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Stigler S, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Tetryliumylidene ions in synthesis and catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4275-4291. [PMID: 38516066 PMCID: PMC10952068 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06452b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetryliumylidene ions ([R-E:]+), recognised for their intriguing electronic properties, have attracted considerable interest. These positively charged species, with two vacant p-orbitals and a lone pair at the E(ii) centre (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), can be viewed as the combination of tetrylenes (R2E:) and tetrylium ions ([R3E]+), which makes them potent Lewis ambiphiles. Such electronic features highlight the potential of tetryliumylidenes for single-site small molecule activation and transition metal-free catalysis. The effective utilisation of the electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of tetryliumylidenes is expected to stem from appropriate ligand choice. For most of the isolated tetryliumylidenes, electron donor- and/or kinetic stabilisation is necessary. This minireview highlights the developments in tetryliumylidene syntheses and the progress of research towards their reactivity and applications in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
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Novák M, Turek J, Milasheuskaya Y, Syková M, Dostál L, Stalmans J, Růžičková Z, Jurkschat K, Jambor R. Tin(II) cations stabilized by non-symmetric N,N',O-chelating ligands: synthesis and stability. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2749-2761. [PMID: 36749616 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03563d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel non-symmetric neutral N,N',O-chelating ligands derived from the α-iminopyridine 2-(C(R1)N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2))-6-(R2R3PO)C5H3N (L1: R1 = H, R2 = R3 = Ph; L2: R1 = Me, R2 = R3 = Ph; L3: R1 = H; R2 = Ph, R3 = EtO; L4: R1 = Me, R2 = Ph, R3 = EtO; L5: R1 = H, R2 = R3 = iPrO; L6: R1 = Me, R2 = R3 = iPrO) were synthesized. Ligands L1-6 were reacted with SnCl2 and Sn(OTf)2 with the aim of studying the influence of different R2R3PO functional groups on the Lewis base mediated ionization of SnCl2 and Sn(OTf)2. While all ligands L1-6 provided the corresponding ionic tin(II) complexes [L1-6 → SnCl]+[SnCl3]- (1-6), only ligands L1, L4 and L6 were able to stabilize tin(II) dications [L1,4,6 → Sn(H2O)][OTf]2 (7-9). The auto-ionized compounds [L3-6 → SnCl]+[SnCl3]- possessing ethylphenyl phosphinate and diisopropylphosphite substituents undergo elimination of EtCl and iPrCl, respectively, yielding compounds 10-13. These can either be interpreted as neutral tin(II)phosphinate chloride (10, 11) and tin(II)phosphonate chloride (12, 13), respectively, containing Sn-O and Sn-Cl bonds, and a PO → SnCl2 interaction, or as zwitterionic compounds, where the positive charge of the central tin atom is compensated by an [OSnCl2]- anion. Finally, DFT studies were performed to better understand the steric and electronic properties of the ligands L1-6 as well as the nature of the bonds in the resulting products, with a particular focus on complexes 10-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Syková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jesse Stalmans
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fäkultat für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Hu C, Liu LL. Utilization of a Tris(carbene)borate Ligand for Umpolung Reactivity of a Nucleophilic Tin(II) Cation Salt. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3592-3600. [PMID: 36763989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that a tris(carbene)borate (TCB) ligand, namely [PhB(tBuIm)3]- ([PhB(tBuIm)3]- = phenyltris(3-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidene)borato), is capable of stabilizing an unprecedented nucleophilic Sn(II) cation salt. Unlike known Sn(II) cations, the strong electron-donating ability of [PhB(tBuIm)3]- makes the cationic tin atom electron-rich, σ-donating yet slightly π-accepting, which allows for the ensuing facile oxidation with o-chloranil and S8 as well as coordination with coinage metals. The former oxidations give the Sn(IV) cation salts, while the latter reactions produce the metal complexes. The electronic structures of these species are thoroughly probed by quantum chemical computations. These results uncover an added role for TCB ligands in isolating unprecedented p-block species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Biswas S, Patel N, Deb R, Majumdar M. Chemistry of the Bis(imine)-Based Tetradentate Ligand Stabilized Group 14 E(II) Cations (E=Ge and Sn). CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200003. [PMID: 35253982 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ambiphilic Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species have been reported to be isolated through kinetic or thermodynamic stabilizations. Nonetheless, steric congestion or excessive coordination of donor atoms to the cationic center concurrently disfavors its prompt reactivity. Our research in this field revolves around the utilization of structurally non-rigid bis(imine) based tetradentate supporting ligands for the stabilization of Ge(II) and Sn(II) cationic species. Such E(II) cationic systems have been advantaged due to inherent flexibility present at the ligand backbone allowing disposal of E(II) orbitals through geometric rearrangements for further reactivity. The bifunctionality present in the ligand enables the first examples of Ge(II) bis-monocations. Furthermore, the redox-active nature of the ligand encourages participation in chemical transformations. In this personal account we have provided a detailed discussion of our published work in this direction in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swastik Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niranjan Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Novák M, Turek J, Milasheuskaya Y, Růžičková Z, Podzimek Š, Jambor R. N-Donor stabilized tin(II) cations as efficient ROP catalysts for the synthesis of linear and star-shaped PLAs via the activated monomer mechanism. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16039-16052. [PMID: 34651625 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Iminopyridine ligands L1 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3))C5H4N), L2 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3))C5H4N) and L3 (1,2-(C5H4N-2-CHN)2CH2CH2) differing by the steric demand of the substituent on the imine CHN group and by the number of donating nitrogen atoms were utilized to initiate a Lewis base mediated ionization of SnCl2 in an effort to prepare ionic tin(II) species [L1-3 → SnCl][SnCl3]. The reaction of L1 and L2 with SnCl2 led to the formation of neutral adducts [L1 → SnCl2] (2) and [L2 → SnCl2] (3). The preparation of the desired ionic compounds was achieved by subsequent reactions of 2 and 3 with an equivalent of SnCl2 or GaCl3. In contrast, ligand L3 containing four donor nitrogen atoms showed the ability to ionize SnCl2 and also Sn(OTf)2, yielding [L3 → SnCl][SnCl3] (7) and [L3 → Sn(H2O)][OTf]2 (8). The study thus revealed that the reaction is dependent on the type of the ligand. The prepared complexes 4-8 together with the previously reported [{2-((CH3)CN(C6H3-2,6-iPr2))-6-CH3O-C5H3N}SnCl][SnCl3] (1) were tested as catalysts for the ROP of L-lactide, which could operate via an activated monomer mechanism. Finally, a DFT computational study was performed to evaluate the steric and electronic properties of the ionic tin(II) species 1 and 4-8 together with their ability to interact with the L-lactide monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Podzimek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic. .,Synpo, Ltd., S.K. Neumanna 1316, 53207 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Chibde P, Raut RK, Kumar V, Deb R, Gonnade R, Majumdar M. Intramolecularly Double-Donor-Stabilized Stannylene and Its Coordination towards Ag(I) and Au(I) Centers. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2118-2125. [PMID: 34137196 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecularly double-donor-stabilized stannylene 1 has been synthesized from the salt-metathesis reaction between two equivalents of lithium pyridine ene-amide L1 and SnCl2 . Compound 1 exhibits dipolar behavior when reacted with B(C6 F5 )3 leading to the zwitterionic compound 2. The reaction of 1 with one equivalent and 0.5 equivalent of AgOTf (OTf=trifluoromethane sulfonate) result in the formation of a stannylene-AgOTf complex 3 and a homoleptic distannylene-silver ionic complex 4, respectively. Analogous to complex 4, the gold(I) complex 5 has been synthesized from the reaction between two equivalents of 1 and 0.5 equivalent of AuCl.SMe2 /Me3 SiOTf. Complex 5 is the first example of homoleptic stannylene-Au(I) ionic complex among the very scarce reports on stannylene-gold(I) coordination complexes. All compounds have been structurally characterized using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Solution-state characterization have been performed using multinuclear NMR techniques. Detailed DFT calculations on the optimized geometries 1 o, 3 o-5 o reveal the change in sp- hybridization on the pyramidal Sn(II) center upon metal coordination and their bonding overlaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Chibde
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravindra K Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Deb
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Gonnade
- Centre for Material Characterization, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
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Chen KH, Liu YH, Chiu CW. A Non-innocent Ligand Supported Germylene and Its Diverse Reactions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Tschernuth FS, Hanusch F, Szilvási T, Inoue S. Isolation and Reactivity of Chlorotetryliumylidenes Using a Bidentate Bis(N-heterocyclic imine) Ligand. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Tschernuth
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1607, United States
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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Raut RK, Sahoo P, Chimnapure D, Majumdar M. Versatile coordinating abilities of acyclic N4 and N2P2 ligand frameworks in conjunction with Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10953-10961. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00617f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conjoint effort of the –CH2–CH2– linker backbone and coordinating sites in the tetradentate ligand stabilizes a variety of stannylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Raut
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Padmini Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Dipti Chimnapure
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
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