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Drews DJ, Nguyen AD, Diederich A, Gernhardt CR. The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030589. [PMID: 36978457 PMCID: PMC10044599 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate have been the gold standard of irrigation solutions utilized within the disinfection protocol during root canal treatments. Nowadays, it is known that, during chemical disinfection of the root canal, consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate leads to the formation of an orange-brown precipitate. This precipitate is described as being chemically similar to para-chloroaniline, which is suspected to have cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Concerns also exist regarding its influence on the leakage of root canal fillings, coronal restorations, and tooth discoloration. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the interaction of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate on the tooth and its surrounding tissues, and to discuss the effect of the precipitate formed during root canal treatment. We further address options to avoid the formation of the precipitate and describe alternative irrigation solutions that should not interact with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine digluconate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Joachim Drews
- Private Dental Practice, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Anh Duc Nguyen
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Diederich
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Ralf Gernhardt
- University Outpatient Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-3741
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Ramezani M, Bolbolian M, Aliakbari M, Alizadeh A, Tofangchiha M, Faegh SM, Patini R, D’Amato G. Accuracy of Three Types of Apex Locators versus Digital Periapical Radiography for Working Length Determination in Maxillary Premolars: An In Vitro Study. Clin Pract 2022; 12:1043-1053. [PMID: 36547115 PMCID: PMC9777103 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract12060107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of three types of apex locators versus digital radiography for working length (WL) determination. This experimental study was conducted on 58 extracted maxillary premolars. The teeth were decoronated, the access cavity was prepared, and WL was determined using a #15 K-file to serve as reference. The WL was then measured by Woodpex V, Woodpex III, and Root ZX apex locators in the presence of 0.9% saline, and also on a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) digital radiograph taken by the parallel technique. The values were compared with the actual WL using the paired t-test (alpha = 0.05). Digital radiography, Root ZX, Woodpex V, and Woodpex III determined the WL within ±0.5 mm from the actual value in 84.48%, 100%, 89.66%, and 87.93% of the cases, respectively. Woodpex V (p = 0.039), Woodpex III (p = 0.001), and Root ZX (p = 0.001) significantly over-estimated the WL. The WL measured on digital radiographs was not significantly different from the actual WL (p = 0.213). The position of the apical foramen (central/lateral) had no significant effect on the accuracy of WL determination by different techniques (p >0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, all the tested modalities showed acceptable accuracy for WL determination in maxillary premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ramezani
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34199-15315, Iran
| | - Marjan Bolbolian
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34199-15315, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Aliakbari
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34199-15315, Iran
| | - Ahad Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34199-15315, Iran
| | - Maryam Tofangchiha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 34199-15315, Iran
| | | | - Romeo Patini
- Department of Head, Neck and Sense Organs, School of Dentistry, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D’Amato
- Unicamillus, International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
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3
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Bueso V, Parikh N, Terlier T, Holland JN, Sarmast ND, Jeong JW. Comparative evaluation of intermediate solutions in prevention of brown precipitate formed from sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:1591-1597. [PMID: 36102230 PMCID: PMC9760148 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate intermediate treatments between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate irrigations for the prevention of a toxic brown precipitate in root canal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine premolars were irrigated with 6% sodium hypochlorite and divided into either: No intermediate treatment; Dry paper points; three different irrigations with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, deionized water, or 5% sodium thiosulfate. 2% chlorhexidine gluconate was the final irrigant in all groups. Sectioned teeth were analyzed for brown precipitate intensity and area using stereomicroscopy and components related to para-chloroaniline using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). RESULTS Stereomicroscopy showed that 5% STS significantly reduced brown precipitate intensity and area as compared with no intermediate irrigation (p < .05, Chi-square, generalized linear model, and Tukey's multiple comparison tests). Utilizing ToF-SIMS, 5% sodium thiosulfate was most effective in reducing the components representing para-chloroaniline and chlorhexidine gluconate. CONCLUSION The 5% sodium thiosulfate was most effective among other intermediate treatments, assessed by stereomicroscopy and ToF-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vashti Bueso
- School of DentistryThe University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Neha Parikh
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonSchool of DentistryHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Laboratory, Shared Equipment AuthorityRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Julian N. Holland
- Office of Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonSchool of DentistryHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nima D. Sarmast
- Department of Endodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonSchool of DentistryHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ji Wook Jeong
- Department of Endodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonSchool of DentistryHoustonTexasUSA
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Cytotoxicity and Efficacy in Debris and Smear Layer Removal of HOCl-Based Irrigating Solution: An In Vitro Study. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030095. [PMID: 35893463 PMCID: PMC9326542 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the cytotoxicity of super-oxidized water on human gingival fibroblasts and its efficacy in debris and smear layer removal from root canal walls. Cultured gingival fibroblasts were exposed to super-oxidized water (Sterilox), which was diluted in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM) at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% concentrations. The control group was maintained in IMDM. The cell viability was evaluated by means of an MTT assay after incubation periods of 1 h, 2 h, 24 h and 48 h. Pathological cellular changes were also observed under fluorescence and phase contrast microscopes. The efficacy in debris and smear layer removal was evaluated in comparison to the conventional application of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Forty maxillary premolars were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 20) and shaped with ProTaper NEXT rotary instruments using Sterilox or NaOCl/EDTA for irrigation. Afterwards, roots were split longitudinally and examined under a scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that super-oxidized water and sterile distilled water have acceptable biological properties for endodontic applications at concentrations up to 50% (p > 0.05). Moreover, super-oxidized water is equally effective in debris and smear layer removal as compared to NaOCl/EDTA (p > 0.05).
