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Figgins E, Pieruccini-Faria F, Speechley M, Montero-Odasso M. Potentially modifiable risk factors for slow gait in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101253. [PMID: 33429086 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Slow gait speed in older adults is associated with increased risk for falls and fractures, functional dependence, multimorbidity, and even mortality. The risk of these adverse outcomes can be reduced by intervening on potentially modifiable risk factors. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify potentially modifiable risk factors associated with slow gait speed and clinically meaningful gait speed decline in older community-dwelling adults. METHODS Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL, Google Scholar, and in the bibliographies of retrieved articles. RESULTS Forty studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative review. Study designs were cross-sectional and longitudinal. Operational definitions of 'slow gait' and 'meaningful gait speed decline' were variable and based on sample distributions (e.g. quartiles), external criteria (e.g. < 0.8 m/s), and dynamic changes over time (e.g. ≥ 0.05 m/s decline per year). Twenty-six potentially modifiable risk factors were assessed in at least two studies. The risk factors most commonly investigated and that showed significant associations with slow gait and/or meaningful gait speed decline include physical activity, education, body mass index-obesity, pain, and depression/depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there are modifiable targets to maintain gait speed that are amenable to potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Figgins
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Kresge Building, Room K201, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Gait and Brain Laboratory, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Frederico Pieruccini-Faria
- Gait and Brain Laboratory, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6C 0A7, Canada.
| | - Mark Speechley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Kresge Building, Room K201, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Gait and Brain Laboratory, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Kresge Building, Room K201, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada; Gait and Brain Laboratory, Parkwood Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6C 0A7, Canada.
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Williamson E, Sanchez Santos MT, Morris A, Garrett A, Conway O, Boniface G, Fairbank J, Lamb SE. The Prevalence of Back and Leg Pain and the Cross-sectional Association With Adverse Health Outcomes in Community Dwelling Older Adults in England. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:54-61. [PMID: 33315364 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the Oxford Pain, Activity and Lifestyle (OPAL) Cohort Study. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of back pain (BP) and leg pain and determine their relationship with adverse health states among older adults in England. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Epidemiological data describing the prevalence of BP and leg pain in older adults in England is lacking. METHODS A total of 5304 community-dwelling adults (aged 65-100 years) enrolled in the OPAL cohort study who provided data on BP and leg pain were included. Participants were classified into four groups based on reports of back and leg pain: no BP, BP only, BP and leg pain which was likely to be neurogenic claudication (NC), and BP and leg pain which was not NC. Adverse health states were frailty, falls, mobility decline, low walking confidence, poor sleep quality, and urinary incontinence. We collected demographic and socioeconomic information, health-related quality of life, and existing health conditions, and estimated the association between BP presentations and adverse health states using regression analysis. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of participants (1786/5304) reported BP only, 11.2% (n = 594/5304) reported BP and NC and 8.3% (n = 441/5304) reported BP and non-NC leg pain. Participants with BP had worse quality of life compared to those without BP. All BP presentations were significantly associated with adverse health states. Those with NC were most affected. In particular, there was greater relative risk (RR) of low walking confidence (RR 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.56-3.78), frailty (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.67-2.11), and mobility decline (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.54-1.97) compared to no BP. CONCLUSION Back and leg pain is a common problem for older adults and associated with reduced quality of life and adverse health states. Findings suggest a need to develop more effective treatment for older adults with BP especially for those with neurogenic claudication. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Williamson
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria T Sanchez Santos
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alana Morris
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Garrett
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Conway
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Boniface
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Fairbank
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Comer C, Lee H, Williamson E, Lamb S. Understanding the mechanisms of a combined physical and psychological intervention for people with neurogenic claudication: protocol for a causal mediation analysis of the BOOST trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037121. [PMID: 32878759 PMCID: PMC7470505 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conservative treatments such as exercise are recommended for the management of people with neurogenic claudication from spinal stenosis. However, the effectiveness and mechanisms of effect are unknown. This protocol outlines an a priori plan for a secondary analysis of a multicentre randomised controlled trial of a physiotherapist-delivered, combined physical and psychological intervention (Better Outcomes for Older people with Spinal Trouble (BOOST) programme). METHODS AND ANALYSES We will use causal mediation analysis to estimate the mechanistic effects of the BOOST programme on the primary outcome of disability (measured by the Oswestry Disability Index). The primary mechanism of interest is walking capacity, and secondary mediators include fear-avoidance behaviour, walking self-efficacy, physical function, physical activity and/or symptom severity. All mediators will be measured at 6 months and the outcome will be measured at 12 months from randomisation. Patient characteristics and possible confounders of the mediator-outcome effect will be measured at baseline. Sensitivity analyses will be conducted to evaluate the robustness of the estimated effects to varying levels of residual confounding. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was given on 3 March 2016 (National Research Ethics Committee number: 16/LO/0349). The results of this analysis will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at relevant scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN12698674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Comer
