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Feng Y, Sun Q, Liu P, Fan W, Fan B. Antibacterial Property and Mechanisms of Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Near-Infrared Absorption Against E. faecalis Infection of Dentin. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6981-6997. [PMID: 39005961 PMCID: PMC11246666 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s468649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the main pathogens responsible for refractory root canal infections in the teeth and shows resistance against various antibacterial managements. Effective control of E. faecalis infection is a prerequisite for successful treatment of refractory apical periodontitis. This study aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity and mechanisms of Au@Ag nanoparticles (NPs) combined with photothermal therapy (PTT) against the original and Ag+-resistant E. faecalis. Methods Au@AgNPs with optimal shell thicknesses were synthesized and characterized. The antibacterial activity of Au@AgNPs with PTT against the original or Ag+-resistant E. faecalis was evaluated, and the antibiofilm activity was tested on E. faecalis biofilm on the dentin of teeth. The potential antibacterial mechanisms of Au@AgNPs combined with PTT against E. faecalis have also been studied. Moreover, its influence on dentin microhardness and cytotoxicity was assessed. Results This study revealed that Au@AgNPs combined with PTT showed enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm effects, no negative effects on dentin microhardness, and low cytotoxicity toward human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). Moreover, Au@AgNPs combined with PTT effectively inhibited the growth of Ag+-resistant E. faecalis. Its antibacterial effects may be exerted through the release of silver ions (Ag+), destruction of the cell membrane, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Hyperthermia generated by Au@AgNPs with PTT reduced membrane fluidity and enhanced Ag+ sensitivity by downregulating fabF expression. The upregulated expression of heat shock genes demonstrated that the Ag+ released from Au@AgNPs compromised the heat adaptation of E. faecalis. Conclusion PTT significantly enhanced Ag+ sensitivity of the original and Ag+-resistant E. faecalis. Au@AgNPs combined with PTT may have the potential to be developed as a new antibacterial agent to control E. faecalis infections in teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxu Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Stănuși AȘ, Popa DL, Ionescu M, Cumpătă CN, Petrescu GS, Ţuculină MJ, Dăguci C, Diaconu OA, Gheorghiță LM, Stănuşi A. Analysis of Temperatures Generated during Conventional Laser Irradiation of Root Canals-A Finite Element Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101757. [PMID: 37238240 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of endodontic treatment is dependent on the removal of bacteria. A modern strategy to reduce bacterial load is laser irradiation. During this procedure, there is a local increase in temperature with possible side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal behavior of a maxillary first molar when performing the conventional irradiation technique using a diode laser. For this study, a 3D virtual model of a maxillary first molar was created. The preparation of the access cavity, the rotary instrumentation of the palatal root canal and the laser irradiation protocol were simulated. The model was exported in a finite element analysis program where the temperature and heat flux were studied. Temperature and heat flux maps were obtained, and the temperature increase on the internal wall of the root canal was analyzed. The maximum temperature value exceeded 400 °C and was maintained for less than 0.5 s. The obtained temperature maps support the bactericidal effect of diode laser and the limitation of damage to surrounding tissues. On internal root walls, the temperature reached several hundred degrees Celsius, but for very short durations. Conventional laser irradiation is an adjuvant method of decontamination of the endodontic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ștefan Stănuși
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela Ionescu
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Cristian Niky Cumpătă
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Titu Maiorescu of Bucharest, 67A Gheorghe Petrascu Str., 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Sebastian Petrescu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Jana Ţuculină
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Constantin Dăguci
- Department of Oro-Dental Prevention, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Oana Andreea Diaconu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Lelia Mihaela Gheorghiță
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andreea Stănuşi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Suassuna FCM, de Araújo DKM, Amorim AMAM, Melo SLS, Heck RJ, Antonino ACD, Bento PM, Silva DFB, de Melo DP. Thermal and volumetric assessment of endodontic filling techniques using infrared thermography and micro-CT. J Oral Sci 2023; 65:34-39. [PMID: 36543226 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess root temperature during filling techniques and quantify the volume of endodontic filling materials using infrared thermography (IT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). METHODS Ninety premolars were divided into three groups: lateral condensation (LC), single cone (SC) and thermomechanical compaction (TMC). For thermal analysis, 45 teeth were assessed using a FLIR T650sc IT camera during filling techniques and 45 teeth were scanned using a Nikon micro-CT to assess gutta-percha, cement, and void volumes. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed (non-parametric Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman test with Tukey's bidirectional analysis of variance). RESULTS TMC showed the highest temperature increase at 15 s after the procedure and a significant temperature decrease at 45 s after its completion. TMC showed the largest volume of gutta-percha and LC the highest void volume. CONCLUSION The temperature increase generated by gutta-percha endodontic filling techniques is within acceptable limits. A greater volume of endodontic cement was observed for the SL and LC filling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saulo Leonardo S Melo