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Eren SK, Örs SA, Aksel H, Canay Ş, Karasan D. Effect of irrigants on the color stability, solubility, and surface characteristics of calcium-silicate based cements. Restor Dent Endod 2022; 47:e10. [PMID: 35284325 PMCID: PMC8891465 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2022.47.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Küçükkaya Eren
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Askerbeyli Örs
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Şenay Canay
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Karasan
- Division of Prosthodontics, Clinique Universitaire de Médecine Dentaire (CUMD), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jeong JW, Sarmast ND, Terlier T, van der Hoeven R, Holland JN, Parikh N. Assessment of the cytotoxic effects and chemical composition of the insoluble precipitate formed from sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1892-1901. [PMID: 34081782 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate (1) the cytotoxic potential of the brown precipitate (BP) formed with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), using both a small animal model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and cultured human gingival fibroblasts; and (2) the chemical composition of BP using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). METHODOLOGY Brown precipitate was obtained by mixing equal volumes of 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX and separating the BP from clear supernatant by centrifugation. The brown precipitate was weighed and solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide for cytotoxicity experiments. The cytotoxic effect of BP was assessed using C. elegans larvae and primary immortalized human gingival fibroblasts-hTERT (hTERT-hNOF) cells. Various dilutions of BP (25 ng/µL-150 ng/µL), supernatant (0.15% v/v), NaOCl (1:100-1:1000 dilutions of 6% NaOCl) or CHX (1:500-1:1000 dilutions of 2% CHX) along with vehicle control (0.5% v/v ethanol and 0.15% v/v DMSO) or untreated control (growth medium) were tested on C. elegans larvae and hTERT-hNOF cells. Viability was assessed in C. elegans larvae using stereomicroscopy and in hTERT-hNOF cells using dehydrogenase-based colorimetric assay. ToF-SIMS was used to assess the chemical composition of BP in comparison with CHX and para-chloroaniline (PCA). The C. elegans and cell line data were analysed using Log-Rank test and Student's t-test, respectively (p < .05). RESULTS BP-75 ng/µL and BP-150 ng/µL were significantly more toxic to C. elegans larvae than the untreated, vehicle, supernatant or CHX treatment groups (p < .0001). Similarly, in hTERT-hNOF cells, BP-50 ng/µL, BP-75 ng/µL and BP-150 ng/µL induced significant cytotoxicity within 2 h compared with untreated, vehicle, supernatant and CHX treatments (p < .05). ToF-SIMS analysis of BP revealed ion composition characteristic of both CHX and the carcinogen PCA. CONCLUSIONS Brown precipitate was toxic in both C. elegans larvae and hTERT-hNOF cells. The ToF-SIMS analysis of BP revealed ions characteristic of CHX and PCA that could account for the toxicities observed in C. elegans larvae and human gingival fibroblasts. Because of the insoluble and toxic nature of BP, consecutive use of CHX and NaOCl irrigants should be avoided in root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wook Jeong
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nima D Sarmast
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Laboratory, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ransome van der Hoeven
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian N Holland
- Office of Research, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neha Parikh
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Daood U, Parolia A, Matinlinna J, Yiu C, Ahmed HMA, Fawzy A. Properties of a modified quaternary ammonium silane formulation as a potential root canal irrigant in endodontics. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e386-e402. [PMID: 33010944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate a new modified quaternary ammonium silane irrigant solution for its antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanical properties of dentine substrate. METHODS Root canal preparation was performed using stainless steel K-files™ and F4 size protaper with irrigation protocols of 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX; 3.5% QIS; 2% QIS and sterile saline. Biofilms were prepared using E. faecalis adjusted and allowed to grow for 3 days, treated with irrigants, and allowed to grow for 7 days. AFM was performed and surface free energy calculated. MC3T3 cells were infected with endo irrigant treated E. faecalis biofilms. Raman spectroscopy of biofilms were performed after bacterial re-growth on root dentine and exposed to different irrigation protocols and collagen fibers analysed collagen fibers using TEM. Antimicrobial potency against E. faecalis biofilms and cytoxicity against 3T3 NIH cells were also. Resin penetration and MitoTracker green were also evaluated for sealer penetration and mitochondrial viability. