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Nair VS, Howa JD, Morrison MS, Beggs L, Campbell T, Fedoruk M, Ahrens B, Eichner D. δ 13 C values of urinary 19-norandrosterone in antidoping samples and potential for adverse findings from boar offal consumption. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1356-1360. [PMID: 36929692 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
19-Norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify doping with nandrolone or related 19-norsteroids. At concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is required to establish exogenous origin of urinary 19NA. An absolute difference of 3‰ between urinary 19NA and an endogenous reference compound (ERC) constitutes a finding for exogenous origin of 19NA. Over the last 3 years, 77 samples containing urinary 19NA between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL were analyzed at our laboratory. The measured δ13 C values for 19NA ranged from -29.5‰ to -16.8‰. In comparison, the δ13 C values for the corresponding urinary ERCs ranged from -22.4‰ to -16.2‰. Due to the considerable overlap in values between the target compound and the natural range of urinary ERCs, it can be challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of urinary 19NA. In addition, it is well known that consumption of offal from non-castrated pigs can produce 19NA in urine. To determine whether this could cause a positive IRMS finding under the current IRMS positivity criteria, meat from non-castrated boars fed a mixture of corn and soy was consumed by 13 volunteers. Two volunteers produced 19NA findings above 2.5 ng/mL, and the measured isotope values, while inconsistent with documented 19-norsteroid preparations, did meet IRMS positivity criteria. However, these increases in 19NA urinary concentrations were short-lived due to rapid elimination. Timely follow-up collections may help support a claim for dietary exposure when low urinary concentrations of 19NA with pseudo-endogenous isotope values are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - John D Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew S Morrison
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Lacey Beggs
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Thane Campbell
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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Palermo A, Alessi B, Botrè F, de la Torre X, Fiacco I, Mazzarino M. In vitroevaluation of the effects of anti-fungals, benzodiazepines and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the glucuronidation of 19-norandrosterone: implications on doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:930-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Palermo
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco; ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Beatrice Alessi
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; ‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma; Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Ilaria Fiacco
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Largo Giulio Onesti, 1 00197 Rome Italy
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Overbye M, Wagner U. Between medical treatment and performance enhancement: an investigation of how elite athletes experience Therapeutic Use Exemptions. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2013; 24:579-88. [PMID: 23582632 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes can be allowed to use substances from the prohibited list (the doping list) if they have a medical condition. If so, a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) is required. The boundaries between the use of pharmacological substances due to a medical need and doping are sometimes blurred. Although manipulating the system of TUE granting potentially represents an entry stage for doping, few studies examine how athletes perceive TUE management and relate this to current anti-doping policy. METHODS 645 Danish elite athletes (mean age 22.12, SD=5.82) representing 40 sports completed a web-based questionnaire about their experience and perception of TUE (response rate: 43%). RESULTS 19% of the respondents had been granted a TUE. 85% of athletes granted a TUE regarded their use of the TUE system as necessary to compete on equal terms with other athletes. Administrative hurdles for TUE prevented 7% of athletes from applying. 53% of the athletes considered that being "allowed" to dope by means of a TUE was of importance for their (hypothetical) wish to try out doping. 51% believed that athletes in their sport received TUEs without a medical need. Athletes granted TUEs had more than twice as high odds to distrust the efficacy of the system than athletes never granted a TUE. The belief that TUEs were misused was especially common among endurance athletes, regardless of them having experience with TUEs or not. 4% believed it would be okay to receive a TUE without a medical need. CONCLUSION The results confirm that TUE is a problem in anti-doping policy. The fact that distrust in TUE administration increases once an athlete has experience of TUEs represents a challenge for anti-doping policy. We suggest more critical research on TUEs be carried out in order to improve harmonization and increase transparency in the regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Overbye
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ulrik Wagner
- Department of Leadership & Corporate Strategy, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Galesio M, Lourenço J, Madeira D, Diniz M, Capelo J. Unravelling the role of ultrasonic energy in the enhancement of enzymatic kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wilkinson SM, Watson MA, Willis AC, McLeod MD. Experimental and Kinetic Studies of the Escherichia coli Glucuronylsynthase: An Engineered Enzyme for the Synthesis of Glucuronide Conjugates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1992-2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101914s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Wilkinson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Morgan A. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Abstract
Nandrolone or nortestosterone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, has been prohibited by doping control regulations for more than 30 years. Although its main metabolism in the human body was already known at that time, and detection of its misuse by gas or liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection is straightforward, many interesting aspects regarding this doping agent have appeared since.Over the years, nandrolone preparations have kept their position among the prohibited substances that are most frequently detected in WADA-accredited laboratories. Their forms of application range from injectable fatty acid esters to orally administered nandrolone prohormones. The long detection window for nandrolone ester preparations and the appearance of orally available nandrolone precursors have changed the pattern of misuse.At the same time, more refined analytical methods with lowered detection limits led to new insights into the pharmacology of nandrolone and revelation of its natural production in the body.Possible contamination of nutritional supplements with nandrolone precursors, interference of nandrolone metabolism by other drugs and rarely occurring critical changes during storage of urine samples have to be taken into consideration when interpreting an analytical finding.A set of strict identification criteria, including a threshold limit, is applied to judge correctly an analytical finding of nandrolone metabolites. The possible influence of interfering drugs, urine storage or natural production is taken into account by applying appropriate rules and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hemmersbach
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0514, Oslo, Norway.
