Rapid determination of clindamycin in medicine with myoglobin–luminol chemiluminescence system

Rapid and efficient colorimetric sensing of clindamycin and Fe3+ using controllable phyto-synthesized silver/silver chloride nanoparticles by Syzygium cumini fruit extract

Abstract

The first evidence of a green, single-step, and additive-free process for the fabrication of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl NPs) by fruit extract of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) without the usage of any stabilizer and halide source was provided. The formation of nanoparticles was optimized to control the shape, size, and stability via various pHs of the reaction mixture, the quantity of fruit extract, temperature, concentrations of silver ion, and reaction time. The optimal conditions were determined: pH = 7.0, the quantity of the leaf extract = 3.0 mL, silver ion concentration = 1.0 mM, temperature = 60 °C, and incubation time = 40 min. As an application in colorimetric sensing, the ability of the prepared Ag/AgCl NPs to sense clindamycin and Fe3+ ion in an aqueous medium was investigated. The SPR band and color of the solution of Ag/AgCl NPs undergo dramatic changes in exposure to clindamycin with new SPR peaks appearing at 500 nm, accompanied by a color change from yellow to pink due to the aggregation of NPs. Under the optimized pH of 3.0, this sensor was shown a linear dynamic range from 10.0 to 100.0 µM with a LOD of 1.2 µM and good linear relationships (R2 = 0.99) for clindamycin. On the other hand, the quenching of the SPR peak at 412 nm was used to monitor the Fe3+ ions with wide linear ranges of 10.0–350.0 µM under the optimized pH (pH = 9) with a LOD of 5.6 µM. In addition, the proposed sensor displayed applicability in the real sample containing clindamycin (in capsules and injection ampoules) and Fe3+ ions (in water samples) detection.

Graphical Abstract

Visual Recognition and Detection of Clindamycin by Au@Ag Core-Shell Nanoparticles

The work described a new colorimetric sensor for the quantitative detection of clindamycin based on Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs). The obtained Au@Ag NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). When Au@Ag NPs were added to a clindamycin solution, it can be observed that the color immediately changed from bright yellow to gray-blue and the absorption spectrum also changed, realizing the visual detection of clindamycin. Under optimal conditions, the absorption ratio (A ₅₄₆/A ₄₀₀) of the UV-vis spectra increased linearly with the concentration of clindamycin ranging from 6.25 × 10^-7 to 7.50 × 10^-6 mol/L (R ² = 0.9945), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.00 × 10^-7 mol/L and good recovery of 100.0-102.0% (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2%). The detection process was convenient without complicated instruments. Compared with other analytes, the Au@Ag NPs detection system has good selectivity for clindamycin. In addition, the Au@Ag NPs colorimetric sensor was successfully used to determine clindamycin in human urine samples. This study provides a simple, rapid, intuitive, and low-cost visualization analysis method of clindamycin, which was helpful for the visualization detection of other targets.

Validated green spectrophotometric kinetic method for determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride in capsules

BACKGROUND

simple, sensitive, free of organic solvents, kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride, both in pure form and Capsules. Method is based on reaction of Clindamycin with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in an aqueous medium at (25 ± 2 °C) to produce yellow-coloured tri iodide ions (I₃^-). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at wavelength 350 nm during 40 min.

RESULTS

the effects of analytical parameters on reported kinetic methods were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the initial rate and fixed time (at 10 min) methods were used for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 1-20 μg ml^-1 with limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.22 μg ml^-1for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results were satisfactory and the analytical performance for both methods was validated.

CONCLUSION

The proposed methods have been applied to determine the components in capsules with an average recovery of 98.25-102.00% and the results are in good agreement with those found by the reference method.

Simultaneous quantification of cefuroxime and clindamycin in human lumbar anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus and serum via UPLC-MS/MS

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to develop a sensitive, accurate method for simultaneously quantifying cefuroxime and clindamycin in human serum, lumbar anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus.

METHODS

Cefuroxime and clindamycin were quantified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction-monitoring mode on a triple-quadrupole AB Qtrap 5500 system in positive ion mode. Internal standards were D₃-cefuroxime and D_3,¹³C-clindamycin. Samples were pretreated by precipitating total protein.

