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Scheiner S. Transition from covalent to noncovalent bonding between tetrel atoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15978-15986. [PMID: 38775057 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01598c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The strength and nature of the bonding between tetrel (T) atoms in R2T⋯TR2 is examined by quantum calculations. T atoms cover the range of Group 14 atoms from C to Pb, and substituents R include Cl, F, and NH2. Systems vary from electrically neutral to both positive and negative overall charged radicals. There is a steady weakening progression in T-T bond strength as the tetrel atom grows larger, transitioning smoothly from a strong covalent to a much weaker noncovalent bond for the larger T atoms. The latter have some of the characteristics of a ditetrel bond, but there are also significant deviations from a classic bond of this type. The T2Cl4- anions are more strongly bonded than the corresponding cations, which are in turn stronger than the neutrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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2
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Oh MJ, Kownacki I, Kubicki M. Solvent-Free and Efficient Synthesis of Silatranes via an Organocatalytic Protocol under Mild Conditions. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:2049-2057. [PMID: 38333205 PMCID: PMC10848291 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The organocatalytic approach to the formation of silatranyl cages permitted the design of a solvent-free and efficient protocol for the preparation of various organosilatranes. We discovered that amidine derivatives efficiently catalyze the conversion of trialkoxysilanes into organosilatranes, and their catalytic activity is related to the pKBH+ values. NMR studies of equimolar reactions of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) with selected substrates allowed proposing a reliable scheme for the transesterification process and silatranyl cage formation. In addition, green chemistry metrics for the scaled-up synthesis of vinylsilatrane (3k) were appointed. Finally, a scheme for the industrial production of silatrane derivatives with DBU and solvent regeneration was proposed, supported by a catalyst recycling experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong Joon Oh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kownacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kubicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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3
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Krivdin LB. Computational 1 H and 13 C NMR in structural and stereochemical studies. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:733-828. [PMID: 35182410 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Present review outlines the advances and perspectives of computational 1 H and 13 C NMR applied to the stereochemical studies of inorganic, organic, and bioorganic compounds, involving in particular natural products, carbohydrates, and carbonium ions. The first part of the review briefly outlines theoretical background of the modern computational methods applied to the calculation of chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants at the DFT and the non-empirical levels. The second part of the review deals with the achievements of the computational 1 H and 13 C NMR in the stereochemical investigation of a variety of inorganic, organic, and bioorganic compounds, providing in an abridged form the material partly discussed by the author in a series of parent reviews. Major attention is focused herewith on the publications of the recent years, which were not reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid B Krivdin
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
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4
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Harry SA, Vemulapalli S, Dudding T, Lectka T. Rational Computational Design of Systems Exhibiting Strong Halogen Bonding Involving Fluorine in Bicyclic Diamine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8413-8419. [PMID: 35658438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most controversial and rare aspect of the halogen bonding interaction is the potential of fluorine in compounds to serve as a halogen bond donor. In this note, we provide clear and convincing examples of hypothetical molecules in which fluorine is strongly halogen bonding in a metastable state. Of particular note is a polycyclic system inspired by Selectfluor, which has been controversially proposed to engage in halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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3-Aminopropylsilatrane and Its Derivatives: A Variety of Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113549. [PMID: 35684486 PMCID: PMC9182167 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silatranes arouse much research interest owing to their unique structure, unusual physical–chemical properties, and diverse biological activity. The application of some silatranes and their analogues has been discussed in several works. Meanwhile, a comprehensive review of the wide practical usage of silatranes is still absent in the literature. The ability of silatranes to mildly control hydrolysis allows them to form extremely stable and smooth siloxane monolayers almost on any surface. The high physiological activity of silatranes makes them prospective drug candidates. In the present review, based on the results of numerous previous studies, using the commercially available 3-aminopropylsilatrane and its hybrid derivatives, we have demonstrated the high potential of 1-organylsilatranes in various fields, including chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, and industry. For example, these compounds can be employed as plant growth biostimulants, drugs, optical, catalytic, sorption, and special polymeric materials, as well as modern high-tech devices.
