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Abbasi NM, Anderson JL, Pellett JD, Yehl PM, Del Barrio MA, Zhong Q. Deep eutectic solvents as green and sustainable diluents in headspace gas chromatography for the determination of trace level genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 244:116128. [PMID: 38598924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Genotoxic impurities (GTIs) are potential carcinogens that need to be controlled down to ppm or lower concentration levels in pharmaceuticals under strict regulations. The static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) coupled with electron capture detection (ECD) is an effective approach to monitor halogenated and nitroaromatic genotoxins. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) possess tunable physico-chemical properties and low vapor pressure for HS-GC methods. In this study, zwitterionic and non-ionic DESs have been used for the first time to develop and validate a sensitive analytical method for the analysis of 24 genotoxins at sub-ppm concentrations. Compared to non-ionic diluents, zwitterionic DESs produced exceptional analytical performance and the betaine : 7 (1,4- butane diol) DES outperformed the betaine : 5 (1,4-butane diol) DES. Limits of detection (LOD) down to the 5-ppb concentration level were achieved in DESs. Wide linear ranges spanning over 5 orders of magnitude (0.005-100 µg g-1) were obtained for most analytes with exceptional sensitivities and high precision. The method accuracy and precision were validated using 3 commercially available drug substances and excellent recoveries were obtained. This study broadens the applicability of HS-GC in the determination of less volatile GTIs by establishing DESs as viable diluent substitutes for organic solvents in routine pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Mujtaba Abbasi
- Genentech Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jackson D Pellett
- Genentech Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Peter M Yehl
- Genentech Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mary-Anne Del Barrio
- Genentech Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qiqing Zhong
- Genentech Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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2
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Kim SW, Foker EA, Wolf WJ, Woltornist RA, Shemet A, McCowen S, Simmons EM, Lin Z, He BL, Menger R, Xu X, Ayers S, Bunner MH, Sarjeant AA. α-Alkylation and Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Tetralone via Hydrogen Borrowing and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Strategy Using a Single Iridium(III) Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:3103-3108. [PMID: 38588485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Here we present a novel strategy for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ols. The reaction proceeds via an alkylation (via hydrogen borrowing) and ammonium formate-mediated asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (via dynamic kinetic resolution), giving alkylated tetralols in high yields and good enantio- and diastereoselectivity across a diverse range of both alcohol and tetralone substrates. Additionally, these products were successfully derivatized to several complex molecules, demonstrating the utility of the tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Kim
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Foker
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - William J Wolf
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ryan A Woltornist
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrii Shemet
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Shelby McCowen
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian L He
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Robert Menger
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Xuejun Xu
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sloan Ayers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew H Bunner
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Amy A Sarjeant
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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3
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Lu J, Shi Y, Ye X, Yuan S, Yang X, Sun X, Wu T. Development of a Triphenylmethyl Alkylation Pre-Column Derivatization Method for HPLC Quantitative Analysis of Chemically Unstable Halogenated Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15311-15319. [PMID: 38585103 PMCID: PMC10993394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The primary limitations of the quantitative analysis of thermally labile halogenated compounds by traditional gas chromatography (GC) are the inadequacy of identifying the insufficiently volatile impurity (often with a high boiling point) and the difficulty in obtaining a standard substance with a reliable standardized assay. Taking the 4-(Chloromethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (DMDO-Cl, 1) as an example, we reported a triphenylmethanamino-derivatization method to overcome the challenges of the assay determination of such species. During the quantification of 1, the presence of GC-undetectable polymeric impurity 10 poses a critical challenge in assessing the material quality. Moreover, the standard substance of 1 is not available on the market due to its inherent instability during storage and handling, further complicating the quantitative analysis. In this work, a precolumn HPLC-UV derivatization method based on triphenylmethanamino-alkylation was developed to quantitatively analyze 1. The resulting derivative 2 exhibits excellent crystallinity and superior physical and chemical stability and possesses effective chromophores for UV detection. The conversion from analyte 1 to derivative 2 demonstrates desirable reactivity and purity, facilitating quantitative analysis using the external standard method. The chemical derivatization-chromatographic detection method was optimized and validated, demonstrating its high specificity, good linearity, precision, accuracy, and stability. This method offers a valuable alternative to the general quantitative NMR (qNMR) detection technique, which exhibits reduced specificity in the presence of increased levels of impurities in compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Lu
- Department
of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- National
Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research (NKLLDR), Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State
Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinfei Shi