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Shakleya DM, Dams R, Choo RE, Jones H, Huestis MA. Simultaneous liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of urinary opiates, cocaine, and metabolites in opiate-dependent pregnant women in methadone-maintenance treatment. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:17-25. [PMID: 20109298 PMCID: PMC3163103 DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opiates, cocaine, and metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in 284 urine specimens, collected thrice weekly, to monitor possible drug relapse in 15 pregnant heroin-dependent women. Opiates were detected in 149 urine specimens (52%) with limits of quantification (LOQ) of 10-50 microg/L. Morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and/or morphine-6-glucuronide were positive in 121 specimens; 6-acetylmorphine, a biomarker of heroin ingestion, was quantifiable in only 7. No heroin, 6-acetylcodeine, papaverine, or noscapine were detected. One hundred and sixty-five urine specimens (58%) from all 15 participants were positive for one or more cocaine analytes (LOQ 10-100 microg/L). Ecgonine methylester (EME) and/or benzoylecgonine were the major cocaine biomarkers in 142. Anhydroecgonine methylester, a biomarker of smoked cocaine, was positive in six; cocaethylene and/or ecgonine ethylester, biomarkers of cocaine and ethanol co-ingestion, were found in 25. At the current Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration cutoffs for total morphine (2000 microg/L), codeine (2000 microg/L), 6-acetylmorphine (10 microg/L), and benzoylecgonine (100 microg/L), 16 opiate- and 29 cocaine-positive specimens were identified. Considering 100 microg/L EME as an additional urinary cocaine biomarker would identify 51 more positive cocaine specimens. Of interest is the differential pattern of opiate and cocaine biomarkers observed after LC-MS as compared to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Riet Dams
- Via Damsco 9/A, 37080 Lugagnano di Sona (VR), Italy
| | - Robin E. Choo
- University of Pittsburgh, Titusville, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Hendree Jones
- Center for Addiction and Pregnancy, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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Effect of substrate and embedded metallic impurities of fullerene in the determination of nandrolone. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 643:95-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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WATSON PHILLIP, JUDKINS CATHERINE, HOUGHTON ED, RUSSELL CAROLINE, MAUGHAN RONALDJ. Urinary Nandrolone Metabolite Detection after Ingestion of a Nandrolone Precursor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:766-72. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818edaeb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vougiouklakis T, Mitselou A, Batistatou A, Boumba V, Charalabopoulos K. First case of fatal pulmonary peliosis without any other organ involvement in a young testosterone abusing male. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 186:e13-6. [PMID: 19243902 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peliosis is a rare lesion characterized by the presence of blood-filled cysts, with unknown true incidence and etiology. It has been most frequently reported to the liver (peliosis hepatis) and to other organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system, such as spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes. However, other organs may also be affected. Its occurrence has been linked to wasting conditions such as tuberculosis, cancer, immunosuppression and the use of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary peliosis, in a 29-year-old man who was abusing testosterone as it was proved by toxicological analysis. To our knowledge this is the third reported case of pulmonary peliosis and the first one that is not associated with peliosis of any other organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Vougiouklakis
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Unit, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008-analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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