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Swann L, Popovic V, Wiredja D. Visual inspection problem-solving strategies at different experience levels. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 118:104273. [PMID: 38518730 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2024.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Airport security screening is a visual inspection task comprising search and decision. Problem solving is used to support decision making. However, it is not well understood. This study investigated how airport security screeners employ problem solving during x-ray screening, and how strategies change with experience. Thirty-nine professional security screeners were observed performing x-ray screening in the field at an Australian International Airport. Video and eye-tracking data were collected and analysed to explore activity phases and problem-solving strategies. Less-experienced screeners performed more problem solving and preferred problem-solving strategies that rely on visual examination without decision support or that defer decision making, compared to more-experienced screeners, who performed efficient and independent strategies. Findings also show that screeners need more time to develop problem-solving skills than visual scanning skills. Screeners would benefit from problem-solving support tools and intensified training and mentorship within the first six months of experience to advance problem-solving competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Swann
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Vesna Popovic
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dedy Wiredja
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Moloney GK, Chaber AL. Where are you hiding the pangolins? screening tools to detect illicit contraband at international borders and their adaptability for illegal wildlife trafficking. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299152. [PMID: 38568991 PMCID: PMC10990205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The illegal movement of wildlife poses a public health, conservation and biosecurity threat, however there are currently minimal screening tools available at international ports of entry to intercept wildlife trafficking efforts. This review first aimed to explore the screening tools available or under development for the detection of concealed wildlife contraband at international ports, including postal services, airlines, road border crossings and maritime routes. Where evidence was deficient, publications detailing the use of methods to uncover other illicit substances, such as narcotics, weapons, human trafficking, explosives, radioactive materials, or special nuclear material, were compiled and assessed for their applicability to the detection of wildlife. The first search identified only four citations related to the detection of wildlife, however the secondary search revealed 145 publications, including 59 journal articles and 86 conference proceedings, describing screening tools for non-wildlife illicit contraband detection. The screening tools uncovered were analysed for potential fitness for purpose for wildlife contraband detection, to evaluate the feasibility of their implementation and their ease of use. The deficiencies evident in terms of resource availability and research efforts targeting wildlife trafficking highlights a potentially substantial national and international security threat which must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kate Moloney
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Global One Health Alliance Pty Ltd, West Lakes Shore, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Global One Health Alliance Pty Ltd, West Lakes Shore, SA, Australia
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3
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Peng K, Morgan NP, Wagner FM, Siday T, Xia CQ, Dede D, Boureau V, Piazza V, Fontcuberta I Morral A, Johnston MB. Direct and integrating sampling in terahertz receivers from wafer-scalable InAs nanowires. Nat Commun 2024; 15:103. [PMID: 38167839 PMCID: PMC10761983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) radiation will play a pivotal role in wireless communications, sensing, spectroscopy and imaging technologies in the decades to come. THz emitters and receivers should thus be simplified in their design and miniaturized to become a commodity. In this work we demonstrate scalable photoconductive THz receivers based on horizontally-grown InAs nanowires (NWs) embedded in a bow-tie antenna that work at room temperature. The NWs provide a short photoconductivity lifetime while conserving high electron mobility. The large surface-to-volume ratio also ensures low dark current and thus low thermal noise, compared to narrow-bandgap bulk devices. By engineering the NW morphology, the NWs exhibit greatly different photoconductivity lifetimes, enabling the receivers to detect THz photons via both direct and integrating sampling modes. The broadband NW receivers are compatible with gating lasers across the entire range of telecom wavelengths (1.2-1.6 μm) and thus are ideal for inexpensive all-optical fibre-based THz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging systems. The devices are deterministically positioned by lithography and thus scalable to the wafer scale, opening the path for a new generation of commercial THz receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Nicholas Paul Morgan
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ford M Wagner
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Thomas Siday
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Chelsea Qiushi Xia
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Didem Dede
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Boureau
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valerio Piazza
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fontcuberta I Morral