- National
Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research (NKLLDR), Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State
Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- Shanghai
Institute for Food and Drug Control, National
Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Analysis
of Chemical Drug Preparations, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shun Yuan
- National
Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research (NKLLDR), Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State
Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Technical
Economic Development Zone, Huanggang Luban
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Huanggang, Hubei 438011, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department
of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taizhi Wu
- National
Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research (NKLLDR), Shanghai Institute
of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State
Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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Analytical Method Development for 19 Alkyl Halides as Potential Genotoxic Impurities by Analytical Quality by Design. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144437. [PMID: 35889310 PMCID: PMC9320377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Major issues in the pharmaceutical industry involve efficient risk management and control strategies of potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). As a result, the development of an appropriate method to control these impurities is required. An optimally sensitive and simultaneous analytical method using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector (GC–MS) was developed for 19 alkyl halides determined to be PGIs. These 19 alkyl halides were selected from 144 alkyl halides through an in silico study utilizing quantitative structure–activity relationship (Q-SAR) approaches via expert knowledge rule-based software and statistical-based software. The analytical quality by design (QbD) approach was adopted for the development of a sensitive and robust analytical method for PGIs. A limited number of literature studies have reviewed the analytical QbD approach in the PGI method development using GC–MS as the analytical instrument. A GC equipped with a single quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (MSD) and VF-624 ms capillary column was used. The developed method was validated in terms of specificity, the limit of detection, quantitation, linearity, accuracy, and precision, according to the ICH Q2 guideline.
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5
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Tao X, Tian Y, Liu WH, Yao S, Yin L. Trace Level Quantification of 4-Methyl-1-nitrosopiperazin in Rifampicin Capsules by LC-MS/MS. Front Chem 2022; 10:834124. [PMID: 35237562 PMCID: PMC8883033 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.834124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. However, in August 2020, the presence of 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine (MNP), a nitrosamine impurity, was detected by the United Stated Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in rifampicin capsules. Consequently, the development of efficient methods for the detection of MNP is an important objective. In this study, the MNP present in rifampicin capsules was detected using LC-MS/MS. A total of 27 batches from nine manufacturers in the Chinese market were tested, with MNP (0.33–2.36 ppm) being detected in all samples at levels exceeding the maximum acceptable intake limit of 0.16 ppm initially set by the FDA. However, after considering the associated benefits and risks, the FDA-approved limit was revised to 5 ppm; hence, all the samples examined herein exhibited MNP levels well below the required limit. Furthermore, the results of forced degradation experiments suggest that MNP is formed by the thermal degradation of rifampicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosha Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Shangchen Yao
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
| | - Lihui Yin
- Division of Antibiotics, Institute for Chemical Drug Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shangchen Yao, ; Lihui Yin,
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6
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Nomura S, Ito Y, Takegami S, Kitade T. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlkyl methanesulfonates are genotoxic impurities that should be limited to an intake of not more than 1.5 µg/day, as regulated by the International Council for Harmonization guideline M7. We herein report a trace analysis of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and isopropyl methanesulfonate (IPMS) in the delgocitinib drug substance using liquid–liquid extraction, with an ionic liquid as the sample-solving medium, and direct injection gas chromatography detected with a flame-ionization detector. The proposed method takes advantage of the fine solubility of ionic liquids toward the drug substance, the good extraction efficiency of alkyl methanesulfonates in liquid–liquid extraction using the Chem Elut cartridge with low-polar organic solvents, and the ability of alkyl methanesulfonates to concentrate in minimum amounts of organic solvent, resulting in excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, for the preparation of the sample solution, a mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, water, and acetonitrile was used as the sample-solving media, extracted with diethyl ether, and the eluent was concentrated to 1 mL. The method showed good linearity, accuracy, and precision from 1 to 5 ppm, and the limits of detection of MMS, EMS, and IPMS were 0.1, 0.05, and 0.05 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Nomura
- Product Development Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ito
- Product Development Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Takegami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kitade
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
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7
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Ganji SR, Gopireddy VSR. Application of simple and sensitive LC‐MS/MS approach for trace level quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in lamivudine salicylate formulations. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasula Rao Ganji
- Research ScholarDepartment of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur Ananthapuramu Andhra Pradesh 515002 India
