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Ali TW, Gul H, Fareed MA, Tabassum S, Mir SR, Afzaal A, Muhammad N, Kaleem M. Biochemical properties of novel Carbon nanodot-stabilized silver nanoparticles enriched calcium hydroxide endodontic sealer. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303808. [PMID: 38959277 PMCID: PMC11221646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer loaded with antimicrobial agents have been commonly employed in conventional root canal treatment. These sealers are not effective against E. faecalis due to the persistent nature of this bacterium and its ability to evade the antibacterial action of calcium hydroxide. Therefore, endodontic sealer containing Carbon nanodots stabilized silver nanoparticles (CD-AgNPs) was proposed to combat E. faecalis. The therapeutic effect of CD-AgNPs was investigated and a new cytocompatible Calcium Hydroxide-based endodontic sealer enriched with CD-AgNPs was synthesized that exhibited a steady release of Ag+ ions and lower water solubility at 24 hours, and enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis. CD-AgNPs was synthesized and characterized morphologically and compositionally by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis Spectroscopy, followed by optimization via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination against E. faecalis by broth microdilution technique and Cytotoxicity analysis against NIH3T3 cell lines via Alamar Blue assay. Calcium hydroxide in distilled water was taken as control (C), Calcium hydroxide with to CD-AgNPs (5mg/ml and 10mg/ml) yielded novel endodontic sealers (E1 and E2). Morphological and chemical analysis of the novel sealers were done by SEM and FTIR; followed by in vitro assessment for antibacterial potential against E. faecalis via agar disc diffusion method, release of Ag+ ions for 21 days by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and water solubility by weight change for 21 days. CD-AgNPs were 15-20 nm spherical-shaped particles in uniformly distributed clusters and revealed presence of constituent elements in nano-assembly. FTIR spectra revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. UV-Vis absorption spectra showed prominent peaks that correspond to Carbon nanodots and Silver nanoparticles. CD-AgNPs exhibited MIC value of 5mg/ml and cytocompatibility of 84.47% with NIH3T3 cell lines. Novel endodontic sealer cut-discs revealed irregular, hexagonal particles (100-120 nm) with aggregation and rough structure with the presence of constituent elements. FTIR spectra of novel endodontic sealers revealed absorption peaks that correspond to various functional groups. Novel endodontic sealers exhibited enhanced antibacterial potential where E-2 showed greatest inhibition zone against E. faecalis (6.3±2 mm), a steady but highest release of Ag+ ions was exhibited by E-1 (0.043±0.0001 mg/mL) and showed water solubility of <3% at 24 hours where E-2 showed minimal weight loss at all time intervals. Novel endodontic sealers were cytocompatible and showed enhanced antibacterial potential against E. faecalis, however, E2 outperformed in this study in all aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Waqar Ali
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hashmat Gul
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amber Fareed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Sobia Tabassum
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Rubab Mir
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Afzaal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Haddad Y, Chan WC, Ha WN, Conde A, Estevez R, Lopez AP, Gates GC, Rossi-Fedele G. The effect of a preparation containing glycocholic acid on the biocidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in a biofilm laboratory model. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:503-511. [PMID: 37403810 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the antimicrobial effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) mixtures combined with Keratobacter (KB) using an engineered biofilm root canal model. Clinical and reagent grade NaOCl were mixed with KB (9:1-vol/vol) to assess pH values over 1 min to select the ideal solution with a pH just below the pKa of hypochlorous acid. The samples were randomly divided into five groups: 1% and 4% NaOCl reagents, a mixture of NaOCl:KB using 1% and 4% NaOCl reagents and distilled water. Outcome measures were colony-forming units (CFUs/mL) and positive/negative cultures. No significant differences were observed in the pairwise comparisons between 1%, 4% NaOCl and 4% NaOCl+KB for the outcome CFUs/mL. Only 4% NaOCl presented with negative cultures in all samples, whereas 1% NaOCl and 4% NaOCl+KB had similar results (54% vs. 40%). The addition of KB has a limited effect on the antimicrobial efficacy of 4% NaOCl in this laboratory model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Nguyen Ha
- Department of Endodontics, Sydney Dental School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonio Conde
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Estevez
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Peña Lopez
- Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fidelis CE, de Freitas Leite R, Garcia BLN, Gonçalves JL, Good L, Dos Santos MV. Antimicrobial activities of polyhexamethylene biguanide against biofilm-producing Prototheca bovis causing bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1383-1393. [PMID: 36526458 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca spp. is a frequent cause of bovine mastitis and is highly resistant to commonly used disinfectants. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the antimicrobial activity of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) against mastitis-causing Prototheca spp., and (2) evaluate the biofilm production ability of Prototheca spp. A total of 85 Prototheca bovis and 2 Prototheca blaschkeae isolates from bovine mastitis cases were submitted to biofilm production assays and antimicrobial susceptibility tests against PHMB and disinfectants commonly used in dairy herds (chlorhexidine digluconate, povidone-iodine, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, and sodium hypochlorite). