1
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Stamoulis AG, Bruns DL, Stahl SS. Optimizing the Synthetic Potential of O 2: Implications of Overpotential in Homogeneous Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17515-17526. [PMID: 37534994 PMCID: PMC10629435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is the quintessential oxidant for organic chemical synthesis, but many challenges continue to limit its utility and breadth of applications. Extensive historical research has focused on overcoming kinetic challenges presented by the ground-state triplet electronic structure of O2 and the various reactivity and selectivity challenges associated with reactive oxygen species derived from O2 reduction. This Perspective will analyze thermodynamic principles underlying catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions, borrowing concepts from the study of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. This analysis is especially important for "oxidase"-type liquid-phase catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions, which proceed by a mechanism that couples two sequential redox half-reactions: (1) substrate oxidation and (2) oxygen reduction, typically affording H2O2 or H2O. The catalysts for these reactions feature redox potentials that lie between the potentials associated with the substrate oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions, and changes in the catalyst potential lead to variations in effective overpotentials for the two half reactions. Catalysts that operate at low ORR overpotential retain a more thermodynamic driving force for the substrate oxidation step, enabling O2 to be used in more challenging oxidations. While catalysts that operate at high ORR overpotential have less driving force available for substrate oxidation, they often exhibit different or improved chemoselectivity relative to the high-potential catalysts. The concepts are elaborated in a series of case studies to highlight their implications for chemical synthesis. Examples include comparisons of (a) NOx/oxoammonium and Cu/nitroxyl catalysts, (b) high-potential quinones and amine oxidase biomimetic quinones, and (c) Pd aerobic oxidation catalysts with or without NOx cocatalysts. In addition, we show how the reductive activation of O2 provides a means to access potentials not accessible with conventional oxidase-type mechanisms. Overall, this analysis highlights the central role of catalyst overpotential in guiding the development of aerobic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios G Stamoulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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2
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Xue Y, Zhou RB, Luo J, Hu BC, Liu ZQ, Jiang C. Palladium-catalyzed C(sp 3)-H nitrooxylation of masked alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 21:75-79. [PMID: 36448655 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed β-C(sp3)-H nitrooxylation of aliphatic alcohols with AgNO2 is reported. An 8-formylquinoline-derived oxime is installed as an exo-type directing group for sp3 C-H activation and selectfluor acts as the oxidant. The reaction tolerates a variety of functional groups and shows good selectivity for β-C-H nitrooxylation of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Ruo-Bing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Bing-Cheng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China.
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3
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Kong F, Chen S, Chen J, Liu C, Zhu W, Dickie DA, Schinski WL, Zhang S, Ess DH, Gunnoe TB. Cu(II) carboxylate arene C─H functionalization: Tuning for nonradical pathways. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1594. [PMID: 36001664 PMCID: PMC9401614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation of nondirected arenes benzene and toluene, as well as related functionalization with pivalate and 2-ethylhexanoate ester groups, using simple copper(II) [Cu(II)] salts with over 80% yield. By changing the ratio of benzene and Cu(II) salts, 2.4% conversion of benzene can be reached. Combined experimental and computational studies results indicate that the arene carbon-hydrogen functionalization likely occurs by a nonradical Cu(II)-mediated organometallic pathway. The Cu(II) salts used in the reaction can be isolated, recycled, and reused with little change in reactivity. In addition, the Cu(II) salts can be regenerated in situ using oxygen and, after the removal of the generated water, the arene carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation and related esterification reactions can be continued, which leads to a process that enables recycling of Cu(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Shusen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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4
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall J. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University 410082 Changsha China
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Natural Sciences Mid Sweden University Holmgatan 10 SE-85170 Sundsvall Sweden
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5
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall J. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15686-15704. [PMID: 33368909 PMCID: PMC9545650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview presents recent important homogenous aerobic oxidative reactions which are assisted by electron transfer mediators (ETMs). Compared with direct oxidation by molecular oxygen (O2 ), the use of a coupled catalyst system with ETMs leads to a lower overall energy barrier via stepwise electron transfer. This cooperative catalytic process significantly facilitates the transport of electrons from the reduced form of the substrate-selective redox catalyst (SSRCred ) to O2 , thereby increasing the efficiency of the aerobic oxidation. In this Minireview, we have summarized the advances accomplished in recent years in transition-metal-catalyzed as well as metal-free aerobic oxidations of organic molecules in the presence of ETMs. In addition, the recent progress of photochemical and electrochemical oxidative functionalization using ETMs and O2 as the terminal oxidant is also highlighted. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these transformations are showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University410082ChangshaChina
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE-10691StockholmSweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE-10691StockholmSweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic ChemistryArrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE-10691StockholmSweden
- Department of Natural SciencesMid Sweden UniversityHolmgatan 10SE-85170SundsvallSweden
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6