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Materials, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials, Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michael B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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Grady JN, Cox PH, Nag S, Mitroff SR. Conscientiousness protects visual search performance from the impact of fatigue. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:56. [PMID: 35763131 PMCID: PMC9240146 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual search-looking for targets among distractors-underlies many critical professions (e.g., radiology, aviation security) that demand optimal performance. As such, it is important to identify, understand, and ameliorate negative factors such as fatigue-mental and/or physical tiredness that leads to diminished function. One way to reduce the detrimental effects is to minimize fatigue itself (e.g., scheduled breaks, adjusting pre-shift behaviors), but this is not always possible or sufficient. The current study explored whether some individuals are less susceptible to the impact of fatigue than others; specifically, if conscientiousness, the ability to control impulses and plan, moderates fatigue's impact. Participants (N = 374) self-reported their energy (i.e., the inverse of fatigue) and conscientiousness levels and completed a search task. Self-report measures were gathered prior to completing the search task as part of a large set of surveys so that participants could not anticipate any particular research question. Preregistered linear mixed-effect analyses revealed main effects of energy level (lower state energy related to lower accuracy) and conscientiousness (more trait conscientiousness related to higher accuracy), and, critically, a significant interaction between energy level and conscientiousness. A follow-up analysis, that was designed to illustrate the nature of the primary result, divided participants into above- vs. below-median conscientiousness groups and revealed a significant negative relationship between energy level and accuracy for the below median, but not above-median, group. The results raise intriguing operational possibilities for visual search professions, with the most direct implication being the incorporation of conscientiousness measures to personnel selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin N Grady
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2125 G St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Patrick H Cox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2125 G St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Samoni Nag
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2125 G St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Stephen R Mitroff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2125 G St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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5
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Cox PH, Kravitz DJ, Mitroff SR. Great expectations: minor differences in initial instructions have a major impact on visual search in the absence of feedback. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 33740159 PMCID: PMC7975232 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-021-00286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Professions such as radiology and aviation security screening that rely on visual search-the act of looking for targets among distractors-often cannot provide operators immediate feedback, which can create situations where performance may be largely driven by the searchers' own expectations. For example, if searchers do not expect relatively hard-to-spot targets to be present in a given search, they may find easy-to-spot targets but systematically quit searching before finding more difficult ones. Without feedback, searchers can create self-fulfilling prophecies where they incorrectly reinforce initial biases (e.g., first assuming and then, perhaps wrongly, concluding hard-to-spot targets are rare). In the current study, two groups of searchers completed an identical visual search task but with just a single difference in their initial task instructions before the experiment started; those in the "high-expectation" condition were told that each trial could have one or two targets present (i.e., correctly implying no target-absent trials) and those in the "low-expectation" condition were told that each trial would have up to two targets (i.e., incorrectly implying there could be target-absent trials). Compared to the high-expectation group, the low-expectation group had a lower hit rate, lower false alarm rate and quit trials more quickly, consistent with a lower quitting threshold (i.e., performing less exhaustive searches) and a potentially higher target-present decision criterion. The expectation effect was present from the start and remained across the experiment-despite exposure to the same true distribution of targets, the groups' performances remained divergent, primarily driven by the different subjective experiences caused by each groups' self-fulfilling prophecies. The effects were limited to the single-targets trials, which provides insights into the mechanisms affected by the initial expectations set by the instructions. In sum, initial expectations can have dramatic influences-searchers who do not expect to find a target, are less likely to find a target as they are more likely to quit searching earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Cox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Dwight J Kravitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen R Mitroff
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Lago MA, Jonnalagadda A, Abbey CK, Barufaldi BB, Bakic PR, Maidment ADA, Leung WK, Weinstein SP, Englander BS, Eckstein MP. Under-exploration of Three-Dimensional Images Leads to Search Errors for Small Salient Targets. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1099-1106.e5. [PMID: 33472051 PMCID: PMC8048135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in 3D imaging technology are transforming how radiologists search for cancer1,2 and how security officers scrutinize baggage for dangerous objects.3 These new 3D technologies often improve search over 2D images4,5 but vastly increase the image data. Here, we investigate 3D search for targets of various sizes in filtered noise and digital breast phantoms. For a Bayesian ideal observer optimally processing the filtered noise and a convolutional neural network processing the digital breast phantoms, search with 3D image stacks increases target information and improves accuracy over search with 2D images. In contrast, 3D search by humans leads to high miss rates for small targets easily detected in 2D search, but not for larger targets more visible in the visual periphery. Analyses of human eye movements, perceptual judgments, and a computational model with a foveated visual system suggest that human errors can be explained by interaction among a target's peripheral visibility, eye movement under-exploration of the 3D images, and a perceived overestimation of the explored area. Instructing observers to extend the search reduces 75% of the small target misses without increasing false positives. Results with twelve radiologists confirm that even medical professionals reading realistic breast phantoms have high miss rates for small targets in 3D search. Thus, under-exploration represents a fundamental limitation to the efficacy with which humans search in 3D image stacks and miss targets with these prevalent image technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lago
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Aditya Jonnalagadda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Craig K Abbey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bruno B Barufaldi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Predrag R Bakic
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew D A Maidment
