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Wang B, Li W, Huang W, Li X, Li J, Shi S, Mao X, Wei X. Multiple cell death modalities and immune response in pulpitis. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 39257034 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the level and distribution of apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis in pulpitis with or without necrosis on a basis of histological classification. Additionally, to examine the effect of pulpitis with necrosis (PWN) on the number and activation of peripheral and bone marrow (BM) neutrophils, as well as spleen lymphocytes, in a mouse model of pulpitis. METHODOLOGY The material comprised 20 permanent teeth, with or without caries, which were classified into three histological categories based on the distribution of inflammatory cells and the presence or absence of necrosis: (i) healthy pulp (HP), (ii) pulpitis without necrosis (PWON), and (iii) PWN. The levels of the four regulated cell death (RCD) pathways were detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining with specific markers: apoptosis (caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3), pyroptosis (cleaved caspase-1, membrane-binding gasdermin D), necroptosis (receptor-interacting kinase 3, phosphorylated MLKL), and NETosis (myeloperoxidase, citrullinated histone H3). Acute pulpitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice via pulp exposure, and the mice were divided into four groups: (i) control (no tooth preparation, n = 6), (ii) Day 1 (sacrificed at 1 day after pulp exposure, n = 3), (iii) Day 3 (n = 3), and (iv) Day 5 (n = 7). The control and Day 5 groups were used for further immunofluorescent analysis to assess the levels of RCD and flow cytometry to monitor the changes in peripheral and BM neutrophils, as well as spleen lymphocytes. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated and cultured from extracted healthy third molars. Apoptosis and necroptosis in hDPSCs were induced by staurosporine, whilst pyroptosis was induced by lipopolysaccharide and nigericin. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's test, Welch's ANOVA with Tamhane's test, and Student's t-tests were used to compare immunohistochemical labelling and flow cytometric data amongst groups (p < .05). RESULTS The pulpal tissue of PWN can be divided into the abscess core (PWN-AC) and fibrous tissue (PWN-FT). The ratio of total necrotic cells (TUNEL-positive) in PWN-AC was significantly higher than in PWN-FT and PWON (both p < .01). Compared with HP, the expression levels of markers for apoptosis and pyroptosis were increased in PWON, whilst the expression levels of markers for apoptosis, pyroptosis, and NETosis were elevated in PWN, primarily detected in PWN-AC. Interestingly, myeloperoxidase (MPO) was exclusively observed in PWN-AC, with minimal detection in PWN-FT and PWON. Additionally, the frequency of MPO+ cells was significantly higher than that of MB-GSDMD+ cells and Cl-cas3+ cells in PWN-AC (both p < .01). Histological observation and TUNEL staining showed abundant necrotic cells in mouse pulpal tissue after pulp exposure, indicating a simulation of human PWN. In mouse pulpitis tissue, markers of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and NETosis were detected. In vitro, various cell deaths including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis were also triggered in hDPSCs under various cell death treatments. Furthermore, in terms of systemic changes, pulp exposure-induced pulpitis could increase the number (p < .05) and cellular activity (p < .01) of neutrophils from BM in a mouse model. No significant changes in peripheral blood neutrophils, spleen T cells, B cells, or the CD4/CD8 ratio were detected between the control and pulpitis mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover distinct patterns of mixed cell death at different histological stages of human pulpitis and the impact of pulpitis on the number and activity of BM neutrophils. Notably, NETosis occurs specifically and predominates in the abscess area of pulpitis, suggesting a potential effect of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on pulpitis progression and NETs-targeted diagnostic strategy may play a role in decision making for vital pulp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weiying Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuemeng Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueli Mao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Islam R, Islam MRR, Tanaka T, Alam MK, Ahmed HMA, Sano H. Direct pulp capping procedures - Evidence and practice. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:48-61. [PMID: 36880059 PMCID: PMC9985044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of direct pulp capping (DPC) is to promote pulp healing and mineralized tissue barrier formation by placing a dental biomaterial directly over the exposed pulp. Successful application of this approach avoids the need for further and more extensive treatment. In order to ensure a complete pulp healing with the placement of restorative materials, a mineralized tissue barrier must form to protect the pulp from microbial invasion. The formation of mineralized tissue barrier can only be induced when there is a significant reduction in pulp inflammation and infection. Consequently, promoting the healing of pulp inflammation may provide a favorable therapeutic opportunity to maintain the sustainability of DPC treatment. Mineralized tissue formation was observed as the favorable reaction of exposed pulp tissue against a variety of dental biomaterials utilized for DPC. This observation reveals an intrinsic capacity of pulp tissue for healing. Therefore, this review focuses on the DPC and its healing procedure as well as the materials used for DPC treatment and their mechanisms of action to promote pulpal healing. In addition, the factors that can affect the healing process of DPC, clinical considerations and future perspective has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Md Refat Readul Islam