- Musculoskeletal and Rehabilitation Services, Leeds Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Hopin Lee
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- The Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Esther Williamson
- The Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sarah Lamb
- The Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
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Bischoff-Ferrari HA, de Godoi Rezende Costa Molino C, Rival S, Vellas B, Rizzoli R, Kressig RW, Kanis JA, Manson JE, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, da Silva JAP, Blauth M, Felsenberg D, Ferrari SM, Theiler R, Egli A. DO-HEALTH: Vitamin D3 - Omega-3 - Home exercise - Healthy aging and longevity trial - Design of a multinational clinical trial on healthy aging among European seniors. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 100:106124. [PMID: 32858228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DO-HEALTH is a multi-center clinical trial among 2157 community-dwelling European men and women age 70 and older. The 2x2x2 randomized-control factorial design trial tested the individual and additive benefit, as well as the cost-effectiveness, of 3 interventions: vitamin D 2000 IU/day, omega-3 fatty acids 1000 mg/day (EPA + DHA, ratio 1:2), and a 30-minute 3 times/week home exercise (strength versus flexibility). Each treatment tested has shown considerable prior promise from mechanistic studies, small clinical trials, or large cohort studies, in the prevention of common age-related chronic diseases, but definitive data are missing. DO-HEALTH will test these interventions in relation to 6 primary endpoints (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, non-vertebral fractures, Short Physical Performance Battery score, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and risk of infections), plus several secondary endpoints explored in ancillary studies (i.e. rate of any falls and injurious falls, joint pain, oral health, quality of life, and incident frailty). As the 3 interventions have distinct mechanisms of action for each of the 6 primary endpoints, a maximum benefit is expected for their additive benefit as a "multi-modal" intervention. The trial duration is 3 years with in-person contacts with all participants at 4 clinical visits and by quarterly phone calls. Baseline and follow-up blood samples were collected in all participants to measure changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and poly-unsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Our objective was to test interventions that are expected to promote healthy aging and longer life expectancy and that can be easily and safely implemented by older community-dwelling adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University Hospital Zurich, City HospitalWaid & Triemli and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Clinic for Acute Geriatric Care, City Hospital Waid&Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Sandrine Rival
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University Hospital Zurich, City HospitalWaid & Triemli and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Center Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reto W Kressig
- University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John A Kanis
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, United Kingdom; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bess Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Endel J Orav
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Blauth
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Center for Muscle and Bone Research, Department of Radiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Theiler
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University Hospital Zurich, City HospitalWaid & Triemli and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Geriatric Medicine and Aging Research, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Egli
- Center on Aging and Mobility, University Hospital Zurich, City HospitalWaid & Triemli and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Butera KA, Roff SR, Buford TW, Cruz-Almeida Y. The impact of multisite pain on functional outcomes in older adults: biopsychosocial considerations. J Pain Res 2019; 12:1115-1125. [PMID: 30992680 PMCID: PMC6445225 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s192755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisite pain, or pain that occurs simultaneously at >1 anatomical site, is more prevalent than single-site pain. While multisite pain affects over half of older adults, it remains an understudied pain entity that may have important functional implications in an aging population. Greater understanding of this complex pain entity from a biopsychosocial perspective is critical for optimizing clinical and functional outcomes in older adults with pain. Therefore, the primary purpose of this review is to summarize the relationship between multisite pain and functional outcomes in older adults to further elucidate the impact of multisite pain as a distinct entity within this population. A comprehensive literature search revealed 17 peer-reviewed articles. Multisite pain in older individuals is associated with reductions in several physical function domains: 1) lower-extremity mobility; 2) upper-extremity impairments; 3) balance and increased fall risk; and 4) general disability and poor physical function. Further, multisite pain in older individuals is associated with psychological dysfunction (eg, anxiety and depressive symptoms) and social factors (eg, income and education). Overall, this review highlights the scant literature investigating the functional implications of multisite pain in an aging population. Further, while multisite pain appears to have functional consequences, the neurobiological mechanisms contributing to this relationship are unknown. Thus, how this pain characteristic may contribute to the variability in pain-related functional outcomes among older adults is not clear. Future investigations are strongly warranted to advance the understanding of multisite pain and its broad impact on physical and psychosocial function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Butera
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shannon R Roff
- Charles River Laboratories Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Pain Research & Intervention Center of Excellence, Center for Cognitive Aging & Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,