- Department of Integrative Biomedical & Diagnostic Sciences School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Richard J Heck
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph
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Zhang C, Zhao X, Chen C, Wang J, Gu P, Ma J, Wu D, Li J. The accuracy of using guided endodontics in access cavity preparation and the temperature changes of root surface: An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:504. [PMID: 36384556 PMCID: PMC9670633 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guided endodontics is a successful technique that has been gradually applied to endodontic therapy in recent years without being affected by the operator’s experience. However, the guided bur produces excessive heat during continuous rotation and friction with root canal walls, it is not clear whether the degree of temperature increase may lead to the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone damage. Methods A total of 58 teeth were used, of which 40 teeth were not grouped, all used to evaluate the accuracy. 40 single-rooted premolars were scanned using CBCT and an intra-oral scanner, and 3D-printed guided plates were made with the pre-designed access. A custom-made guided bur was used to prepare the access cavities. The postoperative CBCT data and pre-designed pathways were matched to evaluate the deviation between the planned and virtual paths. The other 18 teeth were randomly divided into three groups (ET20 and ProTaper F3 as the control group, guided endodontics as the test group), with 6 teeth in each group. The temperature changes on the root surfaces were inspected with a thermocouple thermometer. Results The average deviation on the tip and the base of the bur was 0.30 mm and 0.28 mm (mesial/distal), and 0.28 mm and 0.25 mm (buccal/lingual). The average angle deviation was 3.62°. The mean root surface temperature rise of the guided endodontics group was the lowest (5.07 °C) (P < 0.05). Conclusions The access cavity preparation performed with guided endodontics has feasible accuracy and low-temperature rise on the root surfaces. Due to the limitations of the study, whether it has high reliability and safety in clinical applications needs to be further studied in vivo.
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Wu C, Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Ding S, Jin S, Zheng X, Fu C, Han Q, Shen J, Xu J, Ye N, Jiang F, Wu T. Response of human periodontal ligament to orthodontic force using superb microvascular imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e257-e266. [PMID: 36089442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth movement is closely related to the vascularity of the PDL, which has not been thoroughly investigated in humans. This study aimed to measure the width and vascular parameters of human PDL using superb microvascular imaging for the first time. METHODS Patients aged 18-25 years were selected for participation. The intervention was randomly allocated from the maxillary canines to the first molars on both sides using 50 g or 150 g of force. The width and vascular parameters of the PDL were measured using superb microvascular imaging at different time intervals (baseline, 30 minutes, and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days). RESULTS Before the intervention, the width of the PDL ranged from 0.14 to 0.25 mm, and the vascular index ranged from 9.40% to 13.54%. After applying orthodontic forces, the cervical and middle PDL widths increased. The vascular index decreased slightly in 30 minutes, decreased to a minimum value after 1 day, increased to the maximum in 3-7 days, and returned to baseline values in 14 days. The values of other vascular parameters showed similar trends. CONCLUSIONS The width and vascular parameters of the PDL changed slightly after force application, underwent changes in the period of reconstruction for 3-7 days, and eventually returned to baseline in 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qunyan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siqi Ding
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shiyu Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuyun Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunfeng Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Quancheng Han
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Comparative Analysis of Temperature Variation with Three Continuous Wave Obturation Systems in Endodontics: An In Vitro Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess temperature changes with different continuous wave obturation systems when downpacking to 2 mm and 4 mm from the apical foramen in an open system not simulating the surrounding biological structures at body temperature. Sixty single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups: (A) Dia-Duo® (DiaDent Group International, Cheongju-si, Korea), (B) Elements Free® (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA) and (C) Calamus® (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The root canals were instrumented with Protaper Gold (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to size F2 (25.08). The root canals were filled by a continuous wave using an AH Plus® sealer (Dentsply Sirona). Temperatures during the obturation procedure were measured by a thermal imaging camera (Testo 875-1®) perpendicular to a vice where the teeth were held at −2 mm and −4 mm from the apical foramen. Comparisons were made by applying Student’s t-test and ANOVA (p = 0.05). The continuous wave technique at −2 mm with the Dia-Duo system® emitted average temperatures of 37.3 °C, Elements Free® emitted 39.85 °C and Calamus® emitted 40.16 °C. At −4 mm, the Dia-Duo system® emitted average temperatures of 34.81 °C, Elements Free® emitted 33.73 °C and Calamus® emitted 32.91 °C. There were significant differences between continuous waves at −2 mm and at −4 mm (p < 0.05). Dia-Duo® was the only system that did not present significant differences between the two lengths (p = 0.197). Regarding the heat emitted, the best system was Elements Free®, since, at −2 mm, it emitted the highest temperature without going above 47 °C. The Dia-Duo® system had lower temperatures. It could be concluded that not all systems transmit the same temperature to the apex and, therefore, to the periapical tissues. The surrounding conditions, such as temperature and humidity, have not been considered in this study.