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Abstract
The tetrel bond (TB) recruits an element drawn from the C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb family as electron acceptor in an interaction with a partner Lewis base. The underlying principles that explain this attractive interaction are described in terms of occupied and vacant orbitals, total electron density, and electrostatic potential. These principles facilitate a delineation of the factors that feed into a strong TB. The geometric deformation that occurs within the tetrel-bearing Lewis acid monomer is a particularly important issue, with both primary and secondary effects. As a first-row atom of low polarizability, C is a reluctant participant in TBs, but its preponderance in organic and biochemistry make it extremely important that its potential in this regard be thoroughly understood. The IR and NMR manifestations of tetrel bonding are explored as spectroscopy offers a bridge to experimental examination of this phenomenon. In addition to the most common σ-hole type TBs, discussion is provided of π-hole interactions which are a result of a common alternate covalent bonding pattern of tetrel atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA.
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7
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Alkorta I, Elguero J, Oliva-Enrich JM. Complexes between bicyclic boron derivatives and dihydrogen: the importance of strain. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Chachkov D, Ismagilova R, Vereshchagina Y. Mechanism of Reactions of 1-Substituted Silatranes and Germatranes, 2,2-Disubstituted Silocanes and Germocanes, 1,1,1-Trisubstituted Hyposilatranes and Hypogermatranes with Alcohols (Methanol, Ethanol): DFT Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122803. [PMID: 32560499 PMCID: PMC7356647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of reactions of silatranes and germatranes, and their bicyclic and monocyclic analogues with one molecule of methanol or ethanol, was studied at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3PW91/6-311++G(df,p) level of theory. Reactions of 1-substituted sil(germ)atranes, 2,2-disubstituted sil(germ)ocanes, and 1,1,1-trisubstituted hyposil(germ)atranes with alcohol (methanol, ethanol) proceed in one step through four-center transition states followed by the opening of a silicon or germanium skeleton and the formation of products. According to quantum chemical calculations, the activation energies and Gibbs energies of activation of reactions with methanol and ethanol are close, their values decrease in the series of atranes–ocanes–hypoatranes for interactions with both methanol and ethanol. The reactions of germanium-containing derivatives are characterized by lower activation energies in comparison with the reactions of corresponding silicon-containing compounds. The annular configurations of the product molecules with electronegative substituents are stabilized by the transannular N→X (X = Si, Ge) bond and different intramolecular hydrogen contacts with the participation of heteroatoms of substituents at the silicon or germanium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Chachkov
- Kazan Department of Joint Supercomputer Center of Russian Academy of Sciences–Branch of Federal State Institution “Scientific Research Institute for System Analysis of the RAS”, Lobachevskogo 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Rezeda Ismagilova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Yana Vereshchagina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
- Correspondence: or
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Abstract
A central pnicogen Z atom (Z = Sb, As) is covalently attached to the O atom of three -O(CH2)nX chains where X represents either an aldehyde or amine group. The chain can fold around so that the basic X group can engage in a noncovalent pnicogen bond with the central Z. The formation of up to three pnicogen bonds is energetically favored. The amine appears to engage in stronger pnicogen bonds than does the aldehyde, and bonds to Sb are favored over As, but there is little dependence on the length of the chain. The formation of each successive pnicogen bond reduces the magnitude of the σ-holes surrounding the Z atom, which tends to weaken the attraction for the basic end of the chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Sidorkin VF, Belogolova EF, Doronina EP, Liu G, Ciborowski SM, Bowen KH. “Outlaw” Dipole-Bound Anions of Intra-Molecular Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2001-2011. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery F. Sidorkin
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Elena F. Belogolova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniya P. Doronina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky, 1, Irkutsk 664033, Russian Federation
| | - Gaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sandra M. Ciborowski
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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11