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Mehmet H, Yang AWH, Robinson SR. What is the optimal chair stand test protocol for older adults? A systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:2828-2835. [PMID: 30907166 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1575922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the chair stand test protocol that is most suitable for older adults in clinical settings by reviewing the currently available methods.Methods: Five electronic English databases were searched and details of methods used on individuals aged ≥65 years in the included studies were compared, including the instrument used to record time, units of measurement, chair characteristics (seat height, armrests), footwear, permission to use upper extremities and walking aids, pace of performance, total number of chair stands, timing points, total number of recorded and practice tests.Results: A total of 23 eligible studies were identified. The type of instrument to record performance time, characteristics of the chair and footwear were not frequently mentioned. A majority of studies did not permit the use of the upper extremities or walking aids during assessment. The performance of five chair stands at a fast pace recorded in seconds was most common, with the majority of studies recording the initial and end time point in a seated position. The total number of performed tests and practice tests was not specified in a majority of studies.Conclusion: A feasible and safe protocol for the chair stand test is proposed for assessment of older adults.Implications for RehabilitationThe chair stand test may provide valuable information on declines in mobility in older adults.The use of the chair stand test within clinical settings of older adults may provide a measure to identify frail individuals and to determine their level of frailty.Using the proposed protocol for the chair stand test may allow for the comparability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Mehmet
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angela W H Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen R Robinson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gait speed is an important measure of functional ability and has been widely used in older adults as an indicator of frailty. However, the diversity in measurement protocols in clinical settings creates variability in outcome measures. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature relating to the measurement of gait speed in older adults, to propose a protocol suitable for use in clinical and community settings. METHODS A total of 5 electronic English databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus) using key words and synonyms related to gait speed. RESULTS Fifty relevant articles were identified, with variability being found between studies in the essential elements (timing device, walking distance, timing points, use of walking aids, pace of performance, and total tests recorded) of gait measurement. The majority of studies used unspecified timing devices while others used electronic gait mats or infrared beams linked to electronic stopwatches. Walking distance was assessed over distances between 2.4 and 15 m, with 4 m most commonly used. Most studies permitted the use of walking aids, with assessments being repeated at a usual pace, and the maximum value recorded in meters per second. CONCLUSION A standardized measurement protocol is proposed for measuring gait speed in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanife Mehmet
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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Heymann RE, Paiva ES, Martinez JE, Helfenstein M, Rezende MC, Provenza JR, Ranzolin A, Assis MRD, Feldman DP, Ribeiro LS, Souza EJR. New guidelines for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017; 57 Suppl 2:467-476. [PMID: 28800969 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish guidelines based on scientific evidence for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Evidence collection was performed based on 9 questions regarding the diagnosis of fibromyalgia, structured using the Patient, Intervention or Indicator, Comparison and Outcome (P.I.C.O.), with searches in the main, primary databases of scientific information. After defining the potential studies to support the recommendations, they were graded according to evidence and degree of recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Heymann
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo S Paiva
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Martinez
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Helfenstein
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Rezende
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Santa Casa de Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Jose Roberto Provenza
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Ranzolin
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Renato de Assis
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Marília, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Feldman
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Severiano Ribeiro
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Hospital do Servidor Público de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J R Souza
- Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, Brazil; Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The Vicious Cycle of Chronic Pain in Aging Requires Multidisciplinary Non-pharmacological Approach to Treatment. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Heymann RE, Paiva ES, Martinez JE, Helfenstein M, Rezende MC, Provenza JR, Ranzolin A, Assis MRD, Feldman DP, Ribeiro LS, Souza EJ. Novas diretrizes para o diagnóstico da fibromialgia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Somatic Awareness and Tender Points in a Community Sample. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2016; 17:1281-1290. [PMID: 27589911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Somatic awareness (SA) refers to heightened sensitivity to a variety of physical sensations and symptoms. Few attempts have been made to dissociate the relationship of SA and affective symptoms with pain outcomes. We used a validated measure of mood and anxiety symptoms that includes questions related to SA to predict the number of tender points found on physical examination in a large cross-sectional community sample (the Midlife in the United States [MIDUS] Biomarker study). General distress, positive affect, and SA, which were all significantly associated with tender point number in bivariate analyses, were used as predictors of the number of tender points in a multivariate negative binomial regression model. In this model a greater number of tender points was associated with higher levels of SA (P = .02) but not general distress (P = .13) or positive affect (P = .50). Follow-up mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between general distress and tender points was partially mediated by levels of SA. Our primary finding was that SA is strongly related to the number of tender points in a community sample. Mechanisms linking SA to the spatial distribution of pain sensitivity should be investigated further. PERSPECTIVE This article presents an analysis of 3 overlapping psychological constructs and their relationship to widespread pain sensitivity on palpation. The findings suggest that SA is most strongly related to the spatial distribution of pain sensitivity and that further assessing it may improve our understanding of the relationship between psychological factors and pain.