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Metal-catalyzed biomimetic aerobic oxidation of organic substrates. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Bruns DL, Musaev DG, Stahl SS. Can Donor Ligands Make Pd(OAc) 2 a Stronger Oxidant? Access to Elusive Palladium(II) Reduction Potentials and Effects of Ancillary Ligands via Palladium(II)/Hydroquinone Redox Equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19678-19688. [PMID: 33167610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions represent an important class of methods for selective modification and functionalization of organic molecules. This field has benefitted greatly from the discovery of ancillary ligands that expand the scope, reactivity, and selectivity in these reactions; however, ancillary ligands also commonly poison these reactions. The different influences of ligands in these reactions remain poorly understood. For example, over the 60-year history of this field, the PdII/0 redox potentials for catalytically relevant Pd complexes have never been determined. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of (L)PdII(OAc)2-mediated oxidation of hydroquinones, the microscopic reverse of quinone-mediated oxidation of Pd0 commonly employed in PdII-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Analysis of redox equilibria arising from the reaction of (L)Pd(OAc)2 and hydroquinones (L = bathocuproine, 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one), generating reduced (L)Pd species and benzoquinones, provides the basis for determination of (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potentials. Experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations to show how a series of nitrogen-based ligands modulate the (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potential, thereby tuning the ability of PdII to serve as an effective oxidant of organic molecules in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Baráth E, Mejía E. Ein Fest der Wissenschaft inmitten der Natur: Die 54. Bürgenstock‐Konferenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Baráth
- Department ChemieZentralforschungsinstitut für KatalyseTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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9
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Baráth E, Mejía E. A Celebration of Science amidst Nature: The 54th Bürgenstock Conference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17107-17113. [PMID: 31441577 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Baráth
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Esteban Mejía
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Gao M, Ye R, Shen W, Xu B. Copper nitrate: a privileged reagent for organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2602-2618. [PMID: 29565088 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper has been explored as an ideal candidate for replacing noble metals in organic synthesis, especially for practical large scale preparation. Recent decades have witnessed the renaissance and improvement of copper-catalyzed and copper-mediated organic reactions. Copper nitrate is a common inorganic copper salt which has been proved to be a ubiquitous reactant in organic synthesis due to its commercial availability, stability, inexpensiveness and environmentally benign nature. Copper nitrate could be used as a nitration reagent, oxidant, catalyst or promoter, and Lewis acid as well. Remarkably, great attention has been devoted to the efficient transformation of copper nitrate into functionalized or complicated compounds through various reaction types including cyclization, C-H activation, difunctionalization, nitration, rearrangement and asymmetric synthesis with chiral ligands. Further modification of copper nitrate, such as solid-supported copper nitrate or copper nitrate complexes, extends its applications in organic synthesis. The present review highlights recent advances of copper nitrate in organic synthesis, along with the mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Rongxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Weijia Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China. and State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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12
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Tao L, Shi M. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Cyclization-Oxidation of Urea-Tethered Alkylidenecyclopropanes. Org Lett 2018; 20:3017-3020. [PMID: 29722991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative cyclization of urea-tethered alkylidenecyclopropanes with urea as a nitrogen source through a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle has been presented, giving the corresponding cyclobuta[ b]indoline derivatives in moderate to good yields with a broad substrate scope. The reaction proceeds through a ring expansion of alkylidenecyclopropane along with the nucleophilic attack of nitrogen atom onto the in situ generated palladium carbenoid species as well as an oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China
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13
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Gensch T, James MJ, Dalton T, Glorius F. Increasing Catalyst Efficiency in C−H Activation Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2296-2306. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gensch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael J. James
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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14
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Gensch T, James MJ, Dalton T, Glorius F. Steigerung der Katalysatoreffizienz in der C-H-Aktivierungskatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gensch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Michael J. James
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Toryn Dalton
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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15
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Shul'pin GB, Vinogradov MM, Shul'pina LS. Oxidative functionalization of C–H compounds induced by the extremely efficient osmium catalysts (a review). Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, osmium complexes have found applications not only in thecis-hydroxylation of olefins but also very efficient in the oxygenation of C–H compounds (saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols) by hydrogen peroxide as well as organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy B. Shul'pin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - Mikhail M. Vinogradov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Lidia S. Shul'pina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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16
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Wenzel MN, Owens PK, Bray JTW, Lynam JM, Aguiar PM, Reed C, Lee JD, Hamilton JF, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Redox Couple Involving NOx in Aerobic Pd-Catalyzed Oxidation of sp3-C–H Bonds: Direct Evidence for Pd–NO3–/NO2– Interactions Involved in Oxidation and Reductive Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1177-1190. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margot N. Wenzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa K. Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua T. W. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M. Aguiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - James D. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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17
