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Nasrallah DJ, Zehnder TE, Ludwig JR, Steigerwald DC, Kiernicki JJ, Szymczak NK, Schindler CS. Hydrazone and Oxime Olefination via Ruthenium Alkylidenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112101. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Nasrallah
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Troy E. Zehnder
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Jacob R. Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Daniel C. Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - John J. Kiernicki
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Present address: Drury University Department of Chemistry and Physics 900 North Benton Ave. Springfield MO 65802 USA
| | - Nathaniel K. Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Corinna S. Schindler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Willard Henry Dow Laboratory 930 North University Ave. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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Nasrallah DJ, Zehnder TE, Ludwig JR, Kiernicki JJ, Steigerwald DC, Schindler CS, Szymczak NK. Hydrazone and Oxime Olefination via Ruthenium Alkylidenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Patra SG, Jha R, Mondal H, Chattaraj PK. Fischer and Schrock carbene complexes in the light of global and local electrophilicity‐based descriptors. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruchi Jha
- Advanced Technology Development Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Himangshu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai India
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Ring-closing metathesis in the synthesis of fused indole structures. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Mandal U, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Lester DW, Veige AS. Double Tethered Metallacyclobutane Catalyst for Cyclic Polymer Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17276-17283. [PMID: 34618432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work outlines an approach to creating a catalyst for cyclic polymer synthesis using readily available materials in only one or two steps. Combining commercially available molybdenum-alkylidene 1 with two equivalents of ene-ol proligand 2 rapidly produces, in quantitative yield (1H NMR spectroscopy), the double tethered metallacyclobutane complex 3. Characterized by variable temperature NMR studies and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) experiments, complex 3 exhibits fluxional behavior in solution. Determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the solid-state structure of complex 3 reveals metrical parameters indicating that the metallacyclobutane is not predicted to undergo rapid retro-cycloaddition. However, complex 3 is a precatalyst for the polymerization of norbornene to produce cyclic polynorbornene. An NMR spectrum of a test polymerization indicates that only a small fraction of the precatalyst is activated upon exposure to monomer. Quantifying the active catalyst is possible by measuring vinyl resonances that appear in the 1H NMR spectrum. The vinyl resonances are attributable to the release of one of the tethers upon norbornene addition. Confirmation of the polymer cyclic topology comes from gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and intrinsic viscosity (η) measurements. The double tethered metallacyclobutane complex is a novel design for catalytic cyclic polymer synthesis. The synthetic approach suggests that catalyst tuning is possible by a choice of the commercial alkylidene and alteration of the ene-ol proligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushnish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NMR Spectroscopy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel W Lester
- Polymer Characterization Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Belov DS, Tejeda G, Bukhryakov KV. Olefin Metathesis by First-Row Transition Metals. Chempluschem 2021; 86:924-937. [PMID: 34160903 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic olefin metathesis based on the second- and third-row transition metals has become one of the most powerful transformations in modern organic chemistry. The shift to first-row metals to produce fine and commodity chemicals would be an important achievement to complement existing methods with inexpensive and greener alternatives. In addition, those systems can offer unusual reactivity based on the unique electronic structure of the base metals. In this Minireview, we summarize the progress of the development of alkylidenes and metallacycles of first-row transition metals from scandium to nickel capable of performing cycloaddition and cycloreversion steps, crucial reactions in olefin metathesis. In addition, we will discuss systems capable of performing olefin metathesis; however, the nature of active species is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Belov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gabriela Tejeda
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Konstantin V Bukhryakov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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7
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Patra SG, Das NK. Recent advancement on the mechanism of olefin metathesis by Grubbs catalysts: A computational perspective. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Tobón P, Gómez S, Restrepo A, Núñez-Zarur F. Role of Substrate Substituents in Alkene Metathesis Mediated by a Ru Alkylidene Catalyst. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tobón
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Sara Gómez
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Classe di Scienze, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Albeiro Restrepo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 50010, Colombia
| | - Francisco Núñez-Zarur
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 No. 30-65, 050026 Medellín, Colombia
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Abstract
Abstract
The reduced availability of propylene and C4 products from steam crackers continues to provoke on-purpose technologies for light olefins such that almost 30% of propylene in 2025 is predicted to be supplied from unconventional sources. Furthermore, the recent discoveries of natural gas reservoirs have urged interest in the conversion of surplus alkanes and alkenes, especially ethane and ethylene. The direct conversion of ethylene to propylene or a combination of value-added chemicals, including butylenes and oligomers in the range of gasoline and diesel fuel, provides the capability of responding to the fluctuations in the balance between supply and demand of the main petrochemicals. A comprehensive review of heterogeneous catalysts for the gas-phase conversion pathways is presented here in terms of catalytic performances (ethylene conversion and product selectivities), productivities, lifetimes, active sites, physicochemical properties, mechanisms, influence of operating conditions, deactivation and some unresolved/less-advanced aspects of the field. The addressed catalysts cover both zeolitic materials and transition metals, such as tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium and nickel. Efforts in both experimental and theoretical studies are taken into account. Aside from the potential fields of progress, the review reveals very promising performances for the emerging technologies to produce propylene, a mixture of propylene and butenes, or a liquid fuel from ethylene.