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mohammad Khursheed Alam
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, 72345 Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hidehiko Sano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
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Sheela S, AlGhalban FM, Ahmed I, Abou Neel EA. In vitro immunomodulatory effect of solid versus porous phosphate-based glass microspheres using macrophages. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23059. [PMID: 38149183 PMCID: PMC10750036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of two different forms of phosphate-based glass microspheres (solid and porous), on human macrophages. Human THP-1 monocytes were converted to M0 macrophages after being treated with 100 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 48 h. The differentiated cells were analysed for the CD14 marker using flow cytometry. The adhesion, spreading, and viability of M0 macrophages grown directly or indirectly (extracts) at varying concentrations of solid and porous glass microspheres (GMs) were analysed via phase contrast microscopy, confocal microscopy, and XTT assay. The expression of IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-12p70 cytokines was investigated using flow cytometry. The conversion to M0 macrophages was confirmed by their adherent nature, increased granularity, and CD14 expression. The results showed that both solid and porous GMs or extracts favored the attachment, spreading, and proliferation of macrophages in a comparable manner to cells grown in a normal tissue culture medium. Only the higher concentration of porous GMs (10 mg/mL) changed the morphology of M0 macrophages and increased the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines; this could be related to the fast degradation nature of porous GMs. Of the six cytokines analysed, M0 macrophages grown directly or indirectly with GMs only expressed IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-8. Accordingly, solid microspheres may have advantages as regenerative agents due to their controlled degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sheela
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatma Mousa AlGhalban
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ensanya A. Abou Neel
- Preventive and Restorative Dentistry Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, United Kingdom
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Erdogan O, Xia J, Chiu IM, Gibbs JL. Dynamics of Innate Immune Response in Bacteria-Induced Mouse Model of Pulpitis. J Endod 2023; 49:1529-1536. [PMID: 37678750 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During pulpitis, as bacteria penetrate deeper into the dentin and pulp tissue, a pulpal innate immune response is initiated. However, the kinetics of the immune response, how this relates to bacterial infiltration during pulpitis and an understanding of the types of immune cells in the pulp is limited. METHODS Dental pulp exposure in the molars of mice was used as an animal model of pulpitis. To investigate the kinetics of immune response, pulp tissue was collected from permanent molars at different time points after injury (baseline, day 1, and day 7). Flow cytometry analysis of CD45+ leukocytes, including macrophages, neutrophils monocytes, and T cells, was performed. 16S in situ hybridization captured bacterial invasion of the pulp, and immunohistochemistry for F4/80 investigated spatial and morphological changes of macrophages during pulpitis. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons. RESULTS Bacteria mostly remained close to the injury site, with some expansion towards noninjured pulp horns. We found that F4/80+ macrophages were the primary immune cell population in the healthy pulp. Upon injury, CD11b + Ly6Ghigh neutrophils and CD11b + Ly6GintLy6Cint monocytes constituted 70-90% of all immune populations up to 7 days after injury. Even though there was a slight increase in T cells at day 7, myeloid cells remained the main drivers of the immune response during the seven-day time period. CONCLUSIONS As bacteria proliferate within the pulp chamber, innate immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes, predominate as the major immune populations, with some signs of transitioning to an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Erdogan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jennifer L Gibbs
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Contreras C, Cádiz B, Schmachtenberg O. Determination of the Severity of Pulpitis by Immunohistological Analysis and Comparison with the Clinical Picture. J Endod 2022; 49:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jiang W, Sun S, Wang D, Qiu J, Song Y, Zhang Q, He W, Song B, Zhang Y, Wang S. MicroRNA-22 suppresses NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting the HIF-1α and NLRP3 in human dental pulp fibroblasts. Int Endod J 2022; 55:1225-1240. [PMID: 35979583 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the synergetic regulatory effect of miR-22 on HIF-1α and NLRP3, subsequently regulating the production of the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway-mediated proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPFs) during the progression of pulpitis. METHODOLOGY Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescence (IF) were performed to determine the localization of miR-22-3p, NLRP3 and HIF-1α in human dental pulp tissues (HDPTs). The miR-22 mimics and inhibitor or plasmid of NLRP3 or HIF-1α were used to upregulate or downregulate miR-22 or NLRP3 or HIF-1α in HDPFs, respectively. Computational prediction via TargetScan 5.1 and a luciferase reporter assay were conducted to confirm target association. The mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 were determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The release of IL-1β and IL-18 was analysed by ELISA. The significance of the differences between the experimental and control groups was