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Volkov MA, Novikov AP, Grigoriev MS, Nevolin YM, German KE. Thiourea as a Stabilizer of Reduced Forms of Technetium─Tc(III) and Tc(IV): Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:256-265. [PMID: 36525584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents synthetic methods for the preparation of Tc(III) and Tc(IV) coordination compounds with thiourea. We have shown that the main product of the synthesis is the complex [TcTu5X]X2, (Tu = (NH2)2CS, X = Cl, Br) and not [TcTu6]Cl3·4H2O, as previously thought. Tu2[TcX6]X2·3H2O is the main technetium-containing byproduct of the reaction. All reaction products, including byproducts, were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. We also measured the solubility for the obtained Tc(III) complexes. This research work considers the process of thermolysis of the obtained Tc(III) complexes and shows that the presence of sulfur atoms in the coordination sphere can inhibit the process of metal formation in an argon-hydrogen medium. The analysis of nonvalent interactions in Tc(III) complexes showed that the main contribution is made by van der Waals interactions of the H···H type (40.8-42.3%) and hydrogen bonds Hal···H/H···Hal and H···S/S···H, which are 41.6-44.5% in total. As the temperature decreases, the proportion of H···H contacts and H bonds decreases, and when the halogen (Cl by Br) is replaced, the proportion of H bonds increases and the proportion of van der Waals interactions decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Volkov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31, bldg 4, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - Anton P Novikov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31, bldg 4, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Grigoriev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31, bldg 4, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - Yuri M Nevolin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31, bldg 4, Moscow119071, Russia
| | - Konstantin E German
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 31, bldg 4, Moscow119071, Russia
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Novikov AP, Volkov MA. New O- and N-N-Bridging Complexes of Tc(V), the Role of the Nitrogen Atom Position in Aromatic Rings: Reaction Mechanism, Spectroscopy, DTA, XRD and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214034. [PMID: 36430512 PMCID: PMC9696901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, O- and N-N-bridging complexes of technetium (V), previously known only for rhenium, were obtained for the first time. Tc(V) complexes with pyridazine (pyd), 1,2,4-triazole (trz), 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (dmpz) and pyrimidine (pyr) were obtained. In three complexes [{TcOCl2}2(μ-O)(μ-pyd)2], [{TcOCl2}2(μ-O)(μ-trz)2]·Htrz·Cl and [{TcO(dmpz)4}(μ-O)(TcOCl4)] two technetium atoms are linked by a Tc-O-Tc bond, and in the first two, Tc atoms are additionally linked by a Tc-N-N-Tc bond through the nitrogen atoms of the aromatic rings. We determined the role of nitrogen atom position in the aromatic ring and the presence of substituents on the formation of such complexes. For the first time, a reaction mechanism for the formation of such complexes was proposed. This article details the crystal structures of four new compounds. The work describes in detail the coordination of Tc atoms in the obtained structures and the regularities of the formation of crystal packings. The spectroscopic properties of the obtained compounds and their mother solutions were studied. The decomposition temperatures of the described complexes were determined. An assumption was made about the oligomerization of three-bridged complexes based on the results of mass spectrometry. Through the analysis of non-valent interactions in the structures, π-stacking, halogen-π and CH-π interactions were found. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface for [{TcOCl2}2(μ-O)(μ-pyd)2], [{TcOCl2}2(μ-O)(μ-trz)2] and their rhenium analogues showed that the main contribution to the crystalline packing is made by interactions of the type Hal···H/H···Hal (45.4-48.9%), H···H (10.2-15.8%), and O···H/H···O (9.4-16.5%).
