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Belland K, Garcia D, DeJohn C, Allen GR, Mills WD, Glaudel SP. Safety and Effectiveness Assessment of Ultraviolet-C Disinfection in Aircraft Cabins. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2024; 95:147-157. [PMID: 38356125 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6350.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Aircraft cabins, susceptible to disease transmission, require effective strategies to minimize the spread of airborne diseases. This paper reviews the James Reason Swiss Cheese Theory in mitigating these risks, as implemented by the International Civil Aviation Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also evaluates the use of airborne ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light as an additional protective measure.METHODS: Our approach involved a thorough literature review by experts and a detailed risk-vs.-benefit analysis. The review covered existing research to understand the scientific foundation, while the analysis used established techniques to assess the impact of influenza and COVID-19 in terms of infections, deaths, and economic costs.RESULTS: Integrating UV-C light in aircraft cabins, when applied with appropriate scientific understanding and engineering safeguards, has the potential to reduce in-flight disease transmission. This additional mitigation strategy can work synergistically with existing measures.DISCUSSION: The research and risk-vs.-benefit analysis present strong evidence for the safety and effectiveness of continuous UV-C disinfection in aircraft cabins. It suggests that UV-C light, maintained below exposure limits, can be a valuable addition to existing measures against disease transmission during flights.Belland K, Garcia D, DeJohn C, Allen GR, Mills WD, Glaudel SP. Safety and effectiveness assessment of ultraviolet-C disinfection in aircraft cabins. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024; 95(3):147-157.
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Adams Z, Bechlivanidis C, Osman M, O'Hagan J, Naldzhiev D. Self-reported Side-effects of Ultraviolet-C Disinfection Devices. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1299-1309. [PMID: 36533869 DOI: 10.1111/php.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic increased sales of portable UV-C devices as a means of inactivating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Research suggests that excessive UV-C exposure to the eyes and skin can lead to side-effects, primarily photokeratitis and erythema, but these findings are limited to case studies. This study explores self-reported side-effects of UV-C devices by collating five waves of UK consumer survey data from April 2020-December 2021 (N = 26 864). 30%-46% of owners report a side-effect after using a device claiming to emit UV-C. However, detailed analysis of Wave 4 data (N = 309) highlights inconsistencies between reported and plausible side-effect(s) associated with skin or eye exposure from UV-C devices. Alternative explanations are considered, namely that the reported side-effect(s) were psychosomatic or misattributed to direct exposure of UV-C radiation. Data regarding awareness of warnings about device side-effect(s) supports the misattribution explanation. For risk assessment purposes, limited reliable information about specific irritation or injury to the eye and skin was found from self-reporting surveys. To optimize future data collection, we recommend addressing recall errors by: reducing the period under investigation, supplementing responses with empirical measures, and incentivizing respondents to provide accurate information about the make and model of the UV-C device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Adams
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Dzhordzhio Naldzhiev
- Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Office for Product Safety and Standards, London, UK
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Fujimoto N, Nagaoka K, Tatsuno I, Oishi H, Tomita M, Hasegawa T, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto T. Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet light inactivation for SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9706. [PMID: 37322228 PMCID: PMC10272214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation offers an effective and convenient method for the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, UV irradiation causes protein and/or DNA damage; therefore, further insight into the performance of different UV wavelengths and their applications is needed to reduce risks to the human body. In this paper, we determined the efficacy of UV inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.2 and BA.5 variants in a liquid suspension at various UV wavelengths by the 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) method and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. The inactivation efficacy of 220 nm light, which is considered safe for the human body, was approximately the same as that of health hazardous 260 nm light for both BA.2 and BA.5. Based on the inactivation rate constants determined by the TCID50 and qPCR methods versus the UV wavelength, the action spectra were determined, and BA.2 and BA.5 showed almost the same spectra. This result suggests that both variants have the same UV inactivation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tomita
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tadao Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
- Graduate School of Design and Architecture, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 464-0083, Japan.
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Atari N, Mamane H, Silberbush A, Zuckerman N, Mandelboim M, Gerchman Y. Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 by UV-LED 267 nm: comparing different variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8229. [PMID: 37217554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UV irradiation is an efficient tool for the disinfection of viruses in general and coronavirus specifically. This study explores the disinfection kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 variants wild type (similar to the Wuhan strain) and three variants (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) by 267 nm UV-LED. All variants showed more than 5 logs average reduction in copy number at 5 mJ/cm2 but inconsistency was evident, especially for the Alpha variant. Increasing the dose to 7 mJ/cm2 did not increase average inactivation but did result in a dramatic decrease in the inactivation inconsistency making this dose the recommended minimum. Sequence analysis suggests that the difference between the variants is likely due to small differences in the frequency of specific UV extra-sensitive nucleotide sequence motifs although this hypothesis requires further experimental testing. In summary, the use of UV-LED with their simple electricity need (can be operated from a battery or photovoltaic panel) and geometrical flexibility could offer many advantages in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 spread, but minimal UV dose should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Atari
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Silberbush
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel
| | - Neta Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Oranim College, 3600600, Tivon, Israel.