determined by one-way analysis of variance, p < .05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS A decrease in miR-22 and an increase in HIF-1α and NLRP3 in HDPTs occurred during the transformation of reversible pulpitis into irreversible pulpitis compared with that in the healthy pulp tissues (p < .05). In the normal HDPTs, miR-22-3p was extensively expressed in dental pulp cells. HIF-1α and NLRP3 were mainly expressed in the odontoblasts and vascular endothelial cells. Whereas in the inflamed HDPTs, the odontoblast layers were disrupted. HDPFs were positive for miR-22-3p, HIF-1α and NLRP3. Computational prediction via TargetScan 5.1 and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that both NLRP3 and HIF-1α were direct targets of miR-22 in HDPFs. The miR-22 inhibitor further promoted the activation of NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway induced by ATP plus LPS and hypoxia (p < .05). In contrast, the miR-22 mimic significantly inhibited the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway activation induced by ATP plus LPS and hypoxia (p < .05). CONCLUSION MiR-22, as a synergetic negative regulator, is involved in controlling the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines mediated by the NLRP3/CASP1 inflammasome pathway by targeting NLRP3 and HIF-1α. These results provide a novel function and mechanism of miR-22-HIF-1α-NLRP3 signalling in the control of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, thus indicating a potential therapeutic strategy for future endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jiang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Shukai Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Diya Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Song
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenxi He
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengchao Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Opasawatchai A, Nguantad S, Sriwilai B, Matangkasombut P, Matangkasombut O, Srisatjaluk R, Charoensawan V. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of Human Dental Pulp in Sound and Carious Teeth: A Pilot Study. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.806294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of dental pulp cellular compositions and their molecular responses to infection are crucial for the advancement of regenerative dentistry. Here, we presented a pilot study of single-cell transcriptomic profiles of 6,810 pulpal cells isolated from a sound human maxillary third molar and three carious teeth with enamel and deep dental caries. We observed altered immune cell compositions of the dental pulp in deep, but not enamel ones. Differential expression analysis revealed up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and mineralization-related genes in the immune and stromal cells of the deep dental caries. Making use of an algorithm for predicting cell-to-cell interactions from single-cell transcriptomic profiles, we showed an increase in cell-cell interactions between B cells, plasma cells and macrophages, and other cell types in deep dental caries, including those between TIMP1 (odontoblasts)—CD63 (myeloid cells), and CCL2 (macrophages)—ACKR1 (endothelial cells). Collectively, our work highlighted the single-cell level gene regulations and intercellular interactions in the dental pulps in health and disease.
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Arora S, Cooper PR, Friedlander LT, Rizwan S, Seo B, Rich AM, Hussaini HM. Potential application of immunotherapy for modulation of pulp inflammation: opportunities for vital pulp treatment. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1263-1274. [PMID: 33797765 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caries results in the demineralization and destruction of enamel and dentine, and as the disease progresses, irreversible pulpitis can occur. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is directed towards pulp preservation and the prevention of the progression of inflammation. The outcomes of VPT are not always predictable, and there is often a poor correlation between clinical signs and symptoms, and the events occurring at a molecular level. The inflamed pulp expresses increased levels of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and IL-23, which recruit and drive a complex cellular immune response. Chronic inflammation and sustained cytokine release can result in irreversible pulp damage and a decreased capacity for tissue healing. Other chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases and rheumatoid arthritis, are also characterized by an dysregulated immune response composed of relatively high cytokine levels and increased numbers of immune cells along with microbial and hard-soft tissue destructive pathologies. Whilst anti-cytokine therapies have been successfully applied in the treatment of these diseases, this approach is yet to be attempted in cases of pulp inflammation. This review therefore focuses on the similarities in the aetiology between chronic inflammatory diseases and pulpitis, and explores how anti-cytokine therapies could be applied to manage an inflamed pulp and facilitate healing. Further proof-of-concept studies and clinical trials are justified to determine the effectiveness of these treatments to enable more predictable outcomes in VPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arora
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L T Friedlander