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Obturation of Root Canals By Vertical Condensation of Gutta-Percha – Benefits and Pitfalls. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Vertical condensation of gutta-percha is one of the frequently used techniques of hermetic and three-dimensional obturation of root canal system which is one of the primary goals of endodontic tooth treatment. Techniques for filling root canals have been described since ancient Egypt and have undergone dynamic development in recent decades. The aim of the article is to analyze the technique of obturation of root canals using vertical condensation of guttapercha and to point out its benefits and pitfalls.
The poor-quality treatment of the tooth deteriorates its prognosis, function, and long-term survival in the oral cavity; thus, the hermetic obturation of the root canals is one of the most important pillars of the complex tooth treatment. Obturation of the root canals by vertical condensation of warm gutta-percha is nowadays considered in the correct indications as one of the most commonly used techniques in the excellent dental practices. Even though it is quite technologically challenging and time-consuming it enables to reach high level of predictability and clinical success. Currently, the obturation technique based on master gutta-percha cone combined with the calcium-silicate based sealer is emerging. However, long term results of clinical studies and follow-up are needed to make a significant improvement in the area of endodontics.
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Walling J, Kirchhoff T, Berthold M, Wenzler JS, Braun A. Impact of thermal photodynamic disinfection on root dentin temperature in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102476. [PMID: 34358709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal photodynamic disinfection procedures have been proposed for adjunctive endodontic treatment. This study assessed photothermal disinfection relative to root dentin temperature and the thermal effects of simulated periodontal blood flow. METHODS Thirty freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared endodontically using a 45/.02 master apical file. The root surfaces were coated with wax and covered with thermoforming sheets, leaving a circumferential space of 0.25 mm after wax removal. The sheets were perforated to allow fluid circulation through the simulated periodontal space. Irradiation was performed in two groups of 30: I, 810 nm laser (1.5 W, continuous wave), 4 × 5 s; II, photothermal group: indocyanine green and 810 nm laser (200 mW, continuous wave), 20 s. Thermographic measurements were performed at different water flow rates (6, 2.6, 0 mL/min) with a baseline temperature of 37 °C. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed (Wilcoxon). RESULTS The highest temperature change (median 7.52 °C, range 0.82-18.32 °C) was with 810 nm laser irradiation in group I, without any simulated blood flow. Fluid circulation resulted in a significant reduction in temperature changes in this group (median 2.14 °C, range 0.37-9.83 °C; p < 0.05). The lowest temperature changes were in the photothermal group with a water flow rate of 6 mL/min (median 0.79 °C, range 0.00-3.88 °C; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Photothermal disinfection of root canals can increase root canal dentin temperatures, but periodontal fluid circulation has a cooling effect on the outer root surface, reducing the risk of potential thermal injury to periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Walling
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Tabea Kirchhoff
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Michael Berthold
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Johannes-Simon Wenzler
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Andreas Braun
- Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
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Diegritz C, Gerlitzki O, Fotiadou C, Folwaczny M. Temperature changes on the root surface during application of warm vertical compaction using three different obturation units. Odontology 2019; 108:358-365. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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