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Lyle S, Williamson E, Darton F, Griffiths F, Lamb SE. A qualitative study of older people's experience of living with neurogenic claudication to inform the development of a physiotherapy intervention. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 39:1009-1017. [PMID: 27216498 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1177611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore older people's experiences of living with neurogenic claudication (NC), their preferences for physiotherapy treatment provision and associated outcomes in order to inform an intervention to be tested in a clinical trial. METHOD Patients with a diagnosis of NC and/or lumbar spinal stenosis were recruited through a UK NHS tertiary care center. Semi-structured interviews and self-report questionnaires were used to obtain data. A thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS 15 participants were recruited; half were classed as frail older adults. Pain and the threat of pain was a prominent feature of participants' experience of NC. This led to a loss of engagement in meaningful activities and sense of self. Discourses of ageing influenced experiences as well as treatment preferences, particularly the acceptability of walking aids. A combination of one-to-one and group setting for treatment was preferred. Outcome preferences related to re-engagement in meaningful activities and pain reduction. Limitations relate to generalisability of the findings for NC patients not under physiotherapy treatment. CONCLUSION We have obtained important findings about older people's experiences of living with NC and preferences for physiotherapy treatment and outcomes. These will be incorporated into an evidence-based intervention and evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Implications for rehabilitation Older people living with NC want to get back to meaningful activities and learn how to live with the threat of pain. Allied health professionals (AHPs) should be sensitive to the complex and ambiguous ways in which older people live with ageing and age-related decline. AHPs are in a position to support patients' successful transition to the use of walking aids thereby reducing stigmatizing effects and increasing activity. AHPs should consider a mixture of one-to-one and group classes to enable rehabilitation for older NC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lyle
- a Center for Rehabilitation Research in Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics , Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Esther Williamson
- a Center for Rehabilitation Research in Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics , Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Frances Darton
- a Center for Rehabilitation Research in Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics , Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Frances Griffiths
- c Division of Health Sciences , Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
| | - Sarah E Lamb
- a Center for Rehabilitation Research in Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics , Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.,b Department of Rehabilitation , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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Krebs EE, Paudel M, Taylor BC, Bauer DC, Fink HA, Lane NE, Ensrud KE. Association of Opioids with Falls, Fractures, and Physical Performance among Older Men with Persistent Musculoskeletal Pain. J Gen Intern Med 2016; 31:463-9. [PMID: 26754689 PMCID: PMC4835377 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although older adults are disproportionately affected by painful musculoskeletal conditions and receive more opioid analgesics than persons in other age groups, insufficient evidence is available regarding opioid harms in this age group. OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal relationships between opioid use and falls, clinical fractures, and changes in physical performance. We hypothesized that opioid use would be associated with greater risks of falling and incident clinical fractures and greater declines in physical performance. DESIGN We analyzed data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), a large prospective longitudinal cohort study. Participants completed baseline visits from 2000 to 2002 and were followed for 9.1 (SD 4.0) years. PARTICIPANTS MrOS enrolled 5994 community-dwelling men ≥ 65 years of age. The present study included 2902 participants with back, hip, or knee pain most or all of the time at baseline. MAIN MEASURES The exposure of interest was opioid use, defined at each visit as participant-reported daily or near-daily use of any opioid-containing analgesic. Among patients, 309 (13.4 %) reported opioid use at one or more visits. Participants were queried every 4 months about falls and fractures. Physical performance scores were derived from tests of grip strength, chair stands, gait speed, and dynamic balance. KEY RESULTS In the main analysis, the adjusted risk of falling did not differ significantly between opioid use and non-use groups (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.99, 1.24). Similarly, adjusted rates of incident clinical fracture did not differ between groups (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.94, 1.36). Physical performance was worse at baseline for the opioid use group, but annualized change in physical performance scores did not differ between groups (-0.022, 95% CI -0.138, 0.093). CONCLUSIONS Additional research is needed to determine whether opioid use is a marker of risk or a cause of falls, fractures, and progressive impairment among older adults with persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Krebs
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Misti Paudel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brent C Taylor
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Howard A Fink
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Brown D, Mulvey M, Cordingley L, Rashid A, Horan M, Pendleton N, Duncan R, McBeth J. The relationship between psychological distress and multiple tender points across the adult lifespan. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 63:102-7. [PMID: 26607869 PMCID: PMC4746316 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Greater psychological distress is associated with higher tender point count. Age does not change the relationship once co-morbidities are accounted for. Poor sleep quality is associated with high tender point count. Female sex is also associated with high tender point count.
