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Abstract
Metabolite profiling is an indispensable part of drug discovery and development, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the drug's metabolic behavior. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry facilitates metabolite profiling by reducing sample complexity and providing high sensitivity. This review discusses the in vivo metabolite profiling involving LC-MS/MS and the utilization of QTOF, QQQ mass analyzers with a particular emphasis on a mass filter. Further, a summary of sample extraction procedures in biological matrices such as plasma, urine, feces, serum and hair as in vivo samples are outlined. toward the end, we present 15 case studies in biological matrices and their LC-MS/MS conditions to understand the metabolic disposition.
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Castro-Benitez M. Isolation and characterization of chlorophylls and xanthophylls in grass by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1386671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Brabcová I, Hlaváčková M, Šatínský D, Solich P. A rapid HPLC column switching method for sample preparation and determination of β-carotene in food supplements. Food Chem 2013; 141:1433-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Hentschel P, Holtin K, Steinhauser L, Albert K. Monitoring the On-line Titration of Enantiomeric Omeprazole Employing Continuous-flow Capillary Microcoil 1
H NMR Spectroscopy. Chirality 2012; 24:1074-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hentschel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Karsten Holtin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Lisa Steinhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Klaus Albert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
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Abstract
One of the central challenges to metabolomics is metabolite identification. Regardless of whether one uses so-called 'targeted' or 'untargeted' metabolomics, eventually all paths lead to the requirement of identifying (and quantifying) certain key metabolites. Indeed, without metabolite identification, the results of any metabolomic analysis are biologically and chemically uninterpretable. Given the chemical diversity of most metabolomes and the character of most metabolomic data, metabolite identification is intrinsically difficult. Consequently a great deal of effort in metabolomics over the past decade has been focused on making metabolite identification better, faster and cheaper. This review describes some of the newly emerging techniques or technologies in metabolomics that are making metabolite identification easier and more robust. In particular, it focuses on advances in metabolite identification that have occurred over the past 2 to 3 years concerning the technologies, methodologies and software as applied to NMR, MS and separation science. The strengths and limitations of some of these approaches are discussed along with some of the important trends in metabolite identification.
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Teisseyre TZ, Urban J, Halpern-Manners NW, Chambers SD, Bajaj VS, Svec F, Pines A. Remotely Detected NMR for the Characterization of Flow and Fast Chromatographic Separations Using Organic Polymer Monoliths. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6004-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Z. Teisseyre
- Program in Bioengineering, University of California—Berkeley and University of California—San Francisco, California 94133, United States
| | - Jiri Urban
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Stuart D. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vikram S. Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Program in Bioengineering, University of California—Berkeley and University of California—San Francisco, California 94133, United States
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8
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Improved impurity fingerprinting of heparin by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1060-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Optimization of capillary liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection for determining femtogram levels of baicalin and baicalein on the basis of the FUMI theory. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:780-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kentgens APM, Bart J, van Bentum PJM, Brinkmann A, van Eck ERH, Gardeniers JGE, Janssen JWG, Knijn P, Vasa S, Verkuijlen MHW. High-resolution liquid- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of nanoliter sample volumes using microcoil detectors. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:052202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2833560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Koehn FE. High impact technologies for natural products screening. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 65:175, 177-210. [PMID: 18084916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery. However, natural products have been de-emphasized as high throughput screening resources in the recent past, in part because of difficulties in obtaining high quality natural products screening libraries, or in applying modern screening assays to these libraries. In addition, natural products programs based on screening of extract libraries, bioassay-guided isolation, structure elucidation and subsequent production scale-up are challenged to meet the rapid cycle times that are characteristic of the modern HTS approach. Fortunately, new technologies in mass spectrometry, NMR and other spectroscopic techniques can greatly facilitate the first components of the process - namely the efficient creation of high-quality natural products libraries, bimolecular target or cell-based screening, and early hit characterization. The success of any high throughput screening campaign is dependent on the quality of the chemical library. The construction and maintenance of a high quality natural products library, whether based on microbial, plant, marine or other sources is a costly endeavor. The library itself may be composed of samples that are themselves mixtures - such as crude extracts, semi-pure mixtures or single purified natural products. Each of these library designs carries with it distinctive advantages and disadvantages. Crude extract libraries have lower resource requirements for sample preparation, but high requirements for identification of the bioactive constituents. Pre-fractionated libraries can be an effective strategy to alleviate interferences encountered with crude libraries, and may