1
|
Majid Arvand, Akram Pourhabib. Adsorptive Stripping Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples Using a Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Modified Electrode. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
2
|
Rahman H, Haque SM, Siddiqui MR. A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.
Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.
Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.
Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No. 10099, Zip Code–31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - S.K. Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No 10099, Zip Code- 31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Introduction:Schizophrenia is seizures accompanied by severe psychotic symptoms, and a steady state of continuation in the form of periods of stagnation. Antipsychotics are now the basis of treatment for schizophrenia and there is no other molecule that is antipsychotic priority in treatment. Antipsychotics can be classified into two groups; dopamine receptor antagonists such as promazine, fluphenazine etc. and serotonin-dopamine antagonists including risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole etc.Materials and Methods:Electrochemical methods have been used for the determination of antipsychotic agent just as used in the determination of many drug agents. Nearly all of the antipsychotics are electroactive and can be analyzed by electrochemical methods. Electroanalytical methods offer generally high sensitivity, are compatible with modern techniques, have low cost, low requirements, and compact design. Among the most commonly used types, there are cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry.Conclusion:The aim of this review is to evaluate the main line and the advantages and uses of electroanalytical methods that employed for the determination of antipsychotic medication agents used in schizophrenia. Moreover, applications of the methods to pharmaceutical analysis of Antipsychotics upto- date is also summarized in a table.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Karadurmus
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duru Kır
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winkler TE, Lederer SL, Kim E, Ben-Yoav H, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ghodssi R. Molecular processes in an electrochemical clozapine sensor. Biointerphases 2017; 12:02B401. [PMID: 28460529 PMCID: PMC5552401 DOI: 10.1116/1.4982709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selectivity presents a crucial challenge in direct electrochemical sensing. One example is schizophrenia treatment monitoring of the redox-active antipsychotic clozapine. To accurately assess efficacy, differentiation from its metabolite norclozapine-similar in structure and redox potential-is critical. Here, the authors leverage biomaterials integration to study, and effect changes in, diffusion and electron transfer kinetics of these compounds. Specifically, the authors employ a catechol-modified chitosan film, which the authors have previously presented as the first electrochemical detection mechanism capable of quantifying clozapine directly in clinical serum. A key finding in our present work is differing dynamics between clozapine and norclozapine once the authors interface the electrodes with chitosan-based biomaterial films. These additional dimensions of redox information can thus enable selective sensing of largely analogous small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Winkler
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Sarah L Lederer
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Eunkyoung Kim
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Hadar Ben-Yoav
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21228
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baimeeva NV, Miroshnichenko II. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Atypical Neuroleptics (Review). Pharm Chem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-016-1448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Preparation of magnetic ODS-PAN thin-films for microextraction of quetiapine and clozapine in plasma and urine samples followed by HPLC-UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Winkler TE, Ben-Yoav H, Chocron SE, Kim E, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ghodssi R. Electrochemical study of the catechol-modified chitosan system for clozapine treatment monitoring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14686-14693. [PMID: 25383917 DOI: 10.1021/la503529k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a thorough electrochemical and reliability analysis of a sensing scheme for the antipsychotic clozapine. We have previously demonstrated a novel detection approach for this redox-active drug, highly effective in schizophrenia treatment, based on a catechol-modified chitosan film. The biomaterial film enables amplification of the oxidative current generated by clozapine through redox cycling. Here, we study critical electrochemical and material aspects of the redox cycling system to overcome barriers in point-of-care monitoring in complex biological samples. Specifically, we explore the electrochemical parameter space, showing that enhanced sensing performance depends on the presence of a reducing mediator as well as the electrochemical technique applied. These factors account for up to 1.75-fold and 2.47-fold signal enhancement, respectively. Looking at potential interferents, we illustrate that the redox cycling system allows for differentiation between selected redox-active species, clozapine's structurally largely analogous metabolite norclozapine as well as the representative catecholamine dopamine. Furthermore, we investigate material stability and fouling with reuse as well as storage. We find no evidence of film fouling due to clozapine; slow overall biomaterial degradation with successive use accounts for a 2.2% absolute signal loss and can be controlled for. Storage of the redox cycling system appears feasible over weeks when kept in solution with only 0.26%/day clozapine signal degradation, while ambient air exposure of three or more days reduces performance by 58%. This study not only advances our understanding of the catechol-modified chitosan system, but also further establishes the viability of applying it toward sensing clozapine in a clinical setting. Such point-of-care monitoring will allow for broader use of clozapine by increasing convenience to patients as well as medical professionals, thus improving the lives of people affected by schizophrenia through personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Winkler
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (MSAL), Institute for Systems Research, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‡Fischell Department of Bioengineering, and §Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ben-Yoav H, Winkler TE, Kim E, Chocron SE, Kelly DL, Payne GF, Ghodssi R. Redox cycling-based amplifying electrochemical sensor for in situ clozapine antipsychotic treatment monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
10
|
Mashhadizadeh MH, Afshar E. Electrochemical investigation of clozapine at TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode and simultaneous adsorptive voltammetric determination of two antipsychotic drugs. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Arvand M, Shiraz MG. Voltammetric Determination of Clozapine in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids Using an In Situ Surfactant-Modified Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Teyeb H, Douki W, Najjar MF. Development of a method of clozapine dosage by selective electrode to the iodides. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 35:272-6. [PMID: 21939364 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.598534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine (Leponex(®)), the main neuroleptic indicated in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia, requires therapeutic monitoring because of its side effects and the individual variability in metabolism. In addition, several cases of intoxication by this drug were described in the literature. In this work, we studied the indirect dosage of clozapine by selective electrode to the iodides for the optimization of an analytical protocol allowing therapeutic monitoring and the diagnosis of intoxication and/or overdose. Our results showed that the developed method is linear between 0.05 and 12.5 µg/mL (r = 0.980), with a limit of detection of 0.645.10(-3) µg/mL. It presents good precision (coefficient of variation less than 4%) and accuracy (coefficient less than 10%) for all the studied concentrations. With a domain of linearity covering a wide margin of concentrations, this method can be applicable to the dosage of clozapine in tablets and in different biological matrices, such as plasma, urines, and postmortem samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Teyeb
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rationally designed molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of methocarbamol from human plasma. Talanta 2011; 85:1680-8. [PMID: 21807239 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high selectivity toward methocarbamol have been computationally designed and synthesized based on the general non-covalent molecular imprinting approach. A virtual library consisting of 18 functional monomers was built and possible interactions between the template and functional monomers were investigated using a semiempirical approach. The monomers with the highest binding scores were then considered for additional calculations using a more accurate quantum mechanical (QM) calculation exploiting the density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The cosmo polarizable continuum model (CPCM) was also used to simulate the polymerization solvent. On the basis of computational results, acrylic acid (AA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were found to be the best choices of functional monomer and polymerization solvent, respectively. MIPs were then synthesized by the precipitation polymerization method and used as selective adsorbents to develop a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) procedure before quantitative analysis. After MISPE the drug could be determined either by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multiwalled-carbon nanotubes (GC/MWNT), or high performance chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. A comparative study between MISPE-DPV and MISPE-HPLC-UV was performed. The MISPE-DPV was more sensitive but both techniques showed similar accuracy and precision.
Collapse
|
14
|
Electrochemical study and analytical applications for new biologically active 2-nitrophenylbenzimidazole derivatives. Talanta 2009; 79:687-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|