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Bergkamp DJ, Neumaier JF. How omics is revealing new roles for glia in addiction. Glia 2024. [PMID: 38894643 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Experiments to study the biology of addiction have historically focused on the mechanisms through which drugs of abuse drive changes in the functioning of neurons and neural circuits. Glia have often been ignored in these studies, however, and this has left many questions in the field unanswered, particularly, surrounding how glia contribute to changes in synaptic plasticity, regulation of neuroinflammation, and functioning of neural ensembles given massive changes in signaling across the CNS. Omics methods (transcriptomics, translatomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and others) have expanded researchers' abilities to generate hypotheses and carry out mechanistic studies of glial cells during acquisition of drug taking, intoxication, withdrawal, and relapse to drug seeking. Here, we present a survey of how omics technological advances are revising our understanding of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells in addiction biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bergkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John F Neumaier
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- VISN 20 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Luo Q, Luo J, Wang X, Gan S. Restoration of the Activity of the Prefrontal Cortex to the Nucleus Accumbens Core Pathway Relieves Fentanyl-Induced Hyperalgesia in Male Rats. J Pain Res 2024; 17:1243-1256. [PMID: 38524691 PMCID: PMC10961020 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s442765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Functional connectivity between the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex (PL-mPFC) and the core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc core) predicts pain chronification. Inhibiting the apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the PL-mPFC prevents fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia in rats. However, the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-NAc projections in opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) remains unclear. Herein, we explored the role of the PL-NAc core circuit in fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia. Methods An OIH rat model was established, and patch-clamp recording, immunofluorescence, optogenetics, and chemogenetic methods were employed for neuron excitability detection and nociceptive behavioral assessment. Results Our results showed decreased activity of the right PL-mPFC layer V output neurons in rats with OIH. Similarly, the excitability of the NAc core neurons receiving glutamatergic projections from the PL-mPFC decreased in OIH rats, observed by the light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents/light-excited inhibitory postsynaptic currents ratio (eEPSC/eIPSC ratio). Fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia was reversed by optogenetic activation of the PL-NAc core pathway, and chemogenetic suppression of this pathway induced hyperalgesia in control (saline-treated) rats. However, behavioral hyperalgesia was not aggravated by this chemogenetic suppression in OIH (fentanyl-treated) rats. Conclusion Our findings indicate that inactivation of the PL-NAc core pathway may be a cause of OIH and restoring the activity of this pathway may provide a strategy for OIH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sifei Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Cui LL, Wang XX, Liu H, Luo F, Li CH. Projections from infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex glutamatergic outputs to amygdala mediates opioid induced hyperalgesia in male rats. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241226960. [PMID: 38172075 PMCID: PMC10851759 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241226960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Repeated use of opioid analgesics may cause a paradoxically exacerbated pain known as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which hinders effective clinical intervention for severe pain. Currently, little is known about the neural circuits underlying OIH modulation. Previous studies suggest that laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of amygdala (CeLC) is critically involved in the regulation of OIH. Our purpose is to clarify the role of the projections from infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex (IL) to CeLC in OIH. We first produced an OIH model by repeated fentanyl subcutaneous injection in male rats. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that c-Fos-positive neurons were significantly increased in the right CeLC in OIH rats than the saline controls. Then, we used calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) labeling and the patch-clamp recordings with ex vivo optogenetics to detect the functional projections from glutamate pyramidal neurons in IL to the CeLC. The synaptic transmission from IL to CeLC, shown in the excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) and paired-pulse ratio (PPR), was observably enhanced after fentanyl administration. Moreover, optogenetic activation of this IL-CeLC pathway decreased c-Fos expression in CeLC and ameliorated mechanical and thermal pain in OIH. On the contrary, silencing this pathway by chemogenetics exacerbated OIH by activating the CeLC. Combined with the electrophysiology results, the enhanced synaptic transmission from IL to CeLC might be a cortical gain of IL to relieve OIH rather than a reason for OIH generation. Scaling up IL outputs to CeLC may be an effective neuromodulation strategy to treat OIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- The Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen-Hong Li
- The Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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Neugebauer V, Presto P, Yakhnitsa V, Antenucci N, Mendoza B, Ji G. Pain-related cortico-limbic plasticity and opioid signaling. Neuropharmacology 2023; 231:109510. [PMID: 36944393 PMCID: PMC10585936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity in cortico-limbic circuits has been implicated in pain persistence and pain modulation in clinical and preclinical studies. The amygdala has emerged as a key player in the emotional-affective dimension of pain and pain modulation. Reciprocal interactions with medial prefrontal cortical regions undergo changes in pain conditions. Other limbic and paralimbic regions have been implicated in pain modulation as well. The cortico-limbic system is rich in opioids and opioid receptors. Preclinical evidence for their pain modulatory effects in different regions of this highly interactive system, potentially opposing functions of different opioid receptors, and knowledge gaps will be described here. There is little information about cell type- and circuit-specific functions of opioid receptor subtypes related to pain processing and pain-related plasticity in the cortico-limbic system. The important role of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala in MOR-dependent analgesia is most well-established, and MOR actions in the mesolimbic system appear to be similar but remain to be determined in mPFC regions other than ACC. Evidence also suggests that KOR signaling generally serves opposing functions whereas DOR signaling in the ACC has similar, if not synergistic effects, to MOR. A unifying picture of pain-related neuronal mechanisms of opioid signaling in different elements of the cortico-limbic circuitry has yet to emerge. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Opioid-induced changes in addiction and pain circuits".
