested (p>0.05). Under the conditions tested it can be concluded that the EFLs evaluated were precise. Moreover, the preflaring protocols influences its accuracy's, where the less conservative one produced the best results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrélia Maciel Melo
- School of Dentistry of Ceará, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte
- Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru Dental School, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Klemz AA, Cruz ATG, Piasecki L, Carneiro E, Westphalen VPD, da Silva Neto UX. Accuracy of electronic apical functions of a new integrated motor compared to the visual control of the working length-an ex vivo study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:231-236. [PMID: 32474809 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate ex vivo the efficacy of the integrated motor Tri Auto ZX2 in controlling the apical extent of preparation compared to conventional visual control (CVC) of the working length (WL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty standardized mandibular premolars were divided into five groups (n = 16). In the CVC group, instruments were used in continuous rotation (CR) and visual control performed by means of rubber stoppers. For each of the remaining groups, it was assigned a combination of a motion (CR or optimal torque reverse (OTR)), and an apical function (Auto Apical Reverse (AAR) or Optimum Apical Stop (OAS)). Root canals were prepared using the apical functions at 0.5 mark using an alginate model. Difference between the final WL and the actual length post-instrumentation was calculated. Data were analyzed statistically with the significance set at 5% (ANOVA, Tukey HSD). RESULTS There was no difference in the mean WL among the groups, except between the CR combined to OAS compared to CVC (P > 0.05). Although CVC resulted in two cases beyond the foramen, no significant difference was found among the groups when comparing the distributions of measurements (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS All combinations of motion and apical control functions of Tri Auto ZX2 provided an adequate apical limit ex vivo, similar to the visual control using rubber stoppers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TriAuto ZX2 was efficient to control the apical extent of preparation dispensing the need for calibrating the files, regardless of the different settings. This motor might potentially prevent over-instrumentation by continuously monitoring the apical limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Antoniw Klemz
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Timponi Goes Cruz
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucila Piasecki
- Department of Periodontics & Endodontics, University at Buffalo, 240 Squire Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Ulisses Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Health and Bioscience, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Serna-Peña G, Gomes-Azevedo S, Flores-Treviño J, Madla-Cruz E, Rodríguez-Delgado I, Martínez-González G. In Vivo Evaluation of 3 Electronic Apex Locators: Root ZX Mini, Apex ID, and Propex Pixi. J Endod 2019; 46:158-161. [PMID: 31839411 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of 3 electronic apex locators (EALs) (Root ZX mini [J Morita Corp, Tokyo, Japan], Apex ID [SybronEndo, Glendora, CA], and Propex Pixi [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland]) to determine the working length. METHODS Thirty single-rooted human teeth that were scheduled for extraction were selected for the study. Electronic measurements were performed with the 3 EALs. After the teeth had been extracted, a #10 K-file was used to determine the actual working length, which was established at 0.5 mm short of the major foramen. The data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS No significant differences were found among the experimental groups (P > .05). The mean distance from the actual working length to the file tip was 0.163 ± 0.032 mm when Root ZX mini was used, 0.343 ± 0.032 mm for Propex Pixi , and 0.012 ± 0.008 mm for Apex ID. CONCLUSIONS Under the in vivo conditions of this study, no statistically significant differences were observed among the 3 EALs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Serna-Peña
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | - Susana Gomes-Azevedo
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Flores-Treviño
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Madla-Cruz
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vanitha S, Sherwood IA. Comparison of three different apex locators in determining the working length of mandibular first molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis compared with an intraoral periapical radiograph: A block randomized, controlled, clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12408. [PMID: 30838781 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical accuracy APEX and 0.5 marks of three different apex locators - iPex II, Root ZX, and Apex ID - before and after canal preparation in the mandibular first molar. METHODS Sixty patients between the ages of 13-60 years participated in the study. After access gaining and canal preparation stages files were inserted with the apex locator clip attached until the electronic apex locators (EALs) shows readings of APEX and 0.5 marks and same is confirmed with periapical radiographs. Eighteen apex locator readings were recorded from each tooth, and 1080 readings were obtained from the 60 patients. RESULTS Differences among readings from apex locators and radiographic readings were assessed using paired t test. Only in two patients (1 male and 1 female) were the APEX mark readings different from the radiograph estimation. When the 0.5 mark readings of three different EALs were compared with each other, we could observe that the readings from Root ZX differed significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we observed the negligible differences in readings between the EAL at the APEX mark readings, coinciding with the radiographic observation. Clinically, we recommend the apical foramen be located with the apex locators' APEX mark readings prior to identifying the apical constriction position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadashivam Vanitha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I Anand Sherwood