| | - Venkata Subba Reddy Gopireddy
- Department of ChemistryJawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, College of Engineering Pulivendula Andhra Pradesh 516390 India
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8
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Liu Z, Fan H, Zhou Y, Qian X, Tu J, Chen B, Duan G. Development and validation of a sensitive method for alkyl sulfonate genotoxic impurities determination in drug substances using gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:23-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Identification, isolation, characterization, and UHPLC quantification of potential genotoxic impurities in linagliptin. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3985-3994. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Teasdale A, Elder DP. Analytical control strategies for mutagenic impurities: Current challenges and future opportunities? Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Lu Q, Yu L, Liang Z, Yan Q, He Z, Luan T, Liang D, Wang S. Dehalococcoides as a Potential Biomarker Evidence for Uncharacterized Organohalides in Environmental Samples. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1677. [PMID: 28919889 PMCID: PMC5585146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The massive production and improper disposal of organohalides resulted in worldwide contamination in soil and water. However, their environmental survey based on chromatographic methods was hindered by challenges in testing the extremely wide variety of organohalides. Dehalococcoides as obligate organohalide-respiring bacteria exclusively use organohalides as electron acceptors to support their growth, of which the presence could be coupled with organohalides and, therefore, could be employed as a biomarker of the organohalide pollution. In this study, Dehalococcoides was screened in various samples of bioreactors and subsurface environments, showing the wide distribution of Dehalococcoides in sludge and sediment. Further laboratory cultivation confirmed the dechlorination activities of those Dehalococcoides. Among those samples, Dehalococcoides accounting for 1.8% of the total microbial community was found in an anaerobic granular sludge sample collected from a full-scale bioreactor treating petroleum wastewater. Experimental evidence suggested that the influent wastewater in the bioreactor contained bromomethane which support the growth of Dehalococcoides. This study demonstrated that Dehalococcoides could be employed as a promising biomarker to test the present of organohalides in wastestreams or other environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liang
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Pest Control and Resource Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center and the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation TechnologyGuangzhou, China
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12
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Determination of 1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane, 1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-1H-1,2,4-Triazole, and 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-Nitrobenzene in Rizatriptan Benzoate. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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14
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Baldwin S, Bristow T, Ray A, Rome K, Sanderson N, Sims M, Cojocariu C, Silcock P. Applicability of gas chromatography/quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry in support of pharmaceutical research and development. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:873-880. [PMID: 26969929 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a fundamental tool used to identify impurities throughout the active pharmaceutical ingredients development process. The coupling of Orbitrap mass spectrometry with GC marks an exciting advance in capability for GC/MS, offering a significant step change in resolving power, mass accuracy, sensitivity and linear range. METHODS A range of pharmaceutically relevant samples representing typical starting materials has been investigated with particular reference to impurity identification. The mass accuracy in Electron Ionisation (EI) and Chemical Ionisation (CI) was investigated for impurity identification. The linearity and mass accuracy over a wide dynamic range were evaluated. The number of scans obtained across chromatographic peaks was assessed at various resolution settings from 15,000 to 120,000 (full width at half maximum (FWHM) at m/z 200). RESULTS All the accurate mass measurements for impurities were within <1 ppm of the theoretical m/z value. The scan speed at the highest resolution produced 11 scans across the peak, and the mass accuracy for all scans was consistently <1 ppm - sufficient for impurity investigations and quantitative analysis. Linearity was demonstrated for N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine over a concentration range of 0.0001 to 0.1250 μg/mL (w/v) with a correlation coefficient R(2) = 0.9996 and mass accuracy across all concentrations at <1.1 ppm. CONCLUSIONS GC/Orbitrap MS has been evaluated for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of typical pharmaceutical precursors and impurities. Accurate mass measurement across a wide dynamic range, linearity and the ability to identify impurities in EI and CI illustrate that this instrument is a powerful tool of great benefit to pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Baldwin
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Tony Bristow
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Andrew Ray
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Karen Rome
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Natalie Sanderson
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Martin Sims
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
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15
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Al Azzam KM, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent advances in analysis of hazardous genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals by HPLC, GC, and CE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaldun M. Al Azzam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology (BMC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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16