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Matthews AD, Prasad S, Schley ND, Donald KJ, Johnson MW. On Transannulation in Azaphosphatranes: Synthesis and Theoretical Analysis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15983-15992. [PMID: 31713428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A combined synthetic-theoretical study has been undertaken to determine the factors that influence transannulation in azaphosphatranes. The commonly used proazaphosphatrane P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N and several of its oxidized congeners are used as model systems. The haloazaphosphatranes of P(i-BuNCH2CH2)3N were synthesized, including a rare fluoroazaphopshatrane, and used as references for computational investigations. Comparisons of the experimental and theoretical observations highlight the flexibility observed in transannulated atranes and the potential for multiple local energetic minima depending on the identity of the equatorial substituents for a given azaphosphatrane. Theoretical calculations also identify the role of the ethylene linker in azaphosphatrane bonding, the influence of transannulation on P-electrophile interactions, and the contribution of electrostatic interactions to transannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Matthews
- Department of Chemistry , University of Richmond , Richmond , Virginia 23173 , United States
| | - Supreeth Prasad
- Department of Chemistry , University of Richmond , Richmond , Virginia 23173 , United States
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 , United States
| | - Kelling J Donald
- Department of Chemistry , University of Richmond , Richmond , Virginia 23173 , United States
| | - Miles W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Richmond , Richmond , Virginia 23173 , United States
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12
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. Theoretical studies of conformational analysis and intramolecular dynamic phenomena. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Adamovich SN. New atranes and similar ionic complexes. Synthesis, structure, properties. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey N. Adamovich
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySB RAS 1 Favorsky Street 664033 Irkutsk Russian Federation
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14
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Glowacki B, Lutter M, Hiller W, Jurkschat K. Control of Λ- and Δ-Isomerization of the Atrane Cages in Group XIV Metallatranes by Chiral Axial Substituents. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4244-4252. [PMID: 30860360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of the novel stannatranes N(CH2CMe2O)3Sn-(1 S)-(-)-OC(O)C(OMe)(CF3)(C6H5), 1( S, Δ), and N(CH2CMe2O)3Sn-(1 R)-(+)-OC(O)C(OMe)(CF3)(C6H5), 2( R, Λ), and germatranes N(CH2CMe2O)3Ge-(1 S)-(-)-OC(O)C(OMe)(CF3)(C6H5), 3( S, Δ), and N(CH2CMe2O)3Ge-(1 R)-(+)-OC(O)C(OMe)(CF3)(C6H5), 4( R, Λ) (with 1, S, Δ-configured/2, R, Λ-configured and 3, S, Δ-configured/4, R, Λ-configured being pairs of enantiomers) are reported. The compounds were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The epimerization via Λ ⇌ Δ ring flip of the enantiomeric stannatrane pair 1( S, Δ)/2( R, Λ) was investigated by NMR experiments at variable temperatures and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Glowacki
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Michael Lutter
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie , Technische Universität Dortmund , Dortmund 44221 , Germany
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Vereshchagina YA, Ismagilova RR, Chachkov DV. Mechanism of Hydrolysis of 1,1,1-Trisubstituted Hyposilatranes and Hypogermatranes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428019020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Krivdin LB. Theoretical calculations of carbon-hydrogen spin-spin coupling constants. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 108:17-73. [PMID: 30538048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural applications of theoretical calculations of carbon-hydrogen spin-spin coupling constants are reviewed covering papers published mainly during the last 10-15 years with a special emphasis on the most notable studies of hybridization, substitution and stereoelectronic effects together with the investigation of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interactions. The wide scope of different applications of calculated carbon-hydrogen couplings in the structural elucidation of particular classes of organic and bioorganic molecules is reviewed, concentrating mainly on saturated, unsaturated, aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds and their functional derivatives, as well as on natural compounds and carbohydrates. The review is dedicated to Professor Emeritus Michael Barfield in view of his invaluable pioneering contribution to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid B Krivdin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia.