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Badea D, Dardenne K, Polly R, Rothe J, Hanrath M, Reimer M, Meerholz K, Neudörfl J, Strub E, Bruns J. Reaction of Pertechnetate in Highly Alkaline Solution: Synthesis and Characterization of the Nitridotrioxotechnetate Ba[TcO 3 N]. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201738. [PMID: 35951451 PMCID: PMC9826414 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of novel technetium oxides, their characterization and the general investigation of technetium chemistry are of significant importance, since fundamental research has so far mainly focused on the group homologues. Whereas the structure chemistry of technetium in strongly oxidizing media is dominated by the Tc O 4 - ${{\left[{\rm { Tc}}{{\rm { O}}}_{{\rm { 4}}}\right]}^{-}}$ anion, our recent investigation yielded the new Tc O 3 N 2 - ${{\left[{\rm { Tc}}{{\rm { O}}}_{{\rm { 3}}}{\rm { N}}\right]}^{{\rm { 2}}-}}$ anion. Brown single crystals of Ba[TcO3 N] were obtained under hydrothermal conditions starting from Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2 O and NH4 [TcO4 ] at 200 °C. Ba [ Tc O 3 N ] ${{\rm { Ba[Tc}}{{\rm { O}}}_{{\rm { 3}}}{\rm { N]}}}$ crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21 /n (a=7.2159(4) Å, b=7.8536(5) Å, c=7.4931(4) Å and β=104.279(2)°). The crystal structure of Ba [ Tc O 3 N ] ${{\rm { Ba[Tc}}{{\rm { O}}}_{{\rm { 3}}}{\rm { N]}}}$ consists of isolated Tc O 3 N 2 - ${{\left[{\rm { Tc}}{{\rm { O}}}_{{\rm { 3}}}{\rm { N}}\right]}^{{\rm { 2}}-}}$ tetrahedra, which are surrounded by Ba2+ cations. XANES measurements complement the oxidation state +VII for technetium and Raman spectroscopic experiments on Ba[TcO3 N] single crystals exhibit characteristic Tc-O and Tc-N vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Badea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - K. Dardenne
- Institute for Nuclear Waste DisposalKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - R. Polly
- Institute for Nuclear Waste DisposalKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - J. Rothe
- Institute for Nuclear Waste DisposalKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - M. Hanrath
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - M. Reimer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - K. Meerholz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - J.‐M. Neudörfl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - E. Strub
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
| | - J. Bruns
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CologneGreinstr. 4–650939CologneGermany
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Novel Synthesis Methods of New Imidazole-Containing Coordination Compounds Tc(IV, V, VII)-Reaction Mechanism, Xrd and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169461. [PMID: 36012725 PMCID: PMC9408894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have proposed two new methods for the synthesis of [TcO2L4]+ (where L = imidazole (Im), methylimidazole (MeIm)) complexes using thiourea (Tu) and Sn(II) as the reducing agents. The main and by-products of the reactions were determined, and possible reaction mechanisms were proposed. We have shown that the reduction of Tc(VII) with thiourea is accompanied by the formation of the Tc(III) intermediate and further oxidation to Tc(V). The reaction conditions’ changing can lead to the formation of Tc(VII) and Tc(IV) salts. Seven new crystal structures are described in this work: Tc(V) complexes, salts with Tc(VII) and Tc(IV) anions. For the halide salts of Tu the cell parameters were determined. In all of the obtained compounds, except for [TcO2(MeIm)4]TcO4, there are π–stacking interactions between the aromatic rings. An increase in the anion size lead to weakening of the intermolecular interactions. The halogen bonds and anion-π interactions were also found in the hexahalide-containing compounds. The Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the main contribution to the crystal packing is created by the van der Waals interactions of the H···H type (42.5–55.1%), H···C/C···H (17.7–21.3%) and hydrogen bonds, which contribute 15.7–25.3% in total.
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Ernst MJ, Roca Jungfer M, Abram U. Reactions of Tc I(NO) and Tc VN Complexes with Alkynes and Alkynides. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Johannes Ernst
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin,Fabeckstr. 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Roca Jungfer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin,Fabeckstr. 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Abram
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin,Fabeckstr. 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Ernst MJ, Roca Jungfer M, Hagenbach A, Abram U. Triaryltechnetium(III) and Related Complexes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Johannes Ernst
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Roca Jungfer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adelheid Hagenbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Abram
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Holik HA, Ibrahim FM, Elaine AA, Putra BD, Achmad A, Kartamihardja AHS. The Chemical Scaffold of Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals: Radionuclide, Bifunctional Chelator, and Pharmacokinetics Modifying Linker. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103062. [PMID: 35630536 PMCID: PMC9143622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals have been researched extensively in the last decade as a result of the growing research interest in personalized medicine to improve diagnostic accuracy and intensify intensive therapy while limiting side effects. Radiometal-based drugs are of substantial interest because of their greater versatility for clinical translation compared to non-metal radionuclides. This paper comprehensively discusses various components commonly used as chemical scaffolds to build radiopharmaceutical agents, i.e., radionuclides, pharmacokinetic-modifying linkers, and chelators, whose characteristics are explained and can be used as a guide for the researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holis Abdul Holik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Faisal Maulana Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Angela Alysia Elaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Bernap Dwi Putra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (F.M.I.); (A.A.E.); (B.D.P.)
| | - Arifudin Achmad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (A.A.); (A.H.S.K.)
- Oncology and Stem Cell Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Hussein Sundawa Kartamihardja
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Theranostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia; (A.A.); (A.H.S.K.)
