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Capillary Electrophoresis as a Monitoring Tool for Flow Composition Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164918. [PMID: 34443507 PMCID: PMC8398840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow analysis is the science of performing quantitative analytical chemistry in flowing streams. Because of its efficiency and speed of analysis, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a prospective method for the monitoring of a flow composition withdrawn from various processes (e.g., occurring in bioreactors, fermentations, enzymatic assays, and microdialysis samples). However, interfacing CE to a various flow of interest requires further study. In this paper, several ingenious approaches on interfacing flow from various chemical or bioprocesses to a capillary electrophoresis instrument are reviewed. Most of these interfaces can be described as computer-controlled autosamplers. Even though most of the described interfaces waste too many samples, many interesting and important applications of the devices are reported. However, the lack of commercially available devices prevents the wide application of CE for flow analysis. On the contrary, this fact opens up a potential avenue for future research in the field of flow sampling by CE.
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Blackney DM, Foley JP. Dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis: Principles and misconceptions. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:607-616. [PMID: 27859385 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis (DOI-CE) is a separation technique that utilizes both ends of the capillary for sample introduction. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) is suppressed to allow all ions to reach the detector quickly. Depending on the individual electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes of interest and the effective length that each analyte travels to the detection window, the elution order of analytes in a DOI-CE separation can vary widely. This review discusses the principles, applications, and limitations of dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis. Common misconceptions regarding DOI-CE are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Blackney
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joe P Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Alhusban AA, Breadmore MC, Gueven N, Guijt RM. Capillary electrophoresis for automated on-line monitoring of suspension cultures: Correlating cell density, nutrients and metabolites in near real-time. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 920:94-101. [PMID: 27114228 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly stringent demands on the production of biopharmaceuticals demand monitoring of process parameters that impact on their quality. We developed an automated platform for on-line, near real-time monitoring of suspension cultures by integrating microfluidic components for cell counting and filtration with a high-resolution separation technique. This enabled the correlation of the growth of a human lymphocyte cell line with changes in the essential metabolic markers, glucose, glutamine, leucine/isoleucine and lactate, determined by Sequential Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis (SI-CE). Using 8.1 mL of media (41 μL per run), the metabolic status and cell density were recorded every 30 min over 4 days. The presented platform is flexible, simple and automated and allows for fast, robust and sensitive analysis with low sample consumption and high sample throughput. It is compatible with up- and out-scaling, and as such provides a promising new solution to meet the future demands in process monitoring in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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Dziomba S, Łepek T, Jaremicz Z, Łuczkiewicz M, Prahl A, Kowalski P. Simultaneous determination of scopolamine, hyoscyamine and anisodamine in in vitro growth media of selected Solanaceae hairy roots by CE method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Enhancing exopolysaccharide antioxidant formation and yield from Phellinus species through medium optimization studies. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 107:214-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Anubala S, Sekar R, Nagaiah K. Development and validation of an analytical method for the separation and determination of major bioactive curcuminoids in Curcuma longa rhizomes and herbal products using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2014; 123:10-7. [PMID: 24725858 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and efficient non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method (NACE) was developed for the simultaneous determination of three major bioactive curcuminoids (CMNs) in Curcuma longa rhizomes and its herbal products. Good separation, resolution and reproducibility were achieved with the background electrolyte (BGE) consisting a mixture of 15.0 mM sodium tetraborate and 7.4 mM sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 2:10:15 (v/v/v) of water, 1-propanol, and methanol. The influences of background electrolyte, sodium hydroxide, water, sodium dodecyl sulfate and hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin on separations were investigated. The separation was carried out in a fused-silica capillary tube with reverse polarity. Hydrodynamic injection of 25mbar for 12s was used for injecting samples and a voltage of 28 kV was applied for separation. The ultrasonication method was used for the extraction of CMNs from the turmeric herbal products and the extract was filtered and directly injected without any further treatments. The limits of detection and quantification were less than 5.0 and 14.6 µg/ml respectively for all CMNs. The percentage recoveries for CMNs were >97.2% (%RSD, <2.62). The results obtained by the method were compared with existing spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. The related compounds in the extract did not interfere in the determination of CMNs. The proposed NACE method is better than existing chromatographic and electrophoretic methods in terms of simple electrophoretic medium, fast analysis and good resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anubala
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - R Sekar
- Analytical Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - K Nagaiah
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Alhusban AA, Gaudry AJ, Breadmore MC, Gueven N, Guijt RM. On-line sequential injection-capillary electrophoresis for near-real-time monitoring of extracellular lactate in cell culture flasks. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1323:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Turkia H, Holmström S, Paasikallio T, Sirén H, Penttilä M, Pitkänen JP. Online Capillary Electrophoresis for Monitoring Carboxylic Acid Production by Yeast during Bioreactor Cultivations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9705-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402113x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Turkia
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sami Holmström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Toni Paasikallio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Heli Sirén
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pitkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
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Alhusban AA, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM. Capillary electrophoresis for monitoring bioprocesses. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1465-82. [PMID: 23657993 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chemical characterization and monitoring of fermentation broths and cell culture media provide significant information on the changes occurring within these complex and dynamic systems. Analytical methods based on CE in capillaries and microchips are attractive for integration in instrumental tools to obtain this critical data, improving the understanding and control of bioprocesses. In this review, the use of CE for chemical characterization and monitoring fermentations is discussed, organized by analyte class, including organic acids, pharmaceuticals, proteins, sugars, amino acids, and metabolites published between 1992 and October 2012. A section is dedicated to the roles CE plays throughout the wine making process, where applications range from characterization and increase in fundamental understanding of the fermentation to forensic applications, verifying the authenticity of the wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
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Sonnleitner B. Automated measurement and monitoring of bioprocesses: key elements of the M(3)C strategy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23179291 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-routine monitoring items established in the bioprocess industry as well as some important state-of-the-art methods are briefly described and the potential pitfalls discussed. Among those are physical and chemical variables such as temperature, pressure, weight, volume, mass and volumetric flow rates, pH, redox potential, gas partial pressures in the liquid and molar fractions in the gas phase, infrared spectral analysis of the liquid phase, and calorimetry over an entire reactor. Classical as well as new optical versions are addressed. Biomass and bio-activity monitoring (as opposed to "measurement") via turbidity, permittivity, in situ microscopy, and fluorescence are critically analyzed. Some new(er) instrumental analytical tools, interfaced to bioprocesses, are explained. Among those are chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry, flow and sequential injection analyses, field flow fractionation, capillary electrophoresis, and flow cytometry. This chapter surveys the principles of monitoring rather than compiling instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Sonnleitner
- Institute for Chemistry and Biological Chemistry (ICBC), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 29, CH-8820, Waedenswil, Switzerland,
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On-line high performance liquid chromatography measurements of extracellular metabolites in an aerobic batch yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Song EJ, Babar SME, Oh E, Hasan MN, Hong HM, Yoo YS. CE at the omics level: Towards systems biology – An update. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:129-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the analysis of low-molecular-mass organic acids employing electromigration methods in the capillary format is given. This review includes papers published since 2003 and can be seen as an update of the review paper published by Galli et al. in 2003. Tables included in this review contain application papers describing the determination of organic acids from a variety of fields like the analysis of food and beverages, environmental samples, samples from clinical origin, and from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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