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Matthews AD, Gravalis GM, Schley ND, Johnson MW. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Palladium Proazaphosphatrane Complexes Invoked in C–N Cross-Coupling. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D. Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Gregory M. Gravalis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Miles W. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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18
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Ruccolo S, Rauch M, Parkin G. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Tris(isopropylbenzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl Zinc Complexes, [TitmPriBenz]ZnX: Modulation of Transannular Zn–C Interactions. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Vereshchagina YA, Chachkov DV, Ismagilova RR, Vedeneeva EA. Mechanism of Hydrolysis of 2,2-Disubstituted Silocanes and Germocanes and 1-Substituted Silatranes and Germatranes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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21
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Sánchez-Sanz G, Trujillo C, Alkorta I, Elguero J. Modulation of in:out and out:out conformations in [X.X'.X''] phosphatranes by Lewis acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:20647-20656. [PMID: 28737804 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical study of [X.X'.X'']phosphatrane:Lewis acid complexes has been carried out in order to analyze how the in:out and out:out conformations can be modulated by the interaction with Lewis acids (LA). It has been found that in:out structures are more stable in larger systems i.e. in [4.4.3]:LA and [4.4.4]:LA than in [3.3.3]:LA and [4.3.3]:LA. The results obtained for the relative energies in conjunction with electron density properties showed that upon complexation, in:out conformers become more stable with the increasing acidity of the corresponding Lewis acid. In fact, the binding energies found for in:out complexes are larger than those obtained for out:out complexes. The complexes with the largest relative energy favoring the in:out structure correspond to those with charged Lewis acids, followed by the complexes with ClF. In all cases, the complexes are cooperative, reaching a maximum value of 168.5 kJ mol-1 for the [4.3.3]:F+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- Irish Centre of High-End Computing, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland & School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Krivdin LB. Calculation of 15N NMR chemical shifts: Recent advances and perspectives. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 102-103:98-119. [PMID: 29157495 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in computation of 15N NMR chemical shifts are reviewed, concentrating mainly on practical aspects of computational protocols and accuracy factors. The review includes the discussion of the level of theory, the choice of density functionals and basis sets together with taking into account solvent effects, rovibrational corrections and relativistic effects. Computational aspects of 15N NMR are illustrated for the series of neutral and protonated open-chain nitrogen-containing compounds and nitrogen heterocycles, coordination and intermolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid B Krivdin
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Favorsky St. 1, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia.
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23
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Scheiner S. Systematic Elucidation of Factors That Influence the Strength of Tetrel Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5561-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Hoeksema C, Adler MJ, Gilbert TM. Computational Study of Ways by Which exo-Silatranes Might Be Prepared. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9315-9323. [PMID: 27805402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
exo-Silatranes involve cage structures where the nitrogen lone pair points away from the cage rather than into it. This distinguishes them from the well-established endo-silatranes. exo-Silatranes have not been observed experimentally, consistent with a significant benefit to silicon-nitrogen interactions inside the cages as suggested for endo-silatranes. Identifying examples of exo-silatranes would prove useful in understanding Si-N interactions, as they would represent the "no interaction" extreme of the spectrum. We have found four means by which exo-silatranes might be synthesized: (1) employing smaller cages; (2) employing constrained rings to stiffen the cage backbones; (3) employing steric interactions to enhance preference for the less crowded exo-geometry around nitrogen; (4) modifying the Lewis acidity and basicity of the silicon and nitrogen so significantly as to remove their desire to interact. The preference for exo geometries is established using the parameter Δ, representing the distance between the nitrogen atom and the least-squares plane containing the adjacent carbon atoms. In some cases, Δ values for exo-silatranes are greater than 0.3 Å. In others, they are near zero, indicating a nearly planar nitrogen atom. There are no obvious structural markers besides Δ that distinguish between exo- and endo-silatranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolynn Hoeksema
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Marc J Adler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Thomas M Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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Varjosaari SE, Skrypai V, Suating P, Hurley JJM, Gilbert TM, Adler MJ. 1-Hydrosilatrane: A Locomotive for Efficient Ketone Reductions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami E. Varjosaari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
| | - Vladislav Skrypai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
| | - Paolo Suating
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
| | - Joseph J. M. Hurley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
| | - Thomas M. Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
| | - Marc J. Adler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy 60115-2828 DeKalb IL USA
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