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Cheng W, Tang H, Wang R, Wang L, Meier H, Cao D. Selective precipitation of alkyl dihalides using a newly synthesized water-soluble bisphosphorylpillar[5]arene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8075-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphorylpillar[5]arene H2 binds strongly to alkyldiammonium ions and alkyl dihalides. The halogen bonds between H2 and alkyl dihalides lead to the rapid precipitation of the complex in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University
- Newark
- USA
| | - Rongrong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
| | - Herbert Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Mainz
- D-55099 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Derong Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510641
- China
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17
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Trace Level Quantification of the (-)2-(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)-4-cyclopropyl-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-butyn-2-ol Genotoxic Impurity in Efavirenz Drug Substance and Drug Product Using LC-MS/MS. Sci Pharm 2015; 84:456-466. [PMID: 28117312 PMCID: PMC5064237 DOI: 10.3390/scipharm84030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV). (2S)-(2-Amino-5-chlorophenyl)-4-cyclopropyl-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-butyn-2-ol (AMCOL), used as an intermediate in the synthesis of efavirenz and a degradation impurity, has an aminoaryl derivative which is a well-known alerting function for genotoxic activity. Upon request from a regulatory agency, a selective and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for trace level quantitative determination of AMCOL related compound of efavirenz, for a risk assessment and comparison of impurity levels with the commercially available innovator product (brand name: Sustiva). The method provided excellent sensitivity at a typical target analyte level of <2.5 ppm, an established threshold of toxicological concern (TTC), when the drug substance and drug product samples were prepared at 15.0 mg/mL. The AMCOL sample was analyzed on a Luna C18 (2) (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) column interfaced with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer operated in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Positive electrospray ionization (ESI) was employed as the ionization source and the mobile phase used was 5.0 mM ammonium acetate-methanol (35:65, v/v). The calibration curve showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.2–5.0 ppm with a correlation coefficient of >0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.07 and 0.2 ppm, respectively. The developed method was validated as per international council on harmonization (ICH) guidelines in terms of LOD, LOQ, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and robustness.
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18
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Douša M, Klvaňa R, Doubský J, Srbek J, Richter J, Exner M, Gibala P. HILIC–MS Determination of Genotoxic Impurity of 2-Chloro-N-(2-Chloroethyl)Ethanamine in the Vortioxetine Manufacturing Process. J Chromatogr Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Elder DP, White A, Harvey J, Teasdale A, Williams R, Covey-Crump E. Mutagenic Impurities: Precompetitive/Competitive Collaborative and Data Sharing Initiatives. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Angela White
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - James Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Teasdale
- AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Williams
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
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20
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van Wijk A, Niederländer H, van Ogten M, de Jong G. Sensitive CE–MS analysis of potentially genotoxic alkylation compounds using derivatization and electrokinetic injection. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 874:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Umar K, Majid ZA, Aris AB, Talib J, Madhavi G. Identification, control strategies, and analytical approaches for the determination of potential genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:764-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
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22
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Determination of trace level genotoxic impurities in small molecule drug substances using conventional headspace gas chromatography with contemporary ionic liquid diluents and electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Gas Chromatography Plasma-Assisted Reaction Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Detection of Bromine in Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7954-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501964u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Fu M, Lu Q, Hewitt E, Wang J. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution quantitation mass spectrometry method development and validation for determining genotoxic 2,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride in MLN9708 drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 89:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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HARIGAYA K, YAMADA H, HORIMOTO S, NISHI H, HAGINAKA J. Sensitive Quantitation of Residual Phenylhydrazine in Antipyrine by LC-ICP-MS with Iodo Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:845-50. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki HARIGAYA
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Hiroyuki YAMADA
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Shingo HORIMOTO
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Hiroyuki NISHI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University
| | - Jun HAGINAKA
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University
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26
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HARIGAYA K, YAMADA H, YAKU K, NISHI H, HAGINAKA J. Novel Sensitive Determination Method for a Genotoxic Alkylating Agent, 4-Chloro-1-butanol, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by LC-ICP-MS Employing Iodo Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:377-82. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki HARIGAYA
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Hiroyuki YAMADA
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Koji YAKU
- Analytical Research Laboratories, CMC Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp