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Piasecki L, José dos Reis P, Jussiani EI, Andrello AC. A Micro–computed Tomographic Evaluation of the Accuracy of 3 Electronic Apex Locators in Curved Canals of Mandibular Molars. J Endod 2018; 44:1872-1877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Yammine S, Jabbour E, Diemer F, Majzoub Z. Canal Straightening Following Overinstrumentation with Three Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instruments. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2018; 8:245-251. [PMID: 29911063 PMCID: PMC5985682 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_18_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present in vitro study to compare canal straightening following shaping of curved canals with three types of new generation nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments-ProTaper Next (PTN)®, BT RaCe (BTR)®, and WaveOne Gold (WOG)®- and three different levels of protrusion beyond the major apical foramen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five extracted human maxillary and mandibular molars with at least one curved canal were distributed in three comparable groups of 15 canals each. The canals were instrumented to the major foramen and then overinstrumented with the final file 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm beyond the foramen using PTN (Group PTN = 15), BTR (Group BTR = 15), and WOG (Group WOG = 15). Standardized pre- and post-instrumentation radiographs of the root canal were obtained for all groups using digital intraoral radiographs coupled with software. Differences in the degree of curvature were regarded as straightening and canal curvature was evaluated based on Schneider technique using the AmScope software for measurements and compared between groups and levels of instrumentation applying Mixed-model ANOVA. Significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS Canal curvature tended to gradually straighten out as the level of instrumentation increased in all three groups without statistically significant difference among the groups (P = 0.826). CONCLUSION Overinstrumentation in curved canals resulted in straightening of the canal curvature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Yammine
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edgard Jabbour
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Franck Diemer
- Université Paul Sabatier, Institut Clément Ader, CHU de Toulouse, France
| | - Zeina Majzoub
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Accuracy of a New Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Software in the Preoperative Working Length Determination Ex Vivo. J Endod 2018; 44:1024-1029. [PMID: 29703619 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigates the accuracy of 3D Endo software (Dentsply Sirona, Salzburg, Austria) to determine the working length when using preoperative cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans of extracted teeth, compared with conventional CBCT software and an electronic apex locator (EAL). METHODS CBCT scans of 30 premolars were obtained. Using OnDemand3D software (Cybermed, Seoul, Korea), the measurement obtained from the coronal reference to the apical foramen (AF) was recorded as the conventional CBCT length. Then, using 3D Endo software (Dentsply Sirona), the suggested length (3D-SL) and the operator-adjusted length (3D-OL) were obtained. Teeth were accessed, and the actual length was measured. Finally, the teeth were embedded in alginate to obtain the electronic length (EL) using the EAL Root ZX (J Morita, Tokyo, Japan). The means of the absolute values and the percentages of distribution of the tested measurement methods were compared to the actual length. RESULTS No difference was found regarding the mean measurements (analysis of variance, P > .05). All the CBCT measurements presented a high reliability (Dahlberg's formula). The measurements within a ±0.5-mm range from the AF were 86.6% for the 3D-SL, 80% for the 3D-OL and EL, and 73.3% for the CBCT length. The EL presented significantly fewer underestimated measurements (P < .05). The 3D-OL and 3D-SL presented significantly fewer measurements beyond the AF (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The preoperative working length determination using 3D Endo was reliable and similar to conventional CBCT software. However, the combined use of CBCT with an EAL is required to increase the accuracy in the location of the AF.
Collapse
|
21
|
Accuracy of 2 Endodontic Rotary Motors with Integrated Apex Locator. J Endod 2017; 43:1716-1719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
22
|
Aguiar BA, Reinaldo RS, Frota LMA, do Vale MS, de Vasconcelos BC. Root ZX Electronic Foramen Locator: An Ex Vivo Study of Its Three Models' Precision and Reproducibility. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:5893790. [PMID: 28367215 PMCID: PMC5359448 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5893790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Root ZX is considered the gold standard electronic foramen locator (EFL), two variations of this device were launched, however without different operating mechanisms. This investigation aims to evaluate the precision of Root ZX (RZX), Root ZX II (RII), and Root ZX Mini (RM) EFLs. After access cavity preparation, 32 mandibular single rooted human premolars had their real length measured with the aid of a #15 K-type manual file under magnification (25x). Electronic measurements were performed by the devices in an alternate order until the apical foramen was reached (0.0). Each measurement was performed with adjusted file to the real length of the teeth and verified with a digital caliper. The accuracy of the EFLs was 68.8% (RZX), 65.8% (RII), and 68.8% (RM), considering ±0.5 mm as a margin of tolerance. The mean errors of the devices were 0.37 ± 0.25 mm (RZX), 0.41 ± 0.34 mm (RII), and 0.32 ± 0.28 mm (RM). ANOVA and Tukey test were applied to analyze the obtained data, which showed that there were no statistically significant differences among the locators (P > .05). It can be concluded that the three tested devices demonstrated precise measurements of the real length of the canal without performance differences among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mônica Sampaio do Vale
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Campus Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- School of Dentistry of Sobral, Federal University of Ceará, Campus Sobral, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|