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Komeda J, Boudalis AK, Montenegro-Pohlhammer N, Antheaume C, Mizuno A, Turek P, Ruben M. Selective Transition Enhancement in a g-Engineered Diradical. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400420. [PMID: 38563635 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A diradical with engineered g-asymmetry was synthesized by grafting a nitroxide radical onto the [Y(Pc)2]⋅ radical platform. Various spectroscopic techniques and computational studies revealed that the electronic structures of the two spin systems remained minimally affected within the diradical system. Fluid-solution Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) experiments revealed a weak exchange coupling with |J| ~ 0.014 cm-1, subsequently rationalized by CAS-SCF calculations. Frozen solution continuous-wave (CW) EPR experiments showed a complicated and power-dependent spectrum that eluded analysis using the point-dipole model. Pulse EPR manipulations with varying microwave powers, or under varying magnetic fields, demonstrated that different resonances could be selectively enhanced or suppressed, based on their different tipping angles. In particular, Field-Swept Echo-Detected (FSED) spectra revealed absorptions of MW power-dependent intensities, while Field-Swept Spin Nutation (FSSN) experiments revealed two distinct Rabi frequencies. This study introduces a methodology to synthesize and characterize g-asymmetric two-spin systems, of interest in the implementation of spin-based CNOT gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Komeda
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Athanassios K Boudalis
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177, CNRS-Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
- Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ) within the, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Suparamolaiculaires - ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Montenegro-Pohlhammer
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago, 8370854, Chile
| | - Cyril Antheaume
- Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ) within the, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Suparamolaiculaires - ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Asato Mizuno
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Philippe Turek
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg (UMR 7177, CNRS-Unistra), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ) within the, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Suparamolaiculaires - ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, BP 70028, F-67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Miao Q, Nitsche C, Orton H, Overhand M, Otting G, Ubbink M. Paramagnetic Chemical Probes for Studying Biological Macromolecules. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9571-9642. [PMID: 35084831 PMCID: PMC9136935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paramagnetic chemical probes have been used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for more than four decades. Recent years witnessed a great increase in the variety of probes for the study of biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides). This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing paramagnetic chemical probes, including chemical synthetic approaches, functional properties, and selected applications. Recent developments have seen, in particular, a rapid expansion of the range of lanthanoid probes with anisotropic magnetic susceptibilities for the generation of structural restraints based on residual dipolar couplings and pseudocontact shifts in solution and solid state NMR spectroscopy, mostly for protein studies. Also many new isotropic paramagnetic probes, suitable for NMR measurements of paramagnetic relaxation enhancements, as well as EPR spectroscopic studies (in particular double resonance techniques) have been developed and employed to investigate biological macromolecules. Notwithstanding the large number of reported probes, only few have found broad application and further development of probes for dedicated applications is foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Miao
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- School
of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an710021, China
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Henry Orton
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian
National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Mark Overhand
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gottfried Otting
- Research
School of Chemistry, The Australian National
University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide & Protein Science,
Research School of Chemistry, Australian
National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Marcellus Ubbink
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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Feng S, Chen C, Chan KS. Rhodium Porphyrin Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrogenolysis of 1,2-Diarylcyclopropanes with Water as the Hydrogen Source. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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Bian Y, Tam CM, To CT, Qu X, Chan KS. Alkylation of Rhodium Porphyrin Complexes with Primary Alcohols under Basic Conditions. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Bian
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 00, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Meng Tam
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 00, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ching Tat To
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 00, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Qu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 00, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin 00, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Chen C, Feng S, Chan KS. Rhodium Porphyrin Catalyzed Regioselective Transfer Hydrogenolysis of C–C σ-Bonds in Cyclopropanes with iPrOH. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Iakobson G, Pošta M, Beier P. Reductive activation of sulfur hexafluoride with TEMPOLi: Addition of the pentafluorosulfanyl group and TEMPO to terminal alkenes. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Thompson SJ, Brennan MR, Lee SY, Dong G. Synthesis and applications of rhodium porphyrin complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:929-981. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A review on rhodium porphyrin chemistry, ranging from synthesis and properties to reactivity and application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