| | - Hiroyuki NISHI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women’s University
| | - Jun HAGINAKA
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University
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27
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Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy A, Venugopal N, Madhavi G, Gangadhara Reddy K, Madhavi V. A selective and sensitive UPLC–MS/MS approach for trace level quantification of four potential genotoxic impurities in zolmitriptan drug substance. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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29
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Devenport NA, Sealey LC, Alruways FH, Weston DJ, Reynolds JC, Creaser CS. Direct detection of a sulfonate ester genotoxic impurity by atmospheric-pressure thermal desorption-extractive electrospray-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6224-7. [PMID: 23750985 PMCID: PMC3949410 DOI: 10.1021/ac401054n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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A direct, ambient ionization method
has been developed using atmospheric
pressure thermal desorption–extractive electrospray–mass
spectrometry (AP/TD-EESI-MS) for the detection of the genotoxic impurity
(GTI) methyl p-toluenesulfonate (MTS) in a surrogate
pharmaceutical matrix. A custom-made thermal desorption probe was
used to the desorb and vaporize MTS from the solid state, by rapid
heating to 200 °C then cooling to ambient temperature, with a
cycle time of 6 min. The detection of MTS using EESI with a sodium
acetate doped solvent to generate the [MTS+Na]+ adduct
ion provided a significant sensitivity enhancement relative to the
[M+H]+ ion generated using a 0.1% formic acid solvent modifier.
The MTS detection limit is over an order of magnitude below the long-term
daily threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) of 1.5 μg/g and
the potential for quantitative analysis has been determined using
starch as a surrogate active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Devenport
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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30
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van Wijk A, Niederländer H, Siebum A, Vervaart M, de Jong G. A new derivatization reagent for LC–MS/MS screening of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 74:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. A new liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds without derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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32
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Snodin DJ, McCrossen SD. Guidelines and pharmacopoeial standards for pharmaceutical impurities: Overview and critical assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Ho TD, Joshi MD, Silver MA, Anderson JL. Selective extraction of genotoxic impurities and structurally alerting compounds using polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction: Alkyl halides and aromatics. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Development of chromatographic methods for the determination of genotoxic impurities in cloperastine fendizoate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 61:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Khan M, Jayasree K, Reddy KK, Dubey P. A validated CE method for determining dimethylsulfate a carcinogen and chloroacetyl chloride a potential genotoxin at trace levels in drug substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 58:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Loda C, Bernabe E, Nicoletti A, Bacchi S, Dams R. Determination of Epichlorohydrin in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op200203t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Loda
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing and †API Development and Manufacturing, Aptuit Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Bernabe
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing and †API Development and Manufacturing, Aptuit Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Nicoletti
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing and †API Development and Manufacturing, Aptuit Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Bacchi
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing and †API Development and Manufacturing, Aptuit Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Riet Dams
- Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing and †API Development and Manufacturing, Aptuit Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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37
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Raman N, Prasad A, Ratnakar Reddy K. Strategies for the identification, control and determination of genotoxic impurities in drug substances: A pharmaceutical industry perspective. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:662-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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A new approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds by pre-column derivatization and LC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1375-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Giordani A, Kobel W, Gally HU. Overall impact of the regulatory requirements for genotoxic impurities on the drug development process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:1-15. [PMID: 21420491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade a considerable effort has been made both by the regulators and the pharmaceutical industry to assess genotoxic impurities (GTI) in pharmaceutical products. Though the control of impurities in drug substances and products is a well established and consolidated procedure, its extension to GTI has given rise to a number of problems, both in terms of setting the limits and detecting these impurities in pharmaceutical products. Several papers have dealt with this issue, discussing available regulations, providing strategies to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances, and trying to address the analytical challenge of detecting GTI at trace levels. In this review we would like to discuss the available regulations, the toxicological background for establishing limits, as well as the analytical approaches used for GTI assessment. The final aim is that of providing a complete overview of the topic with updated available information, to address the overall GTI issue during the development of new drug substances.