Multiple tender points are common in the population and, in studies of mid-life adults, are strongly associated with high levels of psychological distress. Whether this relationship occurs in older adults is unclear. This cross-sectional study investigated whether high levels of psychological distress would be associated with a high tender point count and whether the relationship would be moderated by age. Three thousand three hundred and seventy-nine individuals were mailed a questionnaire which included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A random sample of approximately 10% of subjects who returned the questionnaire undertook a physical assessment, including a manual tender point count assessment. A total of 2385 (71%) subjects completed the questionnaire, of whom 798 (33%) were invited to take part in the physical assessment and 290 (12%) participated. Of the 290 participants the median age was 64 years (range 34–97) and 63% were female. The median HAD score was 9 (IQR 5–14) and the median number of tender points was 3 (range 0–7). Increasing HAD score was positively and significantly associated with tender point count, but this relationship was not moderated by age. In a final multivariable model, sex, HAD score and PSQI score were independent predictors of multiple tender points. Psychological distress was associated with multiple tender points independent of age. Psychological distress and trouble sleeping were important, potentially modifiable factors associated with the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Brown
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Matthew Mulvey
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Lis Cordingley
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Amir Rashid
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Rosie Duncan
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
| | - John McBeth
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, UK
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Advancing the screening of fibromyalgia in late-life depression: practical implications for psychiatric settings. Int Psychogeriatr 2015; 27:1513-21. [PMID: 25907254 PMCID: PMC4521974 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610215000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibromyalgia (FM) is common in older adults suffering from mood disorders. However, clinical diagnosis of FM is challenging, particularly in psychiatric settings. We examined the prevalence of FM and the sensitivity of three simple screeners for FM. METHODS Using cross-sectional data, we evaluated three tests against the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 Criteria for the Classification of FM: a "Do you often feel like you hurt all over?" question, a pain map score, and the Pope and Hudson (PH) interview for FM. Participants were 185 community-dwelling adults ≥ 60 years old with comorbid depression and chronic low back pain evaluated at a late-life mental health clinic. RESULTS Fifty three of 185 participants (29%) met the ACR 1990 FM criteria. Compared to those without FM, the FM group had more "yes" answers to the "hurt all over?" question and higher pain map scores. To reach a sensitivity of at least 0.90, the cut-off score for the pain map was 8. The sensitivity of the pain map, "hurt all over?" question, and PH criteria were 0.92 [95%CI 0.82-0.98], 0.91 [95%CI 0.79-0.97], and 0.94 [95%CI 0.843-0.99] respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nearly one in three older adults suffering from depression and chronic low back pain met ACR 1990 FM criteria. Three short screening tests showed high sensitivity when compared to the ACR 1990 FM criteria. Implementation of one of the simple screeners for FM in geriatric psychiatry settings may guide the need for further diagnostic evaluation.