RESULTS

The method showed high sensitivity and good linearity over broad calibration ranges from 100 to 100 000 ng/mL for cefuroxime and 10 to 10 000 ng/mL for clindamycin in serum, and from 10 to 10 000 ng/mL for cefuroxime and 1 to 1 000 ng/mL for clindamycin in lumbar nucleus pulposus. In all sample types, correlation coefficients were greater than 0.99, intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation) was less than 15%, and accuracy (relative error) was within 14% for both analytes. This method was effective at quantifying penetration of cefuroxime and clindamycin in patients undergoing oblique lumbar interbody fusion surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

A very sensitive, specific method for simultaneous detection of cefuroxime and clindamycin has been developed for human lumbar anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus and serum samples.

[Determination of phenobarbital in human urine and serum using flow injection chemiluminescence]

A sensitive chemiluminescence method, based on the enhancive effect of phenobarbital on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and dissolved oxygen in a flow injection system, was proposed for the determination of phenobarbital. The chemiluminescence intensity responded to the concentration of phenobarbital linearly ranging from 0.05 to 10 ng x ml(-1) with the detection limit of 0.02 ng x ml(-1) (3 sigma). At a flow rate of 2.0 ml x min(-1), a complete determination of phenobarbital, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 0.5 min, offering the sampling efficiency of 120 h(-1) accordingly. The method was applied successfully in an assay of PB for pharmaceutical preparations, human urine and serum without any pretreatment with recovery from 95.7 to 106.7% and RSDs of less than 3.0%.

Subpicogram determination of melamine in milk products using a luminol-myoglobin chemiluminescence system

A sensitive chemiluminescence method based on a luminol-myoglobin system is proposed for the determination of melamine in milk products. It was found that the mixed solutions of melamine and myoglobin could react to form a complex on line, which could greatly inhibit the chemiluminescence intensity generated from the reaction between luminol and myoglobin. The decrease in chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of melamine, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 10 pg mL(-1) to 50 ng mL(-1) (R(2) = 0.9988) with a detection limit of 3 pg mL(-1) (3sigma). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min(-1), one analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 20 s with a relative standard deviation of <4.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of melamine in milk products, and the recovery was from 93.4 to 106.5%. The possible mechanism of luminol-myoglobin-melamine reaction is given.

Recent applications of flow-injection and sequential-injection analysis techniques to chemiluminescence determination of pharmaceuticals

A review is presented on the state of the art of the chemiluminescence analysis of pharmaceuticals by the two most relevant automated controlled-flow methodologies--flow-injection analysis (FIA) and sequential-injection analysis (SIA). The current chemiluminometric applications of FIA and SIA in pharmaceutical analysis are discussed with special emphasis on the analytical figures of merit and sample matrix characteristics. The review involving 211 references and covering papers published between 2001 and 2006 is divided into several sections according to the fundamental types of chemiluminescence systems employed.

Ultrasensitive assay of clindamycin in medicine and bio-fluids with chemiluminescence detection

A simple chemiluminescence (CL) method using flow injection has been developed for the determination of clindamycin, based on the inhibitory effect of clindamycin on the CL generated from the luminol-K(3)Fe(CN)(6) system in alkaline medium. It was found that the decrement of CL intensity was linear with the logarithm of clindamycin concentration over the range 0.7-1000 ng/mL. The detection limit was 0.2 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of <5.0% (n = 7). At a flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing. The proposed procedure was applied successfully to the determination of clindamycin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine without pretreatment.

Determination of norfloxacin in pharmaceuticals, human serum, and urine using a luminol—dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence system

A sensitive chemiluminescence method, based on the enhancive effect of norfloxacin on the reaction between luminol and dissolved oxygen in a flow injection system, was proposed for the determination of norfloxacin. The increment of the chemiluminiscence intensity was proportional to the concentration of norfloxacin, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 0.4 ng mL−1 to 400.0 ng mL−1 (r 2 = 0.9988) with the detection limit of 0.1 ng mL−1 (3 × σ noise). At the flow rate of 2.0 mL min−1, a complete determination of norfloxacin, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 30 s with the relative standard deviation lower than 3.0 %. The proposed method was applied successfully to determine norfloxacin in pharmaceuticals, human urine, and serum. Possible mechanism of the reaction was also discussed.