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, principal component analysis and post-hoc Fisher's least-significant difference. RESULTS Elastic moduli were maintained amongst control (5.5 ± 0.9) and 3.5% QIS (4.4 ± 1.1) specimens with surface free energy higher in QIS specimens. MC3T3 cells showed reduced viability in 6%NaOCl+2%CHX specimens compared to QIS specimens. DNA/purine were expressed in increased intensities in control and 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX specimens with bands around 480-490 cm-1 reduced in QIS specimens. 3.5% QIS specimens showed intact collagen fibrillar network and predominantly dead bacterial cells in confocal microscopy. 3.5% QIS irrigant formed a thin crust-type surface layer with cytoplasmic extensions of 3T3NIH spread over root dentine. Experiments confirmed MitoTracker accumulation in 3.5% treated cells. SIGNIFICANCE Novel QIS root canal irrigant achieved optimum antimicrobial protection inside the root canals facilitating a toxic effect against the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Root dentine substrates exhibited optimum mechanical properties and there was viability of fibroblastic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Daood
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jukka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Buyukozer Ozkan H, Terlemez A, Orhan EO. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Analysis of Mixtures of Chlorhexidine with Different Oxidizing Agents Activated by Photon-Induced Photoacoustic Streaming for Root Canal Irrigation. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:374-379. [PMID: 32119810 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the possible interactions between photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS™)-activated oxidizing agents and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Background data: There is no information about the safety of laser-activated oxidizing agents in combination usage with chlorhexidine gluconate. Materials and methods: Groups were designed as follows G1: 98% para-chloroaniline (PCA); G2: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); G3: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) +2% CHX; G4: 5.25% NaOCl (30 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G5: 5.25% NaOCl (60 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G6: 3.5% chlorine dioxide (ClO2) + 2% CHX; G7: 3.5% (ClO2) (30 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX; G8: 3.5% (ClO2) (60 sec PIPS activated) +2% CHX. The laser-irrigation protocol was performed with an erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser with a wavelength of 2940 nm equipped with a 140 mm long endodontic fiber tip (PIPS) using 10 mJ at 15 Hz (0.15 W), per pulse operating outputs. Groups were analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, using PCA as an internal standard. Results: No free PCA was formed in any groups of mixtures or after PIPS activation. Conclusions: Mixing of 3.5% ClO2 and 2% CHX does not form bulky precipitates, unlike the mixture NaOCl + CHX. PIPS activation does not cause changes in reactions of oxidizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Buyukozer Ozkan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Arslan Terlemez
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ekim Onur Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Hsieh SC, Teng NC, Chu CC, Chu YT, Chen CH, Chang LY, Hsu CY, Huang CS, Hsiao GYW, Yang JC. The Antibacterial Efficacy and In Vivo Toxicity of Sodium Hypochlorite and Electrolyzed Oxidizing (EO) Water-Based Endodontic Irrigating Solutions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E260. [PMID: 31936078 PMCID: PMC7013798 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans and in vivo toxicity using embryonic zebrafish assays of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water (containing hypochlorous acid (HOCl))-based root canal irrigating solutions. METHODOLOGY Using 100 μL microbial count of 1 × 108 cfu/mL Enterococcus faecalis to mix with each 10 mL specimen of NaOCl or HOCl for designed time periods. The above protocol was also repeated for Streptococcus mutans. The concentration of viable microorganisms was estimated based on each standardized inoculum using a plate-count method. Zebrafish embryo assays were used to evaluate acute toxicity. RESULTS All the HOCl or NaOCl treatment groups showed > 99.9% antibacterial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. Zebrafish embryos showed almost complete dissolution in 1.5% NaOCl within 5 min. Both survival rates after being treated with 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl for 0.5 min or 1.0 min were similar to that of E3 medium. CONCLUSIONS Both NaOCl and HOCl revealed similar antibacterial efficacy (> 99.9%) against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans. While 1.5% NaOCl fully dissolved the Zebrafish embryos, both 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl showed little in vivo toxicity, affirming its potential as an alternative irrigation solution for vital pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.); (G.Y.-W.H.)
