Imaging findings of diabetes on post-mortem CT

Optical glucose biosensor built-in disposable strips and wearable electronic devices

On-demand screening, real-time monitoring and rapid diagnosis of ubiquitous diseases, such as diabetes, at early stages are indispensable in personalised treatment. Emerging impacts of nano/microscale materials on optical and portable biosensor strips and devices have become increasingly important in the remarkable development of sensitive visualisation (i.e. visible inspection by the human eye) assays, low-cost analyses and personalised home testing of patients with diabetes. With the increasing public attention regarding the self-monitoring of diabetes, the development of visual readout, easy-to-use and wearable biosensors has gained considerable interest. Our comprehensive review bridges the practical assessment gap between optical bio-visualisation assays, disposable test strips, sensor array designs and full integration into flexible skin-based or contact lens devices with the on-site wireless signal transmission of glucose detection in physiological fluids. To date, the fully modulated integration of nano/microscale optical biosensors into wearable electronic devices, such as smartphones, is critical to prolong periods of indoor and outdoor clinical diagnostics. Focus should be given to the improvements of invasive, wireless and portable sensing technologies to improve the applicability and reliability of screen display, continuous monitoring, dynamic data visualisation, online acquisition and self and in-home healthcare management of patients with diabetes.

Clinical Evidence for Use of a Noninvasive Biosensor for Tear Glucose as an Alternative to Painful Finger-Prick for Diabetes Management Utilizing a Biopolymer Coating

Diabetes is a metabolic condition that is exponentially increasing worldwide. Current monitoring methods for diabetes are invasive, painful, and expensive. Herein, we present the first multipatient clinical trial that demonstrates clearly that tear fluid may be a valuable marker for systemic glucose measurements. The NovioSense Glucose Sensor, worn under the lower eye lid (inferior conjunctival fornix), is reported to continuously measure glucose levels in the basal tear fluid with good correlation to blood glucose values, showing clear clinical feasibility in both animals and humans. Furthermore, the polysaccharide coated device previously reported by our laboratory when worn, does not induce pain or irritation. In a phase II clinical trial, six patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus were enrolled and the capability of the device to measure glucose in the tear fluid was evaluated. The NovioSense Glucose Sensor gives a stable signal and the results correlate well to blood glucose values obtained from finger-prick measurements determined by consensus error grid analysis.