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Tam CM, To CT, Chan KS. Ligand effect on the rhodium porphyrin catalyzed hydrogenation of [2.2]paracyclophane with water: key bimetallic hydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10057-10063. [PMID: 28731122 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02002c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhodium porphyrin catalyzed hydrogenation of the aliphatic carbon-carbon σ-bond of [2.2]paracyclophane with water has been examined with a variety of tetraarylporphyrins and axial ligands. Mechanistic investigations show that RhIII(ttp)H, which can be derived from the reaction of [RhII(ttp)]2 with water without a sacrificial reductant, plays an important role in promoting bimetallic reductive elimination to give the hydrogenation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Meng Tam
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Chan KS, Chan YW. K2CO3-Promoted Consecutive Carbon–Hydrogen and Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation of Cycloheptane with Rhodium(III) Porphyrin Complexes: Formation of Rhodium Porphyrin Cycloheptyl and Benzyl. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500313g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Shing Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wai Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Lee SY, Lai TH, Hui YY, Chan KS. Hydroxide-promoted selective C(α)–C(β) bond activation of aliphatic ethers by rhodium(III) porphyrins. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Seven I, Weinrich T, Gränz M, Grünewald C, Brüß S, Krstić I, Prisner TF, Heckel A, Göbel MW. Photolabile Protecting Groups for Nitroxide Spin Labels. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Bhagan S, Imler GH, Wayland BB. Iridium porphyrins in CD3OD: reduction of Ir(III), CD3-OD bond cleavage, Ir-D acid dissociation and alkene reactions. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4611-7. [PMID: 23540797 DOI: 10.1021/ic400240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methanol solutions of iridium(III) tetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin [(TSPP)Ir(III)] form an equilibrium distribution of methanol and methoxide complexes ([(TSPP)Ir(III)(CD3OD)(2-n)(OCD3)n]((3+n)-)). Reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III) with dihydrogen (D2) in methanol produces an iridium hydride [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) in equilibrium with an iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)). The acid dissociation constant of the iridium hydride (Ir-D) in methanol at 298 K is 3.5 × 10(-12). The iridium(I) complex ([(TSPP)Ir(I)(CD3OD)](5-)) catalyzes reaction of [(TSPP)Ir(III)-D(CD3OD)](4-) with CD3-OD to produce an iridium methyl complex [(TSPP)Ir(III)-CD3(CD3OD)](4-) and D2O. Reactions of the iridium hydride with ethene and propene produce iridium alkyl complexes, but the Ir-D complex fails to give observable addition with acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide in methanol. Reaction of the iridium hydride with propene forms both the isopropyl and propyl complexes with free energy changes (ΔG° 298 K) of -1.3 and -0.4 kcal mol(-1) respectively. Equilibrium thermodynamics and reactivity studies are used in discussing relative Ir-D, Ir-OCD3 and Ir-CD2- bond energetics in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Qian YY, Chan KS. Base-Promoted Aryl Carbon–Iodine and Carbon–Bromine Bond Cleavage with Rhodium Porphyrin Complexes: Scope and Mechanism. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300441p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Fung HS, Li BZ, Chan KS. Mild and Selective C(CO)–C(α) Bond Cleavage of Ketones by Rhodium(III) Porphyrins: Scope and Mechanism. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om200788p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sang Fung
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Bao Zhu Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
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15
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Bhagan S, Wayland BB. Formation and Reactivity of a Porphyrin Iridium Hydride in Water: Acid Dissociation Constants and Equilibrium Thermodynamics Relevant to Ir–H, Ir–OH, and Ir–CH2– Bond Dissociation Energetics. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:11011-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bhagan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Bradford B. Wayland
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 130 Beury Hall, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Lee SY, Lai TH, Choi KS, Chan KS. Room-Temperature Selective Aliphatic Carbon–Carbon Bond Activation and Functionalization of Ethers by Rhodium(II) Porphyrin. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om200280w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tsz Ho Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwong Shing Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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Chan KS, Li XZ, Lee SY. Ligand-Enhanced Aliphatic Carbon−Carbon Bond Activation of Nitroxides by Rhodium(II) Porphyrin. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhu Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Cheung CW, Fung HS, Lee SY, Qian YY, Chan YW, Chan KS. Reactivity Studies of Iridium(III) Porphyrins with Methanol in Alkaline Media. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om9008668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Sang Fung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ying Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Fung HS, Chan YW, Cheung CW, Choi KS, Lee SY, Qian YY, Chan KS. Reactivity Studies of Rhodium(III) Porphyrins with Methanol in Alkaline Media. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om801029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sang Fung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwong Shing Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siu Yin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ying Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Chan YW, Chan KS. Base-Promoted Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Activation of Alkanes with Rhodium(III) Porphyrin Complexes. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800397p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kin Shing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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