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Franc M, Schulz J, Štěpnička P. Facile synthesis and bonding of 4-ferrocenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11445-11453. [PMID: 38904982 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Ferrocene-substituted carbenes have emerged as attractive, redox-active ligands. However, among the compounds studied to date, ferrocenylated 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidenes, which are closely related to the archetypal imidazol-2-ylidenes, are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the triazolium salt [CHN(Me)NCHN(Fc)]I (2; Fc = ferrocenyl), obtained by alkylation of 4-ferrocenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (1) with MeI, reacts selectively with metal alkoxide/hydroxide precursors [(cod)Rh(OMe)]2 and [(IPr)Au(OH)] (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene, IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) to produce the ferrocene-substituted 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene complexes [(cod)RhI{CN(Me)NCHN(Fc)}] and [(IPr)Au{CN(Me)NCHN(Fc)}]I in good yields. The complexes were characterised by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Density function theory (DFT) calculations were used to rationalise the electrochemical behaviour of the carbene complexes and to elucidate the bonding situation in these compounds. An analysis using intrinsic bond orbitals (IBOs) revealed that the 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene ligand exerted a strong trans influence and showed a synergistic stabilisation by the negative inductive and positive π-donor effects of the nitrogen atoms adjacent to the carbene carbon atom; these effects were enhanced by conjugation with the CHN bond at the exterior, similar to that in imidazol-2-ylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Franc
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Schulz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Abstract
The discovery of ferrocene, [Fe(η5-C5H5)2], seventy years ago has significantly influenced chemical research and provided a key impetus for establishing and rapidly expanding organometallic chemistry, which has continued at a...
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Fuse S, Komuro K, Otake Y, Masui H, Nakamura H. Rapid and Mild Lactamization Using Highly Electrophilic Triphosgene in a Microflow Reactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:7525-7532. [PMID: 33496974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactams are cyclic amides that are indispensable as drugs and as drug candidates. Conventional lactamization includes acid-mediated and coupling-agent-mediated approaches that suffer from narrow substrate scope, much waste, and/or high cost. Inexpensive, less-wasteful approaches mediated by highly electrophilic reagents are attractive, but there is an imminent risk of side reactions. Herein, a methods using highly electrophilic triphosgene in a microflow reactor that accomplishes rapid (0.5-10 s), mild, inexpensive, and less-wasteful lactamization are described. Methods A and B, which use N-methylmorpholine and N-methylimidazole, respectively, were developed. Various lactams and a cyclic peptide containing acid- and/or heat-labile functional groups were synthesized in good to high yields without the need for tedious purification. Undesired reactions were successfully suppressed, and the risk of handling triphosgene was minimized by the use of microflow technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Komuro
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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Kadari L, Erb W, Halauko YS, Ivashkevich OA, Matulis VE, Lyakhov D, Roisnel T, Radha Krishna P, Mongin F. On the
N
‐Arylation of Acetamide Using 2‐, 3‐ and 1’‐Substituted Iodoferrocenes**. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingaswamy Kadari
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - William Erb
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Yury S. Halauko
- UNESCO Chair of Belarusian State University 14 Leningradskaya Str. Minsk 220030 Belarus
| | - Oleg A. Ivashkevich
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University 14 Leningradskaya Str. Minsk 220030 Belarus
| | - Vadim E. Matulis
- Research Institute for Physico-Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University 14 Leningradskaya Str. Minsk 220030 Belarus
| | - Dmitry Lyakhov
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Palakodety Radha Krishna
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad 500007 India
| | - Florence Mongin
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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Yoshida K, Yasue R. <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Having Planar Chiral Ferrocene Structure. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University
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Yoshida K, Yasue R. Planar-Chiral Ferrocene-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Chemistry 2018; 24:18575-18586. [PMID: 30277615 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, characterized by attractive features, have increased their presence in transition-metal catalysis. However, chiral NHC ligands still require further design enhancement to realize far more exciting synthetic applications. This review documents advances in chiral NHC ligands, focusing on planar-chiral ferrocene-based NHCs. As the basic shape of most classes of NHC rings is planar, it seems rational to employ a planar-chiral element in the design of chiral NHC ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Risa Yasue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
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Selg C, Neumann W, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E, Zeitler K. Carboranes as Aryl Mimetics in Catalysis: A Highly Active Zwitterionic NHC-Precatalyst. Chemistry 2017; 23:7932-7937. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Selg
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Wilma Neumann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Current address: Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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Yasue R, Miyauchi M, Yoshida K. Planar Chiral Cyclic (Amino)(ferrocenyl)carbene as Ligand for Transition Metals. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Risa Yasue
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku; Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Masaru Miyauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku; Chiba 263-8522 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku; Chiba 263-8522 Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center; Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku; Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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