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Li J, Grubbs RH, Stoltz BM. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Intramolecular Aminoacetoxylation of Alkenes Enabled by Catalytic Nitrate. Org Lett 2016; 18:5449-5451. [PMID: 27754689 PMCID: PMC5512709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A mild aerobic intramolecular aminoacetoxylation method for the synthesis of pyrrolidine and indoline derivatives was achieved using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. A catalytic NOx species acts as an electron transfer mediator to access a high-valent palladium intermediate as the presumed active oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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18
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Das P, Saha D, Saha D, Guin J. Aerobic Direct C(sp2)-H Hydroxylation of 2-Arylpyridines by Palladium Catalysis Induced with Aldehyde Auto-Oxidation. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Debajyoti Saha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Saha
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Joyram Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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19
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Moghimi S, Mahdavi M, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Acyloxylation: Activation of C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H Bonds. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Moghimi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Drug Design and Development Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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20
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21
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Gensch T, Hopkinson MN, Glorius F, Wencel-Delord J. Mild metal-catalyzed C–H activation: examples and concepts. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2900-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1352] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C–H Activation reactions that proceed under mild conditions are more attractive for applications in complex molecule synthesis. Mild C–H transformations reported since 2011 are reviewed and the different concepts and strategies that have enabled their mildness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Gensch
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - M. N. Hopkinson
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - F. Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - J. Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7509)
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
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22
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da Silva MJ, Berlini L. Exploring the reaction pathways of Pd(ii)-catalyzed cyclohexene oxidation with molecular oxygen: vinylic and allylic oxidation, disproportionation and oxidative dehydrogenation. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00225k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(ii) salts are able catalysts to promote different oxidative transformations of cyclohexene in the presence of molecular oxygen: vinylic and allylic oxidation and disproportionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. da Silva
- Grupo de Catalise Homogenea e Heterogenea
- Departamento de Química
- CCE
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa
- Viçosa
| | - L. Berlini
- Grupo de Catalise Homogenea e Heterogenea
- Departamento de Química
- CCE
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa
- Viçosa
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23
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Gerken J, Stahl SS. High-Potential Electrocatalytic O2 Reduction with Nitroxyl/NO x Mediators: Implications for Fuel Cells and Aerobic Oxidation Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:234-43. [PMID: 27162977 PMCID: PMC4827547 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient reduction of O2 to water is a central challenge in energy conversion and many aerobic oxidation reactions. Here, we show that the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be achieved at high potentials by using soluble organic nitroxyl and nitrogen oxide (NO x ) mediators. When used alone, neither organic nitroxyls, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO), nor NO x species, such as sodium nitrite, are effective ORR mediators. The combination of nitroxyl/NO x species, however, mediates sustained O2 reduction with overpotentials as low as 300 mV in acetonitrile containing trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanistic analysis of the coupled redox reactions supports a process in which the nitrogen oxide catalyst drives aerobic oxidation of a nitroxyl mediator to an oxoammonium species, which then is reduced back to the nitroxyl at the cathode. The electrolysis potential is dictated by the oxoammonium/nitroxyl reduction potential. The overpotentials accessible with this ORR system are significantly lower than widely studied molecular metal-macrocycle ORR catalysts and benefit from the mechanism-based specificity for four-electron reduction of oxygen to water mediated by NO x species, together with kinetically efficient reduction of oxidized NO x species by TEMPO and other organic nitroxyls.
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24
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Gray A, Tsybizova A, Roithova J. Carboxylate-assisted C-H activation of phenylpyridines with copper, palladium and ruthenium: a mass spectrometry and DFT study. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5544-5553. [PMID: 29861892 PMCID: PMC5949854 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01729g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition state of metal carboxylate mediated C–H activation is associated with carbon–metal bond formation supported by electron-poor carboxylates.
The C–H activation of 2-phenylpyridine, catalyzed by copper(ii), palladium(ii) and ruthenium(ii) carboxylates, was studied in the gas phase. ESI-MS, infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations were combined to investigate the intermediate species in the reaction. Collision induced dissociation (CID) experiments and DFT calculations allowed estimation of the energy required for this C–H activation step and the subsequent acetic acid loss. Hammett plots constructed from the CID experiments using different copper carboxylates as catalysts revealed that the use of stronger acids accelerates the C–H activation step. The reasoning can be traced from the associated transition structures that suggest a concerted mechanism and the key effect of the carbon–metal bond pre-formation. Carboxylates derived from stronger acids make the metal atom more electrophilic and therefore shift the reaction towards the formation of C–H activated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gray
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 2030/8 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic .
| | - A Tsybizova
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 2030/8 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic .
| | - J Roithova
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 2030/8 , 12843 Prague 2 , Czech Republic .
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