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - S Rizwan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - B Seo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A M Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H M Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Loureiro C, Buzalaf MAR, Moraes FRN, Ventura TMO, Pelá VT, Pessan JP, Jacinto RC. Quantitative proteomic analysis in symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2021; 54:834-847. [PMID: 33480079 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To quantitatively and qualitatively compare the host proteomic profile in samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AP) using nano-liquid chromatography-electron spray tandem mass spectrometry. METHODOLOGY Samples were obtained from 18 patients with radiographically evident AP, divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (nine per group) according to clinical characteristics. After sample collection, protein extraction, purification and quantification of the samples were performed, which were analysed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was performed by Protein Lynx Global Service software. Differences in expression of proteins between the groups were calculated using the Monte Carlo algorithm, considering P < 0.05 for down-regulated proteins and 1 - P > 0.95 for up-regulated proteins. Proteins were identified with the embedded ion accounting algorithm in the software and a search of the Homo sapiens UniProt database. RESULTS A total of 853 individual human proteins were identified. In the quantitative analysis, common proteins to both groups accounted for 143 proteins. Differences in expression between groups resulted in 51 up-regulated proteins (1 - P > 0.95) in the symptomatic group, including alpha-1-antitrypsin, protein S100-A8, myeloperoxidase, peroxiredoxin and lactotransferrin. This group also had 43 down-regulated proteins (P < 0.05), comprising immunoglobulin, neutrophil defensin, pyruvate kinase and alpha-enolase. The qualitative analysis considered only the exclusive proteins of each group. For the symptomatic group, 318 complete proteins and 29 fragments were identified, such as dedicator of cytokinesis protein, intersectin, prostaglandin, phospholipase DDHD2 and superoxide dismutase. For the asymptomatic group, 326 complete proteins and 37 fragments were identified, including azurocidin, C-reactive protein, collagen alpha, cathepsin, heat shock and laminin. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative differences in the expression of common proteins in cases of symptomatic and asymptomatic AP were found, which were mostly related to host immune response in both groups. Exclusive proteins in the symptomatic group were mainly related to the host response to the presence of viruses in endodontic infections, oxidative stress and proteolytic enzymes. The results provide a basis for a better understanding of cellular and molecular pathways involved in AP, establishing specific proteomic profiles for symptomatic and asymptomatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Loureiro
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - M A R Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - F R N Moraes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - T M O Ventura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - V T Pelá
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - J P Pessan
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - R C Jacinto
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Aracatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
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10
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Regulated Cell Death in Pulpitis. J Endod 2020; 46:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Like many tissues, the dental pulp is equipped with innate and adaptive immune responses, designed to defend against infection and limit its spread. The pulp's innate immune response includes the synthesis and release of antimicrobial peptides by several dental pulp cell types. These naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides have broad spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. There is a resurgence of interest in the bioactivities of naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides, largely driven by the need to develop alternatives to antibiotics. METHODS This narrative review focused on the general properties of antimicrobial peptides, providing an overview of their sources and actions within the dental pulp. RESULTS We summarized the relevance of antimicrobial peptides in defending the dental pulp, highlighting the potential for many of these antimicrobials to be modified or mimicked for prospective therapeutic use. CONCLUSION Antimicrobial peptides and novel peptide-based therapeutics are particularly attractive as emerging treatments for polymicrobial infections, such as endodontic infections, because of their broad activity against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala T Lundy
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
| | - Christopher R Irwin
- Centre for Dentistry, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Denise F McLean
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Gerard J Linden
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ikhlas A El Karim
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Khorasani MMY, Hassanshahi G, Brodzikowska A, Khorramdelazad H. Role(s) of cytokines in pulpitis: Latest evidence and therapeutic approaches. Cytokine 2019; 126:154896. [PMID: 31670007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulpitis is known as a typical inflammation of dental pulp tissue, and microorganisms of the oral microbiome are involved in this opportunistic infection. Studies indicated that several factors related to host response have a crucial role in pulpitis. Among these factors, inflammatory mediators of the immune system such as cytokines and chemokines contribute to pulpal defense mechanisms. A wide range of cytokines have been observed in dental pulp and these small molecules are able to trigger inflammation and participate in immune cell trafficking, cell proliferation, inflammation, and tissue damage in pulp space. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Y Khorasani
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Aniela Brodzikowska
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Miodowa 18, 00-246 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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