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40
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Chen W, Elfeky SA, Nonne Y, Male L, Ahmed K, Amiable C, Axe P, Yamada S, James TD, Bull SD, Fossey JS. A pyridinium cation–π interaction sensor for the fluorescent detection of alkyl halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:253-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01420f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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42
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Elder DP, Snodin D, Teasdale A. Control and analysis of hydrazine, hydrazides and hydrazones--genotoxic impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:900-10. [PMID: 21145684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the latest of a series of reviews focused on the analysis of genotoxic impurities. This review summarises the analytical approaches reported in the literature relating to hydrazine, hydrazines, hydrazides and hydrazones. It is intended to provide guidance for analysts needing to develop procedures to control such impurities, particularly where this is due to concerns relating to their potential genotoxicity. Of particular note is the wide variety of techniques employed, both chromatographic and spectroscopic, with most involving derivatisation. Such a wide variety of options allow the analyst a real choice in terms of selecting the most appropriate technique specific to their requirements. Several generic methodologies, covering the three main analytical approaches; i.e. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), GC (gas chromatography) and IC (ion chromatography), are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Ware SG12 0DP, UK
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43
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Elder D, Snodin D, Teasdale A. Analytical approaches for the detection of epoxides and hydroperoxides in active pharmaceutical ingredients, drug products and herbals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:1015-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Liu DQ, Sun M, Kord AS. Recent advances in trace analysis of pharmaceutical genotoxic impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:999-1014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Robinson DI. Control of Genotoxic Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: A Review and Perspective. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op900341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Corrigan DK, Whitcombe MJ, McCrossen S, Piletsky S. Reichardt's dye and its reactions with the alkylating agents 4-chloro-1-butanol, ethyl methanesulfonate, 1-bromobutane and Fast Red B - a potentially useful reagent for the detection of genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.04.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Alkylating agents are potentially genotoxic impurities that may be present in drug products. These impurities occur in pharmaceuticals as by-products from the synthetic steps involved in drug production, as impurities in starting materials or from in-situ reactions that take place in the final drug product. Currently, analysis for genotoxic impurities is typically carried out using either HPLC/MS or GC/MS. These techniques require specialist expertise, have long analysis times and often use sample clean-up procedures. Reichardt's dye is well known for its solvatochromic properties. In this paper the dye's ability to undergo alkylation is reported.
Methods
The reaction between Reichardt's dye and alkylating agents such as 4-chloro-1-butanol and ethyl methanesulfonate was monitored spectrophotometrically at 618 nm in acetonitrile and 624 nm in N,N-dimethylformamide.
Key findings
Changes in absorption were observed using low levels of alkylating agent (5–10 parts per million). Alkylation of the dye with 4-chloro-1-butanol and ethyl methanesulfonate was confirmed. Reichardt's dye, and its changing UV absorption, was examined in the presence of paracetamol (10 and 100 mg/ml). Whilst the alkylation-induced changes in UV absorption were not as pronounced as with standard solutions, detection of alkylation was still possible.
Conclusions
Using standard solutions and in the presence of a drug matrix, Reichardt's dye shows promise as a reagent for detection of low levels of industrially important alkylating agents.
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47
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Oh E, Hasan MN, Jamshed M, Park SH, Hong HM, Song EJ, Yoo YS. Growing trend of CE at the omics level: The frontier of systems biology. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:74-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Enhancing the detection sensitivity of trace analysis of pharmaceutical genotoxic impurities by chemical derivatization and coordination ion spray-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Bercu JP, Dobo KL, Gocke E, McGovern TJ. Overview of Genotoxic Impurities in Pharmaceutical Development. Int J Toxicol 2009; 28:468-78. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809349195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This symposium focuses on the management of genotoxic impurities in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Recent developments in both Europe and United States require sponsors of new drug applications to develop processes to control the risks of potential genotoxic impurities. Genotoxic impurities represent a special case relative to the International Conference on Harmonisation Q3A/Q3B guidances, because genotoxicity tests used to qualify the drug substance may not be sufficient to demonstrate safety of a potentially genotoxic impurity. The default risk management approach for a genotoxic impurity is the threshold of toxicological concern unless a more specific risk characterization is appropriate. The symposium includes descriptions of industry examples where impurities are introduced and managed in the synthesis of a pharmaceutical. It includes recent regulatory developments such as the “staged threshold of toxicological concern” when administration is of short duration (eg, during clinical trials).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elmar Gocke
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Determination of low ppm levels of dimethyl sulfate in an aqueous soluble API intermediate using liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:1054-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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