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Miró J, Gertz KJ, Carter GT, Jensen MP. Pain Location and Functioning in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. PM R 2014; 6:690-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rej S, Dew MA, Karp JF. Treating concurrent chronic low back pain and depression with low-dose venlafaxine: an initial identification of "easy-to-use" clinical predictors of early response. PAIN MEDICINE 2014; 15:1154-62. [PMID: 25040462 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression and chronic low back pain (CLBP) are both frequent and commonly comorbid in older adults seeking primary care. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine may be effective in treating comorbid depression and CLBP. For patients with comorbid depression and CLBP, our goal was to identify "easy-to-use" early clinical variables associated with response to 6 weeks of low-dose venlafaxine pharmacotherapy that could be used to construct a clinically useful predictive model in future studies. METHODS We report data from the first 140 patients completing phase 1 of the Addressing Depression and Pain Together clinical trial. Patients aged ≥60 with concurrent depression and CLBP received 6 weeks of open-label venlafaxine 150 mg/day and supportive management. Using univariate and multivariate methods, we examined a variety of clinical predictors and their association with response to both depression and CLBP; change in depression; and change in pain scores at 6 weeks. RESULTS About 26.4% of patients responded for both depression and pain with venlafaxine. Early improvement in pain at 2 weeks predicted improved response rates (P = 0.027). Similarly, positive changes in depression and pain at 2 weeks independently predicted continued improvement at 6 weeks in depression and pain, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS An important minority of patients benefitted from 6 weeks of venlafaxine 150 mg/day. Early improvement in depression and pain at 2 weeks may predict continued improvement at week 6. Future studies must examine whether patients who have a poor initial response may benefit from increasing the SNRI dose, switching, or augmenting with other treatments after 2 weeks of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Rej
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Eggermont LHP, Leveille SG, Shi L, Kiely DK, Shmerling RH, Jones RN, Guralnik JM, Bean JF. Pain characteristics associated with the onset of disability in older adults: the maintenance of balance, independent living, intellect, and zest in the Elderly Boston Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:1007-16. [PMID: 24823985 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of chronic pain on the development of disability and decline in physical performance over time in older adults. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study with 18 months of follow-up. SETTING Urban and suburban communities. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older (N = 634). MEASUREMENTS Chronic pain assessment consisted of musculoskeletal pain locations and pain severity and pain interference according to the subscales of the Brief Pain Inventory. Disability was self-reported as any difficulty in mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs, IADLs). Mobility performance was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Relationships between baseline pain and incident disability in 18 months were determined using risk ratios (RRs) from multivariable Poisson regression models. RESULTS Almost 65% of participants reported chronic musculoskeletal pain at baseline. New onset of mobility difficulty at 18 months was strongly associated with baseline pain distribution: 7% (no sites), 18% (1 site), 24% (multisite), and 39% (widespread pain, P-value for trend < .001). Similar graded effects were found for other disability measures. Elderly adults with multisite or widespread pain had at a risk of onset of mobility difficulty at least three times as great as that of their peers without pain after adjusting for disability risk factors (multisite pain: risk ratio (RR) = 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.58-5.50; widespread pain: RR = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.71-7.48). Widespread pain contributed to decline in mobility performance (1-point decline in SPPB, RR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.08-2.01). Similar associations were found for baseline pain interference predicting subsequent mobility decline and ADL and IADL disability. Weaker and less-consistent associations were observed with pain severity. CONCLUSION Older community-dwelling adults living with chronic pain in multiple musculoskeletal locations have a substantially greater risk for developing disability over time and for clinically meaningful decline in mobility performance than those without pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H P Eggermont
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Silva C, Coleta I, Silva AG, Amaro A, Alvarelhao J, Queiros A, Rocha N. Adaptacao e validacao do WHODAS 2.0 em utentes com dor musculoesqueletica. Rev Saude Publica 2013; 47:752-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO Validar a versão em português do World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0). MÉTODOS A versão original de 36 itens do WHODAS 2.0, administrada por entrevista, foi traduzida para o português de acordo com orientações internacionais e testada em nove participantes da população em geral. A versão em português foi administrada em 204 pacientes com patologia musculoesquelética. Foram coletados os dados sociodemográficos e de saúde dos pacientes, assim como o número de locais onde apresentavam dor e sua intensidade. O WHODAS 2.0 foi novamente administrado por um segundo entrevistador, um a três dias após a primeira entrevista, para avaliar a confiabilidade interavaliadores. A validade de constructo foi avaliada quanto a: capacidade do WHODAS 2.0 para diferenciar participantes com diferentes locais com dor e associação entre o WHODAS 2.0 e a intensidade da dor. A consistência interna também foi avaliada. RESULTADOS A versão portuguesa do WHODAS 2.0 teve fácil compreensão, apresentou boa consistência interna (α = 0,84) e confiabilidade interavaliadores (CCI = 0,95). Mostrou ser capaz de detectar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre indivíduos com diferente número de locais com dor (p < 0,01) e indicar que maior incapacidade está associada à maior intensidade da dor (r = 0,44, p < 0,01), indicando validade de constructo. CONCLUSÕES A versão portuguesa do WHODAS 2.0 mostrou-se confiável e válida quando utilizada em pacientes com dor associada à patologia musculoesquelética.