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Winifred K Leung
- Ridley-Tree Cancer Center, Sansum Clinic, 540 W. Pueblo Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Susan P Weinstein
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian S Englander
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Miguel P Eckstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Swann L, Popovic V, Blackler A, Thompson H. Airport Security Screener Problem-Solving Knowledge and Implications. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:1265-1285. [PMID: 31557055 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819874169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research investigates security screeners' knowledge and the effect that differences in knowledge have on the performance of problem-solving activities. We argue that the development of problem-solving knowledge enables security screeners to perform effective problem-solving activity, which assists search and decision-making processes. BACKGROUND Airport security screening research has investigated the many variables that affect security screeners' search and decision making during simulated threat-detection tasks. Although search and decision making are essential aspects of security screening, few studies have investigated the problem-solving knowledge and activities that support security screening task performance. METHOD Sixteen more-experienced and 24 less-experienced security screeners were observed as they performed x-ray screening in the field at an Australian international airport's departure security checkpoint. Participants wore eye-tracking glasses and delivered concurrent verbal protocol. RESULTS When interacting with other security screeners, more-experienced screeners demonstrated situational knowledge more than less-experienced screeners, whereas less-experienced screeners experienced more insufficient knowledge. Lag-sequential analysis using combined data from both screener groups showed that situational knowledge facilitated effective problem-solving activity to support search and decision making. Insufficient knowledge led screeners to seek assistance and defer decision making. CONCLUSION This study expands current understandings of airport security screening. It demonstrates that security screeners develop knowledge that is specific to problem solving. This knowledge assists effective problem-solving activity to support search and decision making, and to mitigate uncertainty during the x-ray screening task. APPLICATION Findings can inform future security screening processes, screener training, and technology support tools. Furthermore, findings are potentially transferable to other domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Swann
- 196995494 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vesna Popovic
- 196995494 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alethea Blackler
- 196995494 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen Thompson
- 196995494 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Blacker KJ, Peltier C, McKinley RA, Biggs AT. What Versus How in Visual Search: Effects of Object Recognition Training, Strategy Training, and Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Satellite Image Search. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-020-00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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How to correctly put the “subsequent” in subsequent search miss errors. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 81:2648-2657. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Hättenschwiler N, Mendes M, Schwaninger A. Detecting Bombs in X-Ray Images of Hold Baggage: 2D Versus 3D Imaging. HUMAN FACTORS 2019; 61:305-321. [PMID: 30247937 PMCID: PMC6343424 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818799215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the visual inspection performance of airport security officers (screeners) when screening hold baggage with state-of-the-art 3D versus older 2D imaging. BACKGROUND 3D imaging based on computer tomography features better automated detection of explosives and higher baggage throughput than older 2D X-ray imaging technology. Nonetheless, some countries and airports hesitate to implement 3D systems due to their lower image quality and the concern that screeners will need extensive and specific training before they can be allowed to work with 3D imaging. METHOD Screeners working with 2D imaging (2D screeners) and screeners working with 3D imaging (3D screeners) conducted a simulated hold baggage screening task with both types of imaging. Differences in image quality of the imaging systems were assessed with the standard procedure for 2D imaging. RESULTS Despite lower image quality, screeners' detection performance with 3D imaging was similar to that with 2D imaging. 3D screeners revealed higher detection performance with both types of imaging than 2D screeners. CONCLUSION Features of 3D imaging systems (3D image rotation and slicing) seem to compensate for lower image quality. Visual inspection competency acquired with one type of imaging seems to transfer to visual inspection with the other type of imaging. APPLICATION Replacing older 2D with newer 3D imaging systems can be recommended. 2D screeners do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. Current image quality standards for 2D imaging need revision before they can be applied to 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hättenschwiler
- Nicole Hättenschwiler, School of Applied Psychology, Institute Humans in Complex Systems, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Riggenbachstrasse 16, CH-4600 Olten, Switzerland; e-mail:
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Kramer MR, Porfido CL, Mitroff SR. Evaluation of strategies to train visual search performance in professional populations. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 29:113-118. [PMID: 30731261 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Visual search, the act of finding targets amongst distractors, is central to many professions with life-or-death implications including aviation security, radiology, lifeguarding, military, and more. As such, every effort should be taken to improve visual search performance. One potential path to improvement is to ensure that workforces are optimally trained. Broadly, there are three general components to train: (1) specific use of the machinery and user interface (i.e. 'knobology'), (2) target and distractor identification, and (3) search strategy. The current review considers the cognitive psychology aspects of these three components; each is evaluated in light of short-term and long-term training goals, as well as profession-specific constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Kramer
- The George Washington University, Department of Psychology, 2125 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States.