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Tan C, Wang S, Yang H, Huang Q, Li S, Liu X, Ye H, Zhang G. Understanding the interaction of nucleotides with UVC light: an insight from quantum chemical calculation-based findings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3270-3278. [PMID: 36625732 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-wave ultraviolet (also called UVC) irradiation is a well-adopted method of viral inactivation due to its ability to damage genetic material. A fundamental problem with the UVC inactivation method is that its mechanism of action on viruses is still unknown at the molecular level. To address this problem, herein we investigate the response mechanism of genome materials to UVC light by means of quantum chemical calculations. The spectral properties of four nucleotides, namely, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, are mainly focused on. Meanwhile, the transition state and reaction rate constant of uracil molecules are also considered to demonstrate the difficulty level of adjacent nucleotide reaction without and with UVC irradiation. The results show that the peak wavelengths are 248.7 nm, 226.1 nm (252.7 nm), 248.3 nm, and 205.8 nm (249.2 nm) for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil nucleotides, respectively. Besides, the reaction rate constants of uracil molecules are 6.419 × 10-49 s-1 M-1 and 5.436 × 1011 s-1 M-1 for the ground state and excited state, respectively. Their corresponding half-life values are 1.56 × 1048 s and 1.84 × 10-12 s. This directly suggests that the molecular reaction between nucleotides is a photochemical process and the reaction without UVC irradiation almost cannot occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Tan
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands. .,Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands. .,Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Huiru Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Qianming Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Shizhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands. .,Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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Wang Z, Liang Z, Wei R, Wang H, Cheng F, Liu Y, Meng S. Quantitative determination of the electron beam radiation dose for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation to decontaminate frozen food packaging. Virol Sin 2022; 37:823-830. [PMID: 36309306 PMCID: PMC9605788 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from cold-chain foods to frontline workers poses a serious public health threat during the current global pandemic. There is an urgent need to design concise approaches for effective virus inactivation under different physicochemical conditions to reduce the risk of contagion through viral contaminated surfaces of cold-chain foods. By employing a time course of electron beam exposure to a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 at cold-chain temperatures, a radiation dose of 2 kGy was demonstrated to reduce the viral titer from 104.5 to 0 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL. Next, using human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) as a suitable SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, 3 kGy of high-energy electron radiation was defined as the inactivation dose for a titer reduction of more than 4 log units on tested packaging materials. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to test three viral genes, namely, E, N, and ORF1ab. There was a strong correlation between TCID50 and RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, RT-qPCR could not differentiate between the infectivity of the radiation-inactivated and nonirradiated control viruses. As the defined radiation dose for effective viral inactivation fell far below the upper safe dose limit for food processing, our results provide a basis for designing radiation-based approaches for the decontamination of SARS-CoV-2 in frozen food products. We further demonstrate that cell-based virus assays are essential to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation efficiency for the decontaminating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhentao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rongguo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530022, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- China Isotope and Radiaton Corporation, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Changchun CNNC CIRC Radiation Technology Co., LTD, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,Corresponding author
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Katsumata T, Hitomi A, Narita R, Nakamizo A, Shirako T, Nakano S, Hosoya S, Yamazaki M, Aizawa H. Fluorescence-enhanced Si photodiodes for ultraviolet C rays (UVC) measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:085005. [PMID: 36050076 DOI: 10.1063/5.0085868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet C rays (UVC, wavelength λ = 100-280 nm) light generated by a Hg lamp (λ = 254 nm) and UVC light-emitting diodes (LEDs, λ = 265 and 275 nm) was detected using a fluorescence-enhanced silicon photodiode (FE-PD). Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce), YAG:Pr, YAG:Eu, YAG:Tb, YAG:Cr, Al2O3:Ti, Al2O3:Cr, MgAl2O4:Ti, MgAl2O4:Cr, MgAl2O4:Mn, and commercial fluorescent acrylic resins were tested as phosphor sources to enhance the output signal intensity of the FE-PD irradiated with UVC light. The resulting output signal intensity increased linearly with the UVC light strength, which was adjusted by raising the input current of the UVC LEDs from 0 to 40 mA. The sensitivity of the fabricated UVC detectors, assessed based on the calibration curve slope, varied depending on the phosphor materials. The phosphors effectively enhanced the output signal intensity of the FE-PD, which was up to six times greater than that of the visible and near infrared Si-PD without phosphors; the stronger output signal intensity was achieved using YAG:Tb, YAG:Cr, and a red fluorescent acrylic resin. The visible light emitted by phosphors under UVC irradiation is useful for detecting UVC light by the eye when using FE-PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Katsumata
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Ami Hitomi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Narita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Akiho Nakamizo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shirako
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Sae Nakano
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Sattawat Hosoya
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Manami Yamazaki
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aizawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
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