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.); (G.Y.-W.H.)
| | - Chia Chun Chu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - You-Tai Chu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chung-He Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Liang-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chieh-Yun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Ching-Shuan Huang
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.); (G.Y.-W.H.)
| | - Grace Ying-Wen Hsiao
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.); (G.Y.-W.H.)
| | - Jen-Chang Yang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan; (C.C.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-52, Taiwan
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Orhan EO, Irmak O. Comments on misinterpretation of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data of a previous study. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1397-1398. [PMID: 31407361 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E O Orhan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - O Irmak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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11
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Petridis X, Busanello FH, So MVR, Dijkstra RJB, Sharma PK, van der Sluis LWM. Factors affecting the chemical efficacy of 2% sodium hypochlorite against oral steady-state dual-species biofilms: Exposure time and volume application. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1182-1195. [PMID: 30807649 PMCID: PMC7328852 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the influence of time and volume of 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on biofilm removal and to investigate the changes induced on the biofilm architecture. Steady-state, dual-species biofilms of standardized thickness and a realistic contact surface area between biofilms and NaOCl were used. METHODOLOGY Streptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V-J1 biofilms were grown on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs within sample holders in the Constant Depth Film Fermenter (CDFF) for 96 h. Two per cent NaOCl was statically applied for three different time intervals (60, 120 and 300 s) and in two different volumes (20 and 40 μL) over the biofilm samples. The diffusion-driven effects of time and volume on biofilm disruption and dissolution were assessed with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Structural changes of the biofilms treated with 2% NaOCl were studied with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Low Load Compression Testing (LLCT). A two-way analysis of variance (2-way anova) was performed, enabling the effect of each independent variable as well as their interaction on the outcome measures. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography revealed that by increasing the exposure time and volume of 2% NaOCl, both biofilm disruption and dissolution significantly increased. Analysis of the interaction between the two independent variables revealed that by increasing the volume of 2% NaOCl, significant biofilm dissolution could be achieved in less time. Examination of the architecture of the remaining biofilms corroborated the EPS-lytic action of 2% NaOCl, especially when greater volumes were applied. The viscoelastic analysis of the 2% NaOCl-treated biofilms revealed that the preceding application of higher volumes could impact their subsequent removal. CONCLUSIONS Time and volume of 2% NaOCl application should be taken into account for maximizing the anti-biofilm efficiency of the irrigant and devising targeted disinfecting regimes against remaining biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Petridis
- Department of Conservative DentistryCenter for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - F. H. Busanello
- Conservative Dentistry DepartmentSchool of DentistryFederal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - M. V. R. So
- Conservative Dentistry DepartmentSchool of DentistryFederal University of Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - R. J. B. Dijkstra
- Department of Conservative DentistryCenter for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - P. K. Sharma
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - L. W. M. van der Sluis
- Department of Conservative DentistryCenter for Dentistry and Oral HygieneUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Piperidou M, Sodhi RNS, Kolosowski KP, Basrani BR. Effects of Final Irrigation with SmearOFF on the Surface of Dentin Using Surface Analytical Methods. J Endod 2018; 44:1714-1719. [PMID: 30266468 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SmearOFF (Vista Dental Products, Racine, WI) is an irrigation solution containing chlorhexidine (CHX), EDTA, and a surfactant. This study examined the chemical interaction of SmearOFF with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the dentin surface, specifically the formation of precipitate and/or parachloroanaline (PCA). METHODS Dentin blocks prepared from human maxillary molars were mounted in resin. Dentinal tubules were exposed in a perpendicular orientation using an ultracryomicrotome. The blocks were divided into 2 groups: the CHX group, irrigation with 6% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX, and the SmearOFF group, irrigation with 6% NaOCl and SmearOFF. The dentin surface was analyzed with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the formation of precipitate or/and PCA on the surface of dentin. RESULTS Precipitation with PCA and occlusion of the dentinal tubules were noted on the dentin surface in the CHX group. No precipitate and no PCA were detected on the surface of dentin in the SmearOFF group. CONCLUSIONS Interaction of SmearOFF with NaOCl on the dentin surface did not result in the formation of precipitate or PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Piperidou
- MSc Endodontic Program, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rana N S Sodhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamil P Kolosowski
- MSc Endodontic Program, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bettina R Basrani
- MSc Endodontic Program, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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