| | - Courtney L Porfido
- The George Washington University, Department of Psychology, 2125 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Stephen R Mitroff
- The George Washington University, Department of Psychology, 2125 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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12
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Lees H, Zapata F, Vaher M, García-Ruiz C. Study of the adhesion of explosive residues to the finger and transfer to clothing and luggage. Sci Justice 2018; 58:415-424. [PMID: 30446070 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is important to understand the extent of transfer of explosive particles to different surfaces in order to better evaluate potential cross-contamination by explosives in crowded security controls such as those at airports. This work investigated the transfer of nine explosive residues (ANFO, dynamite, black powder, TNT, HMTD, PETN, NH4NO3, KNO3, NaClO3) through fingerprints from one surface to another. First, the extent of adhesion of explosive residues from different surfaces to the bare finger, nitrile and latex gloves was studied. Then, the transfer of explosive residues from one surface to another through fingerprints was investigated. Cotton fabric (hereinafter referred to as cotton) as clothing material and polycarbonate plastic (hereinafter referred to as polycarbonate) as luggage material were chosen for the experiments. These surfaces containing explosive particles were imaged using a reflex camera before and after the particles were transferred. Afterwards the images were processed in MATLAB where pixels corresponding to explosive residues were quantified. Results demonstrated that transfer of explosive residues frequently occurred with certain differences among materials. Generally, the amount of explosive particles adhered to the finger decreased in the following order: skin>latex>nitrile, while the transfer of particles from the finger to another surface was the opposite. The adhesion of explosive residues from polycarbonate to the finger was found to be better compared to cotton, while the amount of particles transferred to cotton was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Lees
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Félix Zapata
- Inquifor Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merike Vaher
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Inquifor Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Biggs AT, Kramer MR, Mitroff SR. Using Cognitive Psychology Research to Inform Professional Visual Search Operations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Baeriswyl S, Krause A, Schwaninger A. Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction in Airport Security Officers - Work-Family Conflict as Mediator in the Job Demands-Resources Model. Front Psychol 2016; 7:663. [PMID: 27242581 PMCID: PMC4860494 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing threat of terrorism has increased the importance of aviation security and the work of airport security officers (screeners). Nonetheless, airport security research has yet to focus on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction as major determinants of screeners’ job performance. The present study bridges this research gap by applying the job demands–resources (JD–R) model and using work–family conflict (WFC) as an intervening variable to study relationships between work characteristics (workload and supervisor support), emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction in 1,127 screeners at a European airport. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that (a) supervisor support as a major job resource predicted job satisfaction among screeners; (b) workload as a major job demand predicted their emotional exhaustion; and (c) WFC proved to be a promising extension to the JD–R model that partially mediated the impact of supervisor support and workload on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Baeriswyl
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Olten, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Krause
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Olten, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Schwaninger
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland Olten, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
Most existing X-ray computed tomography (CT) techniques work in single-mounted mode and need to scan the inspected objects one by one. It is time-consuming and not acceptable for the inspection in a large scale. In this paper, we report a multi-mounted CT method and its first engineering implementation. It consists of a multi-mounted scanning geometry and the corresponding algebraic iterative reconstruction algorithm. This approach permits the CT rotation scanning of multiple objects simultaneously without the increase of penetration thickness and the signal crosstalk. Compared with the conventional single-mounted methods, it has the potential to improve the imaging efficiency and suppress the artifacts from the beam hardening and the scatter. This work comprises a numerical study of the method and its experimental verification using a dataset measured with a developed multi-mounted X-ray CT prototype system. We believe that this technique is of particular interest for pushing the engineering applications of X-ray CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fu
- Research center of digital radiation imaging, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- Research center of digital radiation imaging, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingzheng Wang
- Research center of digital radiation imaging, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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