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Weidman JD, Estep ML, Schaefer HF. Prototypical Transition-Metal Carbenes, (CO)5Cr═CH2, (CO)4Fe═CH2, (CO)3Ni═CH2, (CO)5Mo═CH2, (CO)4Ru═CH2, (CO)3Pd═CH2, (CO)5W═CH2, (CO)4Os═CH2, and (CO)3Pt═CH2: Challenge to Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6570-6577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared D. Weidman
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Marissa L. Estep
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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11
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In Silico Switch from Second- to First-Row Transition Metals in Olefin Metathesis: From Ru to Fe and from Rh to Co. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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12
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13
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de Brito Sá É, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M, Solans-Monfort X. Toward Olefin Metathesis with Iron Carbene Complexes: Benefits of Tridentate σ-Donating Ligands. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Égil de Brito Sá
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, 64202-020 Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Paranthaman S, Moon J, Kim J, Kim DE, Kim TK. Performance of Density Functional Theory and Relativistic Effective Core Potential for Ru-Based Organometallic Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2128-34. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvarengan Paranthaman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Moon
- Department
of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Eon Kim
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Physics and Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, POSTECH, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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15
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Goelden V, Linke D, Kondratenko EV. Investigation of the Enhancing Effect of Solid Cocatalysts on Propene Formation in Ethene/trans-2-Butene Metathesis over MoOx/SiO2–Al2O3. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Goelden
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - David Linke
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Evgenii V. Kondratenko
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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16
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Towards a better understanding of alkene metathesis: elucidating the properties of the major metal carbene catalyst types. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Nelson DJ, Manzini S, Urbina-Blanco CA, Nolan SP. Key processes in ruthenium-catalysed olefin metathesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10355-75. [PMID: 24931143 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the fundamental series of [2+2]cycloadditions and retro[2+2]cycloadditions that make up the pathways of ruthenium-catalysed metathesis reactions is well-established, the exploration of mechanistic aspects of alkene metathesis continues. In this Feature Article, modern mechanistic studies of the alkene metathesis reaction, catalysed by well-defined ruthenium complexes, are discussed. Broadly, these concern the processes of pre-catalyst initiation, propagation and decomposition, which all have a considerable impact on the overall efficiency of metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Nelson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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18
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rodríguez AM, Prieto P, de la Hoz A, Díaz-Ortiz A, García JI. The issue of 'molecular radiators' in microwave-assisted reactions. Computational calculations on ring closing metathesis (RCM). Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:2436-45. [PMID: 24599220 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42536c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A DFT computational mechanistic study of the ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of diallyl ether or N,N-diallyl-p-toluenesulfonamide catalyzed by a second generation Grubbs-type ruthenium carbene complex has been carried out. This study was performed at the PCM(CH2Cl2)-B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/SDD theory level. The aim of this work was to shed light on the influence that microwave irradiation has on these reactions and to gain insight into the so-called 'molecular radiator' effect. The outcomes obtained indicate that thermal effects induced by microwave irradiation decrease the catalytic induction period. The presence of a polar reagent and/or polar species in the reaction that increases the polarity of the medium may enhance this thermal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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20
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Viana RB, de Souza AR, Lima-Neto BS, da Silva AB. On the stability of the RuCl2(triphenylphosphine)2(amine) complexes: Ligand substituent effects of cyclic and acyclic amines. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Fustero S, Simón-Fuentes A, Barrio P, Haufe G. Olefin Metathesis Reactions with Fluorinated Substrates, Catalysts, and Solvents. Chem Rev 2014; 115:871-930. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Fustero
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, E-46012 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Barrio
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Marx FTI, Jordaan JHL, Lachmann G, Vosloo HCM. A comparison of low and high activity precatalysts: do the calculated energy barriers during the self-metathesis reaction of 1-octene correlate with the precatalyst metathesis activity? J Comput Chem 2014; 35:1464-71. [PMID: 24866263 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The self-metathesis reaction of 1-octene with several well-known Grubbs-type precatalysts and the new Z-selective Grubbs precatalyst were studied with molecular modeling. The obtained Gibbs-free energy values for all the steps during the productive metathesis of 1-octene were compared to the values obtained for some low catalytic activity precatalysts. Determining how the Gibbs-free energy values of highly active precatalysts compare to that of low catalytic activity precatalysts gave a deeper insight into the mechanism. The questionable correlation of the theoretically observed trends with those obtained experimentally does point to the need to be very cautious when making assumptions from theoretical results without a sufficiently large dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans T I Marx
- Research Focus Area for Chemical Resource Beneficiation:, Catalysis and Synthesis Group, North-West University, Hoffmann Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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Pickup OJS, Khazal I, Smith EJ, Whitwood AC, Lynam JM, Bolaky K, King TC, Rawe BW, Fey N. Computational Discovery of Stable Transition-Metal Vinylidene Complexes. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500114u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iman Khazal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Keshan Bolaky
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Timothy C. King
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Benjamin W. Rawe
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Natalie Fey
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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The Influence of Structure on Reactivity in Alkene Metathesis. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800256-8.00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lam JK, Pham HV, Houk KN, Vanderwal CD. Computation and experiment reveal that the ring-rearrangement metathesis of Himbert cycloadducts can be subject to kinetic or thermodynamic control. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17585-94. [PMID: 24111571 DOI: 10.1021/ja409618p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unusual observations in the ring-rearrangement metathesis of Himbert arene/allene cycloadducts to form fused polycylic lactams led to a more in-depth experimental study that yielded conflicting results. Differences in reactivity within related systems and unexpected changes in diastereoselectivity among other similar substrates were not readily explained on the basis of the experimental results. Computational investigations demonstrated substrate-dependent changes in reaction pathways (ring-opening metathesis/ring-closing metathesis [ROM/RCM] cascade vs ring-closing metathesis/ring-opening metathesis [RCM/ROM] cascade). Furthermore, some reactions were judged to be under thermodynamic control and others under kinetic control. The greater understanding of the most likely reaction pathways and their energetics provides a reasonable explanation for the previously irreconcilable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Lam
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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