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Lihavainen K, Sipilä S, Rantanen T, Kauppinen M, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Effects of comprehensive geriatric assessment and targeted intervention on mobility in persons aged 75 years and over: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2011; 26:314-26. [PMID: 22007041 DOI: 10.1177/0269215511423269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a comprehensive geriatric assessment and individually tailored intervention on mobility in older people. In addition, the effectiveness of the geriatric intervention was evaluated among a subgroup of persons with musculoskeletal pain. DESIGN Three-year geriatric development project with randomized assignment to intervention and control group. SETTING Research centre, community and assisted living facilities. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred and eighty-one Finnish persons aged 75-98 years were assigned to an intervention (n = 404) or control (n = 377) group. INTERVENTION A comprehensive geriatric assessment with a multifactorial intervention lasting two years. The intervention included individualized referrals, recommendations, physical activity counselling and supervised resistance training. MEASUREMENTS Perceived limitation in walking 400m was gathered annually during the intervention and at the one-year post-intervention follow-up. RESULTS The proportion of persons with mobility limitation at the beginning, at the two-year intervention and at the one-year post-intervention follow-up was 16%, 15%, 12% and 14%, respectively, in the intervention group. In the control group, the corresponding proportions were 19%, 18%, 23% and 26%. The treatment effect was significant at the end of the two-year intervention (odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.70-0.96, P = 0.013), and at the one-year post-intervention follow-up (0.84, 0.75-0.94, P = 0.002). The parallel positive effect of the intervention on mobility was even greater among persons with musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSION The comprehensive geriatric assessment and individually tailored multifactorial intervention had a positive effect on mobility, underlining their importance in health promotion and disability prevention in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Lihavainen
- Gerontology Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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21
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Jones KD, King LA, Mist SD, Bennett RM, Horak FB. Postural control deficits in people with fibromyalgia: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R127. [PMID: 21810264 PMCID: PMC3239367 DOI: 10.1186/ar3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postural instability and falls are increasingly recognized problems in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The purpose of this study was to determine whether FM patients, compared to age-matched healthy controls (HCs), have differences in dynamic posturography, including sensory, motor, and limits of stability. We further sought to determine whether postural instability is associated with strength, proprioception and lower-extremity myofascial trigger points (MTPs); FM symptoms and physical function; dyscognition; balance confidence; and medication use. Last, we evaluated self-reported of falls over the past six months. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we compared middle-aged FM patients and age-matched HCs who underwent computerized dynamic posturography testing and completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised (FIQR) and balance and fall questionnaires. All subjects underwent a neurological and musculoskeletal examination. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample and explore the relationships between variables. The relationships between subjective, clinical and objective variables were evaluated by correlation and regression analyses. Results Twenty-five FM patients and twenty-seven HCs (combined mean age ± standard deviation (SD): 48.6 ± 9.7 years) completed testing. FM patients scored statistically lower on composite sensory organization tests (primary outcome; P < 0.010), as well as with regard to vestibular, visual and somatosensory ratio scores on dynamic posturography. Balance confidence was significantly different between groups, with FM patients reporting less confidence than HCs (mean ± SD: 81.24 ± 19.52 vs. 98.52 ± 2.45; P < 0.001). Interestingly, 76% to 84% of FM patients had gastrocnemius and/or anterior tibialis MTPs. Postural stability was best predicted by dyscognition, FIQR score and body mass index. Regarding falls, 3 (11%) of 27 HCs had fallen only once during the past 6 months, whereas 18 (72%) of 25 FM patients had fallen at least once. Fifteen FM patients (60%) reported falling at least three times in the past six months. Conclusions In this study, we report that middle-aged FM patients have consistent objective sensory deficits on dynamic posturography, despite having a normal clinical neurological examination. Further study is needed to determine prospective fall rates and the significance of lower-extremity MTPs. The development of interventions to improve balance and reduce falls in FM patients may need to combine balance training with exercise and cognitive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim D Jones
- Fibromyalgia Research Unit, School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, 3455 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97229, USA.
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