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Peyton Presto
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vadim Yakhnitsa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nico Antenucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brianna Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Long Y, Wang H, Ma Z, Li Y, Ma Z, Yu P, Tang X, Liu R. Combined Epimedii Folium and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus with dexamethasone alleviate the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells by regulating apoptosis/autophagy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116547. [PMID: 37178983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory believes kidney deficiency is the root cause of chronic refractory asthma with pathological changes of airway remodeling. Our previous experiments confirmed that the combination of Epimedii Folium and Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (ELL) with the effect of nourishing Yin and Yang of the kidney could improve the pathological changes of airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This research was designed to reveal the synergy of ELL and dexamethasone (Dex) in the proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cultures of ASMCs from rats were prepared and induced with histamine (Hist), Z-DEVD-FMK (ZDF), rapamycin (Rap), or 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) at generation 3-7 for 24 or 48 h. Subsequently, the cells were treated with Dex, ELL, and ELL&Dex for 24 or 48 h. The effect of various concentrations of inducers and drugs on cell viability was detected by Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell proliferation was tested using immunocytochemistry (ICC) by detecting Ki67 protein, cell apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay and Hoechst nuclear staining, cell ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence (IF), western blot (WB) combined with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used for measuring autophagy and apoptosis-related genes including protein 53 (P53), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase (Caspase)-3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p-mTOR. RESULTS In ASMCs, Hist and ZDF promoted cell proliferation, significantly decreased Caspase-3 protein expression, and up-regulated Beclin-1 levels; Dex alone and in combination with ELL promoted Beclin-1, Caspase-3, and P53 expression, enhancing autophagy activity and apoptosis in Hist and ZDF-induced AMSCs. In contrast, Rap inhibited cell viability, increased Caspase-3, P53, Beclin-1, and LC3-II/I and decreased the levels of mTOR and p-mTOR with promoting apoptosis and autophagy; ELL or ELL&Dex reduced P53, Beclin-1, and LC3-II/I to down-regulate apoptosis and the excessive autophagic state of ASMCs induced by Rap. In the 3-MA model, cell viability and autophagy were reduced; ELL&Dex significantly upgraded the expression of Beclin-1, P53, and Caspase-3 and promoted apoptosis and autophagy of ASMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ELL combined with Dex may regulate the proliferation of ASMCs by promoting apoptosis and autophagy and be a potential medicine for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zitong Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yuman Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zaina Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiufeng Tang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Renhui Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Wang X, Gan S, Zhang Z, Zhu P, Li CH, Luo F. HCN-Channel-Dependent Hyperexcitability of the Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in IL-mPFC Contributes to Fentanyl-Induced Hyperalgesia in Male Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2553-2571. [PMID: 36689134 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are often first-line analgesics in pain therapy. However, prolonged use of opioids causes paradoxical pain, termed "opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH)." The infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex (IL-mPFC) has been suggested to be critical in inflammatory and neuropathic pain processing through its dynamic output from layer V pyramidal neurons. Whether OIH condition induces excitability changes of these output neurons and what mechanisms underlie these changes remains elusive. Here, with combination of patch-clamp recording, immunohistochemistry, as well as optogenetics, we revealed that IL-mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons exhibited hyperexcitability together with higher input resistance. In line with this, optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of these neurons aggravates behavioral hyperalgesia in male OIH rats. Inhibition of these neurons alleviates hyperalgesia in male OIH rats but exerts an opposite effect in male control rats. Electrophysiological analysis of hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) demonstrated that decreased Ih is a prerequisite for the hyperexcitability of IL-mPFC output neurons. This decreased Ih was accompanied by a decrease in HCN1, but not HCN2, immunolabeling, in these neurons. In contrast, the application of HCN channel blocker increased the hyperalgesia threshold of male OIH rats. Consequently, we identified an HCN-channel-dependent hyperexcitability of IL-mPFC output neurons, which governs the development and maintenance of OIH in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sifei Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zeru Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Hong Li
- The Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Dai W, Huang S, Luo Y, Cheng X, Xia P, Yang M, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Lin WJ, Ye X. Sex-Specific Transcriptomic Signatures in Brain Regions Critical for Neuropathic Pain-Induced Depression. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:886916. [PMID: 35663269 PMCID: PMC9159910 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.886916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a chronic debilitating condition with a high comorbidity with depression. Clinical reports and animal studies have suggested that both the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are critically implicated in regulating the affective symptoms of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain induces differential long-term structural, functional, and biochemical changes in both regions, which are thought to be regulated by multiple waves of gene transcription. However, the differences in the transcriptomic profiles changed by neuropathic pain between these regions are largely unknown. Furthermore, women are more susceptible to pain and depression than men. The molecular mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism remain to be explored. Here, we performed RNA sequencing and analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of the mPFC and ACC of female and male mice at 2 weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI), an early time point when the mice began to show mild depressive symptoms. Our results showed that the SNI-induced transcriptomic changes in female and male mice were largely distinct. Interestingly, the female mice exhibited more robust transcriptomic changes in the ACC than male, whereas the opposite pattern occurred in the mPFC. Cell type enrichment analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes involved genes enriched in neurons, various types of glia and endothelial cells. We further performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), which revealed significant de-enrichment of myelin sheath development in both female and male mPFC after SNI. In the female ACC, gene sets for synaptic organization were enriched, and gene sets for extracellular matrix were de-enriched after SNI, while such signatures were absent in male ACC. Collectively, these findings revealed region-specific and sexual dimorphism at the transcriptional levels induced by neuropathic pain, and provided novel therapeutic targets for chronic pain and its associated affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Dai
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Huang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xia
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqian Yang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panwu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojing Ye,
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Wei-Jye Lin,
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