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal algicidal concentration (MAC) were determined by microdilution assays. We observed that PHMB (MIC90: ≥2 µg/mL and MAC90: ≥4 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥2 µg/mL) presented the highest antimicrobial activity against P. bovis isolates, followed by sodium dichloroisocyanurate (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥1,400 µg/mL), sodium hypochlorite (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥2,800 µg/mL), and povidone-iodine (MIC90 and MAC90: ≥3,200 µg/mL). Concerning P. blaschkeae isolates, PHMB (MIC and MAC ≥1 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine gluconate (MIC and MAC ≥1 µg/mL) were the disinfectants that presented the lowest concentration values required to inhibit the isolates. Regarding biofilms formation, 63.5% (n = 54/85) of the P. bovis isolates were classified as strong, 28.3% (n = 24/85) moderate, and 8.2% (n = 7/85) weak biofilm producers. In contrast, the P. blaschkeae isolates were classified as weak and moderate biofilm producers. These findings suggest that PHMB has the potential to be used for teat and milking-equipment disinfection for the prevention of mastitis-causing Prototheca spp. in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fidelis
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Renata de Freitas Leite
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Breno Luis Nery Garcia
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635
| | - Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1046
| | - Liam Good
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635.
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Yoo J, Kim H, Lim YM, Yoon BI, Kim P, Eom IC, Shim I. Pulmonary toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate after intratracheal instillation in sprague-dawley rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221106336. [PMID: 35675544 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In water, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), a source for chlorine gas generation, releases free available chlorine in the form of hypochlorous acid, a strong oxidizing agent. NaDCC has been used as a disinfectant in humidifiers; however, its inhalation toxicity is a concern. Seven-week-old rats were exposed to NaDCC doses of 100, 500, and 2500 μg·kg-1 body weight by intratracheal instillation (ITI) to investigate pulmonary toxicity. The rats were sacrificed at 1 d (exposure group) or 14 d (recovery group) after ITI. Despite a slight decrease in body weight after exposure, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and NaDCC-treated groups. A significant increase in the total protein level of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was observed in the exposure groups. Lactate dehydrogenase leakage into the BALF increased significantly (p < 0.01) in the exposure groups; however, recovery was observed after 14 d. The measurement of cytokines in the BALF samples indicated a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in the exposure group and IL-8 in the recovery group. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory foci and pulmonary edema around the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. This study demonstrated that ITI of NaDCC induced reversible pulmonary edema and inflammation without hepatic involvement in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Yoo
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, 34962Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, 65740National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
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De Rossi A, Araújo Ferreira DC, Liévana FS, Vilela MM, Nelson-Filho P, da Silva RS, Moraes JCB, da Silva LAB. An Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Formulation Developed for Endodontic Use: A Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation. J Endod 2021; 47:1640-1650. [PMID: 34157344 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has been successfully used in the prevention and treatment of several infectious and immunoinflammatory diseases because of its proven anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiresorptive role, its use as an intracanal dressing has not been proposed. The aim of this study was to develop a formulation based on EGCG for endodontic use by assessing its physicochemical and biological properties. METHODS Initially, physicochemical characterization of EGCG was performed by ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy to evaluate if the properties were maintained in acidic pH and time (1-6, 24, and 27 hours). After that, biological studies evaluated the developed formulation of EGCG at different concentrations (1.25, 5, 10, and 20 mg/mL). The tissue compatibility with subcutaneous tissue of mice was evaluated by plasma leakage after 24 hours and the examination of macroscopic and microscopic features at 7, 21, and 63 days after the insertion of polyethylene tubes containing the formulations. The repair of experimentally induced periapical lesions in dog's teeth by radiographic and histopathologic analysis was also evaluated. The scores were statistically analyzed by the chi-square and Fisher exact test. Analysis of variance followed by the Tukey posttest were used for the quantitative analysis. The significance level was 5%. RESULTS The physicochemical characterization performed under ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry showed that the EGCG properties remained unaltered in acid pH and function of time, keeping its wavelength to 274 nm. Macroscopic parameters evaluated at 7, 21, and 63 days showed that all concentrations presented no epithelial ulceration or presence of mild superficial tissue necrosis, edema, or vascularization with no significant difference in the control group. During all periods of microscopic examination, all groups presented the absence of abscess foci and edema and the presence of fibrous capsule