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Jacobs FJF, Brink A. Crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl-(nitrato-k1
O)-bis(pyridine-κN)-rhenium, C13H10O6N3Re. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C13H10O6N3Re, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 7.9325(9) Å, b = 13.811(2) Å, c = 13.458(2) Å, β = 92.637(4)°, V = 1472.83(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0249, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0568, T = 100(2) K. CCDC no.: 2024932
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois J. F. Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry , University of the Free State , P. O. Box 339 , Bloemfontein , 9300 , South Africa
| | - Alice Brink
- Department of Chemistry , University of the Free State , P. O. Box 339 , Bloemfontein , 9300 , South Africa
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Brink A, Helliwell JR. Why is interoperability between the two fields of chemical crystallography and protein crystallography so difficult? IUCRJ 2019; 6:788-793. [PMID: 31576212 PMCID: PMC6760442 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519010972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The interoperability of chemical and biological crystallographic data is a key challenge to research and its application to pharmaceutical design. Research attempting to combine data from the two disciplines, small-molecule or chemical crystallography (CX) and macromolecular crystallography (MX), will face unique challenges including variations in terminology, software development, file format and databases which differ significantly from CX to MX. This perspective overview spans the two disciplines and originated from the investigation of protein binding to model radiopharmaceuticals. The opportunities of interlinked research while utilizing the two databases of the CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) and the PDB (Protein Data Bank) will be highlighted. The advantages of software that can handle multiple file formats and the circuitous route to convert organometallic small-molecule structural data for use in protein refinement software will be discussed. In addition some pointers to avoid being shipwrecked will be shared, such as the care which must be taken when interpreting data precision involving small molecules versus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brink
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, Free State 9301, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R. Helliwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Brink A, Helliwell JR. Formation of a highly dense tetra-rhenium cluster in a protein crystal and its implications in medical imaging. IUCRJ 2019; 6:695-702. [PMID: 31316813 PMCID: PMC6608631 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519006651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The fact that a protein crystal can serve as a chemical reaction vessel is intrinsically fascinating. That it can produce an electron-dense tetranuclear rhenium cluster compound from a rhenium tri-carbonyl tri-bromo starting compound adds to the fascination. Such a cluster has been synthesized previously in vitro, where it formed under basic conditions. Therefore, its synthesis in a protein crystal grown at pH 4.5 is even more unexpected. The X-ray crystal structures presented here are for the protein hen egg-white lysozyme incubated with a rhenium tri-carbonyl tri-bromo compound for periods of one and two years. These reveal a completed, very well resolved, tetra-rhenium cluster after two years and an intermediate state, where the carbonyl ligands to the rhenium cluster are not yet clearly resolved, after one year. A dense tetranuclear rhenium cluster, and its technetium form, offer enhanced contrast in medical imaging. Stimulated by these crystallography results, the unusual formation of such a species directly in an in vivo situation has been considered. It offers a new option for medical imaging compounds, particularly when considering the application of the pre-formed tetranuclear cluster, suggesting that it may be suitable for medical diagnosis because of its stability, preference of formation and biological compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brink
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R. Helliwell
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Lehnherr D, Wang X, Peng F, Reibarkh M, Weisel M, Maloney KM. Mechanistic Study of a Re-Catalyzed Monoalkylation of Phenols. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Abstract
Nuclear medicine is composed of two complementary areas, imaging and therapy. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon imaging, including single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), comprise the imaging component of nuclear medicine. These areas are distinct in that they exploit different nuclear decay processes and also different imaging technologies. In PET, images are created from the 511 keV photons produced when the positron emitted by a radionuclide encounters an electron and is annihilated. In contrast, in single-photon imaging, images are created from the γ rays (and occasionally X-rays) directly emitted by the nucleus. Therapeutic nuclear medicine uses particulate radiation such as Auger or conversion electrons or β- or α particles. All three of these technologies are linked by the requirement that the radionuclide must be attached to a suitable vector that can deliver it to its target. It is imperative that the radionuclide remain attached to the vector before it is delivered to its target as well as after it reaches its target or else the resulting image (or therapeutic outcome) will not reflect the biological process of interest. Radiochemistry is at the core of this process, and radiometals offer radiopharmaceutical chemists a tremendous range of options with which to accomplish these goals. They also offer a wide range of options in terms of radionuclide half-lives and emission properties, providing the ability to carefully match the decay properties with the desired outcome. This Review provides an overview of some of the ways this can be accomplished as well as several historical examples of some of the limitations of earlier metalloradiopharmaceuticals and the ways that new technologies, primarily related to radionuclide production, have provided solutions to these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Alan B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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