shorten the time needed to identify the active principle. Purified natural product libraries require substantial resources for preparation, but offer the advantage that the hit detection process is reduced to that of synthetic single component libraries. Whether the natural products library consists of crude or partially fractionated mixtures, the library contents should be profiled to identify the known components present - a process known as dereplication. The use of mass spectrometry and HPLC-mass spectrometry together with spectral databases is a powerful tool in the chemometric profiling of bio-sources for natural product production. High throughput, high sensitivity flow NMR is an emerging tool in this area as well. Whether by cell based or biomolecular target based assays, screening of natural product extract libraries continues to furnish novel lead molecules for further drug development, despite challenges in the analysis and prioritization of natural products hits. Spectroscopic techniques are now being used to directly screen natural product and synthetic libraries. Mass spectrometry in the form of methods such as ESI-ICRFTMS, and FACS-MS as well as NMR methods such as SAR by NMR and STD-NMR have been utilized to effectively screen molecular libraries. Overall, emerging advances in mass spectrometry, NMR and other technologies are making it possible to overcome the challenges encountered in screening natural products libraries in today's drug discovery environment. As we apply these technologies and develop them even further, we can look forward to increased impact of natural products in the HTS based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank E Koehn
- Natural Products Discovery Research - Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Grynbaum MD, Meyer C, Putzbach K, Rehbein J, Albert K. Application of polymer based stationary phases in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary high performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to microcoil 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:80-6. [PMID: 17134714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased demand for chromatographic materials that are able to achieve a fast separation of large quantities of structure analogues is a great challenge. It is known that polymer based chromatographic materials have a higher loadability, compared to silica based sorbents. Unfortunately these polymer materials cannot be used under high pressure which is necessary in order to obtain high flow rates, and hence long times are needed to perform a separation. However, by immobilizing a polymer on a mechanically stable porous silica core, this problem can be circumvented and higher flows become feasible on these materials. Especially for capillary liquid chromatography hyphenated with nuclear magnetic resonance a high loadability is of great importance in order to obtain sharp, resolved, and concentrated peaks thus resulting in a good signal to noise ratio in the NMR experiment. Therefore, a highly shape selective chromatographic sorbent was developed by covalently immobilizing a poly(ethylene-co-acrylic) acid copolymer (-CH(2)CH(2)-)(x)[CH(2)CH(CO(2)H)-](y) (x=119, y=2.4) with a mass fraction of acrylic acid of 5% as stationary phase on silica via a spacer molecule (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane). First, the loadability of this sorbent compared to C(30) is demonstrated by the HPLC separation of two xanthophyll isomers. Subsequently, it has been successfully employed in the hyphenation of capillary HPLC with microcoil (1)H NMR spectroscopy by separating and identifying a highly concentrated solution of the tocopherol homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc David Grynbaum
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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15
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Lambert M, Wolfender JL, Staerk D, Christensen SB, Hostettmann K, Jaroszewski JW. Identification of natural products using HPLC-SPE combined with CapNMR. Anal Chem 2007; 79:727-35. [PMID: 17222043 DOI: 10.1021/ac0616963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two major development areas in HPLC-NMR hyphenation are postcolumn solid-phase extraction (HPLC-SPE-NMR) and capillary separations with NMR detection by means of solenoidal microcoils (CapNMR). These two techniques were combined off-line into HPLC-SPE-CapNMR, which combines the advantage of high loadability of normal-bore HPLC columns with high mass sensitivity of capillary NMR probes with an active volume of 1.5 microL. The technique was used for rapid identification of complex sesquiterpene lactones and esterified phenylpropanoids present in an essentially crude plant extract (toluene fraction of an ethanolic extract of Thapsia garganica fruits). Elution profiles of 10 x 1 mm i.d. SPE cartridges filled with poly(divinylbenzene) resin were found to be only marginally broader than those observed upon direct injection of 6-microL samples into the probe. Thus, the technique focuses analytes emerging in the HPLC elution bands of 0.5-1 mL into volumes of approximately 10 microL, compatible with the CapNMR probe. Using this technique, nine natural products (1-9) present in the plant extract in amounts varying from 0.1 to 20% were identified by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectra, supported by parallel HPLC-ESIMS measurements. Therefore, HPLC-SPE-CapNMR should be regarded as an attractive alternative to other applications of CapNMR for mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lambert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Barker SA. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Bhosale P, Serban B, Bernstein PS. Production of deuterated lutein by Chlorella protothecoides and its detection by mass spectrometric methods. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1371-5. [PMID: 16823600 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorella protothecoides, a lutein-producing microalga, was grown aerobically in a mineral medium prepared with 70% (v/v) deuterated water. HPLC/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS) analysis revealed approximately 58% replacement of hydrogen by deuterium atoms as indicated by the molecular mass cluster at around m/z 599. The rapidly growing microalga had much higher levels (58%) of deuterium substitution relative to previously reported (9-15%) natural sources of lutein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhosale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 North Medical Drive, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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