and neovascularization. The presence of reparative tissue with a gentle presence of neutrophilic inflammatory cells was also observed for all groups, except for the calcium hydroxide paste group, which presented a more pronounced inflammation and tissue necrosis at days 7 and 21 (P < .001). At day 63, all groups presented an absence of inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis. The evaluation of dog teeth showed that treatment with the EGCG formulation provided a reduction of the periapical radiolucent area and allowed the repair of apical and periapical tissues (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The developed formulation based on EGCG from green tea presented physicochemical stability and tissue compatibility and provided the repair of periapical lesions when used as an intracanal dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andiara De Rossi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Souza Liévana
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marina Moscardini Vilela
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Santana da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alfadda S, Alquria T, Karaismailoglu E, Aksel H, Azim AA. Antibacterial Effect and Bioactivity of Innovative and Currently Used Intracanal Medicaments in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2021; 47:1294-1300. [PMID: 34033820 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect and bioactivity of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), and calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2). METHODS Root canals were infected with 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and then medicated for 7 days with TAP, Ca(OH)2, or Ca(OCl)2 (n = 10/group). Untreated and uninfected canals were used as positive and negative controls. The antibacterial effect was determined using colony-forming units and a Live/Dead bacterial viability kit. Dental pulp stem cells were seeded on medicated dentin surfaces for 7 days. Sodium thiosulfate and various concentrations of ascorbic acid (1%, 5%, and 10%) were also used to neutralize the samples treated with Ca(OCl)2 before cell seeding (n = 3 in triplicate). Cell viability and morphology were evaluated using a viability assay and Live/Dead cell analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was also measured to determine the cells' mineralization activity. RESULTS All medicaments decreased the initial bacterial load (P < .05). The highest bacterial reduction in the main canal and dentinal tubules was observed in the Ca(OCl)2 group (P < .05). TAP- or Ca(OH)2-treated dentin surface improved cell viability and ALP activity compared with the untreated dentin surface (P < .05), whereas Ca(OCl)2 decreased cell viability and ALP activity (P < .05). Ten percent ascorbic acid neutralized the effect of Ca(OCl)2 on the treated dentin surface, showing higher cell viability (P < .05) and similar ALP activity with the untreated dentin surface and the other groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Ca(OCl)2 medication improved root canal disinfection against E. faecalis biofilm compared with TAP and Ca(OH)2. The adverse effects caused by Ca(OCl)2 on cell viability and mineralization activity can be neutralized with 10% ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alfadda
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Theeb Alquria
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eda Karaismailoglu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Health Sciences University, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Adham A Azim
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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Khider D, Rossi-Fedele G, Fitzsimmons T, Vasilev K, Zilm PS. Disruption of Enterococcus Faecalis biofilms using individual and plasma polymer encapsulated D-amino acids. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:3305-3313. [PMID: 33140160 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess the anti-biofilm ability of previously unverified individual D-amino acids (DAAs), to produce plasma polymer encapsulated DAAs (PPEDAAs), to measure the shell thickness and subsequent release of DAAs, and to assess the effects of PPEDAAs on Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microtitre tray assays were used to evaluate the effect of individual DAAs (D-leucine, D-methionine, D-tryptophan, and D-tyrosine) on E. faecalis biofilms of different maturity. A mixture and individual DAAs were encapsulated with a plasma polymer for 10, 20, 40, and 60 min. The shell thickness of PPEDAAs was analyzed by ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The release of DAAs from the PPEDAAs encapsulated for 60 min was measured over 7 days using high-performance liquid chromatography. Static biofilms were used to assess the effect of PPEDAAs on E. faecalis biofilms. RESULTS Individual DAAs reduced biofilm formation to various degrees, according to the DAA and the experimental times. The shell thicknesses of the PPEDAAs ranged between 31 and 76 nm and increased with encapsulation time. Diffusion of DAAs from the PPEDAAs occurred over 60 min for encapsulated D-leucine, D-methionine, and D-tyrosine and up to 7 days for D-tryptophan. PPEDAAs disrupted biofilms at every experimental time. CONCLUSIONS PPEDAAs of various shell thickness can be produced with the proposed methodology, DAAs are subsequently released, and the anti-biofilm activity remains unaltered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Individual DAAs and PPEDAAs have anti-biofilm ability and can be considered as part of a biological strategy in endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Khider
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Giampiero Rossi-Fedele
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Tracy Fitzsimmons
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter S Zilm
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, AHMS L10 North Terrace corner George Street, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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